Middle English Dictionary Entry
grīnden v.(1)
Entry Info
Forms | grīnden v.(1) Also (late) grenden. Forms: sg. 3 grīndeth; impv. grīnd(e & grint; p. grōnd, grō̆nt & (late) grīnded; sbj. grūnde; pl. grǒunde, grūnden; ppl. i)grǒunde(n, i)grọ̄nde, grūnden, (error) grune. |
Etymology | OE grindan; sg. 3 grint, -grindeþ; p.sg. grond, -grand; pl. grundon; ppl. -grunden. |
Definitions (Senses and Subsenses)
1.
(a) To break (sth.) into small particles; reduce (sth.) to powder by crushing or braying; ~ smal, ~ to dust (poudre); of gravel: break into small pieces, crumble; ppl. grounden, pulverized, ground; (b) to grind (grain or sth. comparable to it); ~ to dust (mele); produce (meal, flour) by grinding; of persons, the mill: grind grain, make flour; ~ at miln (querne); also fig.; --often in proverbs; (c) to grind (meat, poultry), chop; mash (fruits); ?also, soften (sth.); (d) to mix (ingredients, colors) by stamping or grinding; ~ smal; ~ ifere (togeder); -- with or without obj.; ppl. grounden, of a sauce, etc.: mixed, blended; (e) fig. to crush (the heart), distress; ~ face of, to oppress (sb.), harass.
Associated quotations
a
- ?a1200(?OE) PDidax.(Hrl 6258b)31/3 : Nim þu beferes herþan and barne to duste, and grind piper and meng piper and þæt dust togadere.
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Bod 959)Ex.32.20 : Catching þe calf þat they hadde maade, he brennte and grond it all to dost.
- c1390 PPl.A(1) (Vrn)7.171 : Þe Fisicien furst defendet him water To Abate þe Barli bred and þe Benes Igrounde.
- (c1395) Chaucer CT.CY.(Manly-Rickert)G.760 : Iren squames That in to poudre grounden been ful smal.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)199a/a : Dionisius..haþ þat name for it is y-grounden and medled wiþ water, it smelleþ as wyn.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)309a/a : Þis erþe is..y-grounde smal bytwene stones.
- c1400(?c1380) Pearl (Nero A.10)81 : Þe grauayl þat on grounde con grynde wern precious perlez of oryente.
- ?c1425 Arun.Cook.Recipes (Arun 334)439 : Strawe theron grounden comyn.
- (?1440) Palladius (DukeH d.2)1.405 : With marbul greet ygrounde [L marmoris puluerem] & mixt with lyme, Polish al vp thy werk.
- (?1440) Palladius (DukeH d.2)3.622 : Let grounden glas go syfte on hem aboute, When theyr trefoyl or quaterfoyl is owte.
- a1450 Hrl.Cook.Bk.(1) (Hrl 279)6 : Take otemele, an grynd it smal.
- c1450(?a1400) Wars Alex.(Ashm 44)338 : He..drewe vp herbis..Quen he had gedird his grese & grune þaim esundire.
- c1450 Lydg.SSecr.Ctn.(Sln 2464)1697 : Of mustard whyte the seed is profitable Grounde to poudir.
- (1454) Acc.Yatton in Som.RS 496 : For feschyng of a stone from Chelvey to grynde colers therwith.
- a1475 Liber Cocorum (Sln 1986)11 : Take almondes unblanchyd, wasshe hom and grynd.
b
- c1175 Orm.(Jun 1)1486 : Þu..gaddresst swa þe clene corn..& grindesst itt.
- c1230(?a1200) *Ancr.(Corp-C 402)17b : Muche fol were þe mahte to his bihoue hweðer se he walde grinden greot oþer hweate, ȝef he grinde [Nero: grunde] þe greot & lette þe hweate. Hweate is hali speche..Heo grint greot þe chafleð. Þe twa cheken beoð þe twa grindel stanes..lokið..þet ower cheken ne grinden neauer bute sawle fode.
- a1325(c1250) Gen.& Ex.(Corp-C 444)3339 : To dust he it [manna] grunden and maden bread.
