Middle English Dictionary Entry
governen v.
Entry Info
Forms | governen v. Also governi, gouvern, guverne, goveren, (error) gorverni. Forms: p. governede, gowarnd; ppl. i)governed, i)governet. |
Etymology | OF governer |
Definitions (Senses and Subsenses)
1a.
To rule (a country, people, city, etc.) by exercise of sovereign or delegated authority; rule (the Church, a religious institution); -- (a) with or (b) without obj.
Associated quotations
a
- c1325(c1300) Glo.Chron.A (Clg A.11)2322 : He couþe wel bet þan he gouerny such a londe.
- (1340) Ayenb.(Arun 57)122/9 : Þe barouns and þe baylifs þet gouerneþ and wytyeþ þe kingriche.
- (1340) Ayenb.(Arun 57)124/11 : Þe apostles gouerneþ holy cherche be his cardinals.
- ?c1350 Why werre (Peterh 104)p.4 : Seynt Thomas..was byshop..To governe holy cherche.
- c1375(?c1280) SLeg.Advent,etc.(Eg 1993)733 : Þer worþ ȝet a duk out of þe ibrouȝt Þat gouerne schal þe volk of israel.
- c1390 Hilton ML (Vrn)268 : Sum temporal men..han souereynte..and also han..a lordschipe ouer oþur men to gouerne & susteyne hem.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)172b/b : Þees wommen ordeyned hem two quenes..þat oþer shulde in þe meene tyme gouerne and reule the comountees.
- a1400(c1303) Mannyng HS (Hrl 1701)451 : What manere folk shuld þey be..And how þey schulde þe wurlde gouerne.
- a1400(c1303) Mannyng HS (Hrl 1701)10959 : Clerk behoueþ hym for to be..For to gouerne holy cherche.
- a1425(?c1375) NHom.(3) Leg.(Hrl 4196)56/12 : In Rome he [Constantine] regnid als Emperoure And gouerned it with grete honoure.
- a1425(c1395) WBible(2) (Roy 1.C.8)Luke 3.1 : In the fiftenthe ȝeer of the empire of Tiberie, the emperoure, whanne Pilat of Pounce gouernede Judee.
- a1425 Ben.Rule(1) (Lnsd 378)42/9 : Suilk sal þai take þat can guuerne godis howse and dingne es þar-to.
- ?a1425(c1380) Chaucer Bo.(Benson-Robinson)1.pr.5.19 : Yif thow remembre of what cuntre thow art born, it nys nat governed by emperoures, ne by governement of multitude.
- a1450 St.Etheldr.(Fst B.3)561 : Ercongote..nexst abbas..was also, And thredtene ȝere gouernede þat abbay in gode prosperite.
- ?a1450(?c1400) Wycl.LFCatech.(Lamb 408)37/582 : Men in gret statys, be þey spiritual be þey temperal, þat gouerne not þese statys aftyr þe lawe of god.
- c1450(c1400) Sultan Bab.(Gar 140)3040 : The kinge lete ordeyne anoon The Cite to be gouerned Of the worthyest of hem ychon.
- a1500(1422) Yonge SSecr.(Rwl B.490)122/3 : Than were wel gouernette Emperies and kyngdomes Whan kynges wer Phylosofors, and Philosofy regnyd.
- a1500 Conq.Irel.(Rwl B.490)67/24 : That..holy chyrche in al seruyce be gouerned on al maner that hit is in England.
- a1500 Wars Alex.(Dub 213)3387 : The same cure is a kyng..To gye & goueryne hys gomes.
b
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)8.947 : Sche schal ben hire fader heir, And he was able to governe.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)1.122 : Eson..was croked, lame, & blynde, And to gouerne loste boþe wit & mynde.
- ?a1425(c1400) Mandev.(1) (Tit C.16)23/18 : Melechnasser..regnede longe & gouerned wisely so þat his eldest sone was chosen after him.
- c1450(1410) Walton Boeth.(Lin-C 103)p.31 : Lest wykked folk þat wolde gouerne amys Resceyue estate and harme a comynalte.
- a1500(a1400) Ipom.(1) (Chet 8009)96 : Be that she was xv yere of elde, She toke hyr selffe her londes to welde, To gouerene in that stede.
1b.
(a) To command (an armed force); (b) to direct (a choir).
Associated quotations
a
- c1325(c1300) Glo.Chron.A (Clg A.11)8205 : Þe baldewines tueye..gouernede þe ost mid hor poer beye.
- c1330(?a1300) Arth.& M.(Auch)3856 : Arthour..gouerned þe seuend flok.
- c1350(a1333) Shoreham Poems (Add 17376)106/222 : Þer-fore me makeþ prynses Þe host to gouerni.
- a1375(1335-1361) WPal.(KC 13)1105 : Þemperour..made william here wardeyn..to gye & to gouerne þe gay yong kniȝtes.