- a1325(c1280) SLeg.Pass.(Pep 2344)501 : Tweye shulleþ grynde ate mulle.
- (1340) Ayenb.(Arun 57)181/14 : His yuo..him [Samson] deden grinde ate querne.
- (c1375) Chaucer CT.Mk.(Manly-Rickert)B.3264 : They made hym at the querne grynde.
- (1381) Let.Ball in Robbins Hist.Poems (Roy 13.E.9)1 : Iohan þe mullere haþ y-grounde smal, smal, smal; þe kynges sone of heuene schal paye for al.
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Dc 369(1))Eccl.12.3 : Idil shuln ben the wymmen grindende.
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Dc 369(1))Is.47.2 : Tac a grind ston..and grind me mele.
- (a1387) Trev.Higd.(StJ-C H.1)4.87 : Plautus..gronde at þe querne wiþ a bakere for huyre.
- c1390(c1350) NHom.(2) PSanct.(Vrn)83/30 : Þenne is hit winewed wiþ þe wynde, In Mesures meten and grounden to mele.
- (c1395) Chaucer CT.WB.(Manly-Rickert)D.389 : Who so that first to mille comth first grynt [vr. grindeþ].
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)226b/a : Mele is y-grounde at mylle and sifted wiþ a syfe.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)250b/b : Þe grayne þerof is y-grounde or y-pouned and y-brused þat it may be eten.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)2.739 : On eche-asyde many mylle stood, Whan nede was her grayn & corn to grinde.
- ?a1425(c1400) Mandev.(1) (Tit C.16)126/28 : Þei han it to a mylle to grynde.
- (1429) Red Paper Bk.Colchester55 : And forbede that no man grynde ne fulle at here milles.
- a1450 Where-of is mad (Dgb 102)108 : Stere, and lete þe mylle grynde.
- c1450(c1380) Chaucer HF (Benson-Robinson)1798 : She that grynt at a querne Ys al to good.
- c1450 Pilgr.LM (Cmb Ff.5.30)44 : For the bred that she wolde make of the groundene corn.
- c1450 Ponthus (Dgb 185)6/32 : For men sayn in scorn that as mytch is a mylne worthe that gryndyth not, as an oven that baketh not.
- a1475 Liber Cocorum (Sln 1986)p.14 : Floure of ryce þou grynd.
- (?1475) Paston (Gairdner)5.229 : Who comyth fyrst to the mylle, fyrst must grynd.
- ?c1475 *Cath.Angl.(Add 15562)58a : To Grynde corne: molere, commolere.
- a1500(1381) Knighton Chron.Contin.(Cld E.3)138 : Iakke Mylner asketh help to turne hys mylne aright; He hath grounden smal, smal.
c
- a1425 *Medulla (Stnh A.1.10)42a/b : Molleo: to be nesshe or grynde.
- ?c1425 Arun.Cook.Recipes (Arun 334)443 : Take gode enturlarded porke, and sethe hit, and hewe hit, and grinde hit small.
- (?1440) Palladius (DukeH d.2)1.566 : Yef hem figis grounde Commixt with flour.
- a1450 Hrl.Cook.Bk.(1) (Hrl 279)38 : Take groundyn Porke, & knede it with Spicerye.
- a1475 Liber Cocorum (Sln 1986)p.14 : Alay þy flesshe [hennes and porke] smalle grounden to.
- ?a1475 Noble Bk.Cook.(Hlk 674)88 : Tak it up and grind the spawn.
d
- ?a1200(?OE) PDidax.(Hrl 6258b)47/15 : Ȝenym hwit cude and alewan and mirra and gingiferan and cymen, and grind hy eal togadere.
- ?a1350 Recipe Painting(1) in Archaeol.J.1 (Hrl 2253)64 : Vorte temprene asure. ȝef thin asure is fin, tak gumme arabuk..ȝef ther beth bobeles theron, tac a lutel ere-was ant pute therin, ant thenne writ, Et ne grynt thu nout thin asure nevermore.
- 1381 Pegge Cook.Recipes (Dc 257)p.93 : Grynd pepyr and comyn, bred and ale.
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Pard.(Manly-Rickert)C.538 : Thise cokes, how they stampe and streyne and grynde!
- a1400 Lanfranc (Ashm 1396)279/10 : R[ecipe] foliorum nasturcij aquatici, [etc.]..& grinde hem wel wiþ grese.
- a1400 Lanfranc (Ashm 1396)337/29 : Grinde wel þe herbis & þe grese togidere in a morter.
- c1400(c1378) PPl.B (LdMisc 581)13.43 : Ac her sauce was ouer soure & vnsauourely grounde [vr. y-grounde; C vr. ygrounden].
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)2.4716 : We may al day oure colour grynde & bete, Tempre our azour and vermyloun.
- a1450 Hrl.Cook.Bk.(1) (Hrl 279)18 : Grynd y-fere Gyngere & Galyngale & Comyn.
- ?a1450 Agnus Castus (Stockh 10.90)174/9 : Þe vertu of þis herbe is, ȝef it be grounden with a lytyl radyke and salt, it is good to distroye a cancre.
- a1475 Liber Cocorum (Sln 1986)p.27 : Take persole, peletre, an oyns, and grynde.
e
- a1425(c1395) WBible(2) (Roy 1.C.8)Is.3.15 : Whi al to-breken ȝe my puple, and grynden togidere [WB(2) Gloss.: that is, maken thynne bi lenenesse, for thei rauyschiden so myche the goodis of the puple; WB(1): confounden; L commolitis] the faces of pore men?
- c1450(?a1405) Lydg.CBK (Frf 16)225 : Whos hert ys grounde to blede on heuynesse.
2.
(a) To chew, masticate, eat, gnaw; chew (sth.), gnaw on; fig. consume (wealth); (b) to grind (one's teeth, tusks), gnash; ~ with teth; (c) ~ speche, to speak haltingly, chew (one's) words; (d) to cut, pierce; ~ into (thurgh), bite into (sth.), pierce or cut through.
Associated quotations
a
- ?a1200(?OE) PDidax.(Hrl 6258b)19/28 : Grindigteþ [read: Grindingteþ]..grindeþ æl, þæt man byȝleofaþ.
- a1200 Trin.Hom.(Trin-C B.14.52)181 : Muð fogð to hire [the belly's] bileue; Teð hine grindeð.
- ?a1300 Sayings St.Bede (Dgb 86)203 : Wor meshim I-findeþ, To axnen [Jes-O: axe] hoe him grindeþ.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)46b/a : Þe scharpe teþ ben nedeful to bite first þe mete for it nediþ to bite raþir þan to grinde.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)275b/a : Þe camele..gryndeþ and chieweþ his mete litel wiþ his teeþ.
- ?a1425 *Chauliac(1) (NY 12)12a/b : Þer bene oþer musclez for to grind & for to chewe.
- a1450-1509 Rich.(Brunner)3609 : Wiþ teeþ he grond þe flessch ful harde.
- c1450(c1353) Winner & W.(Add 31042)269 : There es no wele in this werlde to wasschen thyn handes That ne es gyffen and grounden are þou it getyn haue.
- c1450(?a1400) Wars Alex.(Ashm 44)4552 : Ane leris ȝow to be licherus..Ane to be grindand gluttis.
- ?c1450 Iff a man (Stockh 10.90)299/172 : Ȝif in mannys body wermys grynde, Take mylfoly and flour and comyn.
b
- c1225(?c1200) St.Juliana (Bod 34)61/670 : Te balefule beast..grunde his tuskes.
- a1400 Cursor (Trin-C R.3.8)19434 : Þei bigon to grynde [vrr. gnast, gnaist(e] wiþ toþe.
- c1415 Chaucer CT.Sum.(Corp-O 198)D.2161 : He grynded [vr. gryndeth] his teeþ, so was he wroþ.
c
- c1600(c1350) Alex.Maced.(Grv 60)510 : As a gome wer agast, þou grendes thy speeche.
d
- c1225(?c1200) St.Juliana (Bod 34)51/552 : Grisen him mahte þet sehe hu hit gront [Roy: grond] in to hwet se hit of rahte.