- ?a1425(c1380) Chaucer Bo.(Benson-Robinson)1.pr.3.77 : The oost..nys nat governyd with no ledere.
- c1540(?a1400) Destr.Troy (Htrn 388)3665 : All the ost for to..be gouernett by this grete by grement of hom.
b
- (a1387) Trev.Higd.(StJ-C H.1)7.81 : Þis Robert was..konnynge in grete festes of seyntes..berynge a cope to governe þe queere [L choram rexit].
1c.
To administer the affairs of (a household, a guild, an estate); administer (a legacy); oversee (a festival); manage or handle (a matter).
Associated quotations
- (c1384) WBible(1) (Dc 369(2))1 Tim.5.4 : If ony widew hath sone, or children of sones, lerne sche first for to gouerne [L regere] hir hous.
- 1389 Nrf.Gild Ret.46 : To chesen an Aldirman..able and konyng to reulen and gouern þe company.
- c1390 Frenschipe faileþ (Vrn)10 : Þe while þat þou ledest þi lyf in ese And goodlich gouernest þyn a-state, Þe fyndest I-nouwe þat wol þe plese.
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Sh.(Manly-Rickert)B.1434 : My deere wyf, I thee biseke..for to kepe oure good be curious, And honestly gouerne wel oure hous.
- (c1395) Chaucer CT.Cl.(Manly-Rickert)E.322 : Right as yow list gouerneth this matere.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)5.1759 : Ydumee..So prudently gouerneth þis matere Þat Hermyone..I-wedded was..To Horestes.
- ?a1425(c1380) Chaucer Bo.(Benson-Robinson)4.pr.6.286 : Ofte tyme it betydeth that the somme of thingis that ben to done is taken to governe to goode folk.
- ?a1425(c1400) Mandev.(1) (Tit C.16)152/24 : Þere ben first ordeyned iiij Ml. barounes..for to gouerne & to make ordynance for the feste & for to serue the Emperour.
- ?a1425(c1400) Mandev.(1) (Tit C.16)162/11 : Þei þat ben dwellynge with hym in houshold..for to gouernen his houshold.
- (1439) EEWills127/31 : He will that his saide executours gouerne and dispose that third parte in such maner and fourme, [etc.].
- (1440) PParv.(Hrl 221)206 : Governe a towne: Villico, villicor.
- a1450 Castle Persev.(Folg V.a.354)106 : Man knowe not who schal be his eyr, & gouerne his good.
2a.
To exercise controlling or determining influence over (people, places, the course of events, etc.); rule, dominate, sway; -- said of: (a) God, a member of the Trinity, a pagan deity, etc.; -- also, without obj.; (b) reason, justice, virtues, vices, fortunes, a symbol of power, etc.; (c) the planets or constellations.
Associated quotations
a
- (1340) Ayenb.(Arun 57)122/26 : Þise þre maneres tekþ þe holy gost, and let and gouerneþ be þise zix yefþes.
- c1350 MPPsalter (Add 17376)79.1 : Ha þou God, þat gouernest Israel.
- ?a1425(?c1350) NHom.(3) Pass.(RwlPoet 175)31 : He þat gouernes gud and ill And all þis werld may weld at will.
- (c1385) Chaucer CT.Kn.(Manly-Rickert)A.1303 : O cruel goddes, that gouerne This world with byndyng of youre word eterne.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)4.3198 : O Phebus, which the daies liht Governest, til that it be nyht.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)7.103 : That is the god, whos mageste Alle othre thinges schal governe.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)286 : Þis lauerd þat is so mikul o might..þat he ordaind wit his witte He multiplis and gouerns itte.
- a1400 Lanfranc (Ashm 1396)121/7 : O holi goost..alle þingis gouernynge.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)1.1426 : Þe goddys..In whom lyth al, pleynly, and fortune, For to gouerne thinges in comowne.
- ?a1425(c1380) Chaucer Bo.(Benson-Robinson)1.m.5.34,36 : O thou governour, governynge alle thynges by certein ende, whi refusestow oonly to governe the werkis of men by duwe manere?
- ?a1425(c1380) Chaucer Bo.(Benson-Robinson)3.m.9.2 : O thow Fadir..that governest this world by perdurable resoun.
- ?c1450 St.Cuth.(Eg 3309)571 : Bot grete god þat gouernes all..Kepyd þe buke harmeles.
b
- (1340) Ayenb.(Arun 57)161/28 : We habbeþ yspeke of yefþes and of uirtues þet gouerneþ þo þet ine þe wordle libbeþ mid þe loȝeste of þri states.
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Mel.(Manly-Rickert)B.2739 : Wel knowen ye that by moneye and by hauynge grete possessions been alle the thynges of this world gouerned.