- a1375(1335-1361) WPal.(KC 13)1242 : Þurth scheld & scholder þe scharpe spere grint.
- a1375(1335-1361) WPal.(KC 13)3443 : Þurth helm & hed hastili to þe brest it grint.
3.
(a) To sharpen (tools, weapons); ppl. grounden, of weapons, their points, or the steel of their edges: sharpened; whetted; (b) ?to burnish (metal, a sword); (c) fig. to incite (sb.), urge.
Associated quotations
a
- (c1300) Havelok (LdMisc 108)2503 : With knif mad of grunden stel.
- c1330(?a1300) Arth.& M.(Auch)324 : Wiþ broun swerd of grounden stiel, Mani a riche Sarrazin Þai brouȝten in to helle pin.
- c1380 Firumb.(1) (Ashm 33)3067 : Faste þay layde þe Saraȝyns on wiþ swerdes & axes gronde.
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Th.(Manly-Rickert)B.2073 : His spere was of fyn cipres..The heed ful sharp ygrounde.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)3.3 : It hath noght ben unknowe Fro ferst that men the swerdes grounde.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)21437 : Scarp grunden knijf in hand he bar.
- c1400(?c1380) Pearl (Nero A.10)654 : Þe water is baptem..þat folȝed þe glayue so grymly grounde.
- c1400(?c1390) Gawain (Nero A.10)2202 : As one vpon a gryndelston had grounden a syþe.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)1.883 : Diomede with a darte I-grounde Gan hame at hym a dedly mortal wounde.
- a1425(?c1350) Ywain (Glb E.9)676 : At aiþer entre was..a portculis, Shod wele with yren aud stele And also grunden wonder-wele.
- a1425(c1385) Chaucer TC (Benson-Robinson)4.43 : The longe day, with speres sharpe igrounde..They fighte.
- ?a1425(?a1350) Castleford Chron.(Göt Hist 740)21023 : He þoght on his swerd coliburn, Þat was noble grunden so scharpe.
- c1440(?a1400) Morte Arth.(1) (Thrn)1371 : The grounden stele glydez to his herte.
- c1450 Pilgr.LM (Cmb Ff.5.30)61 : For no wepene ygrounden, ther was neuere mayl ybroken.
- 1451 Tundale (Roy 17.B.43)157 : Here nayles semed as growndon stele.
- a1500(a1400) Ipom.(1) (Chet 8009)8413 : Eythere knyght on othere founde Wythe sperys, that were sharpe grovnde.
- a1500(?c1450) Merlin (Cmb Ff.3.11)263 : Seigramor, that heilde the ax that was sharp I-grounde, thought to perce thourgh to his felowes.
- c1600(c1350) Alex.Maced.(Grv 60)210 : For þat freelich fode Philip wolde eles Have geten with grim stroke of grounden tooles.
b
- c1330(?c1300) Guy(1) (Auch)138 : A man bar an hundred pounde..of gold y-grounde, þe[r] nas man in al þis londe þat durst him do schame.
- c1380 Firumb.(1) (Ashm 33)3129 : Þis barons enchacede hur fon so faste with swerdes igronde briȝt.
c
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)2.1786 : Priamus..Is so inly with Ire and rancour fret, And with disdeyn so sore grounde & whet.
- a1450 Castle Persev.(Folg V.a.354)1281 : Trewly, man hathe non chesun on þi God to grede & grynde.
Supplemental Materials (draft)
- c1500 Tan.407 Artist.Recipes (Tan 407) 313/28 : Forto make reed ynkke, take vermelyon and gryn it with gleyer and temper it.
Note: New spelling (lacking final d).
Supplemental Materials (draft)
- a1475 When gonewey (Pep 1236)p.317 : When goneway shall on curtays call..Then Albeon skottlonde shall to hem fall..The rede Irlonde [Robbins reads: rede londe] fox shall ryse with all With glayvys [Robbins reads: glaringe] grounde.
Note: MED has corrected Robbins' readings against Dean's edition. So revised, the example evidently belongs to sense 3.(a), where it is needed for date.