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.NP.(Manly-Rickert)B.4190 : That oother man was logged wel ynow, As was his auenture or his fortune, That vs gouerneth alle as in commune.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)200a/b : Commune right is gouerned wiþ Iren and Innocent men be defended þerwiþ.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)252b/a : Virga is y-seyde as it were gouernynge and rewelynge by vertue and might [L dicitur virga quasi vi regens].
- c1400(a1376) PPl.A(1) (Trin-C R.3.14)3.261 : Resoun shal regne & reumes gouerne.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)1.2513 : Ȝour ȝouthe and also ȝour corage Gouerned ben..Al after luste.
- ?a1425(c1380) Chaucer Bo.(Benson-Robinson)1.pr.5.74 : Thow preydest that thilke pees that governeth the hevene schulde governe the erthe.
- ?a1425(c1380) Chaucer Bo.(Benson-Robinson)1.pr.6.8 : Wenestow..that this world be governed by foolyssche happes or fortunows?
- ?a1425(c1380) Chaucer Bo.(Benson-Robinson)2.m.8.16 : Love..governeth erthe and see.
- ?a1425(c1380) Chaucer Bo.(Benson-Robinson)4.pr.6.175 : Thus ben the thinges ful wel igoverned yif that the symplicite duellynge in the devyne thoght scheweth forth the ordre of causes unable to ben ibowed.
- ?c1425(c1390) Chaucer Fort.(Benson-Robinson)4 : This wrecched worldes transmutacioun..Governed is by Fortunes errour.
- (c1434) Drury Wks.(CmbAdd 2830)78/133 : Þese xiiij vertues vsyd & hauntyd gouerne iustly a manys lyf.
- c1450 Pilgr.LM (Cmb Ff.5.30)11 : Thilke yerde..is to gouerne with thi peple and make hem passe thoruh the foorde of this world.
- c1475(c1445) Pecock Donet (Bod 916)13/12 : Bi þese ij powers [reason and free will] ouȝte euery man be principaly gouerned.
- a1500(1422) Yonge SSecr.(Rwl B.490)207/39 : By Iustice Is al the worlde y-gouernet.
c
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)7.636 : Benethe upon this Erthe hiere Of alle thinges the matiere..Of thing above it stant governed, That is to sein of the Planetes.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)7.1248 : Therthe parted is In foure..Wherof the ferst regiment..Governed is of Signes thre, That is Cancer, Virgo, Leo.
2b.
Of a bodily part or function: to control (another part or function); --also without obj.
Associated quotations
- (a1387) Trev.Higd.(StJ-C H.1)2.179 : Þe ouer lymes gouerneþ [L regunt] and ȝeueþ; þe neþer lymmes bereþ and serueþ.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)27a/a : Þis spirit [animalis] propirliche reuliþ & gouernyth þe kinde vertu of lif.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)27b/a : Somme parties..ben ferre from þe middel of herte þat reuleþ and gouerneþ.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)57a/a : Þe lyuour is I-reulid & gouerned in his worchinge by þe herte.
- ?a1425 *Chauliac(1) (NY 12)59a/a : Þai [madness, etc.] beþ..mocions of ymaginatif, i. of vertue regityue, i. gouernyng.
- (1435) Misyn FL (Corp-O 236)82/10 : My hede..þe heyst party of my sawle, be þe qwhik þe nethyrar..ar gouyrnd.
- a1450 St.Editha (Fst B.3)2480 : Alle þe remanent of my body as hole hit ys, Excepte þe organys of þe lemys þe whyche gouernede my wyttus fyue.
3.
(a) To exercise personal control over (sb.), have (sb.) under protective guardianship or keeping; also, protect (sb., a church); god you govern, God keep you, etc.; --also without obj.; (b) to guide (sb.) in direction or course of action; (c) ?to treat (sb. in a certain way), act toward.
Associated quotations
a
- c1300 SLeg.Becket (Hrl 2277)p.72 : The churchen of Engelonde idurked beoth echon..The King that scholde hire governy [Ld: up-holde] bynymeth al hire riȝte.
- c1330(?a1300) Arth.& M.(Auch)89 : Þan hadde þis king..A steward..& ȝaue him boþe lond & lede, To help his childer after his day, & oftsiþes he gan him pray To goruerny hem wiþ al his miȝt.
- c1350 MPPsalter (Add 17376)22.1 : Oure Lord gouerneþ [L regit] me.
- c1390 GGuy(2) (Vrn)302 : I schal seo non oþer angeles þen heom þat gouerneþ me in þis peine.
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Sh.(Manly-Rickert)B.1286 : A mayde child cam in hir compaignye, Which as hir list she may gouerne and gye.
- (c1395) Chaucer CT.WB.(Manly-Rickert)D.1237 : 'Thanne haue I gete of yow maistrye,' quod she, 'Syn I may chese and gouerne as me lest?'
- a1400 Cursor (Trin-C R.3.8)10804 : Þe iewes..wolde haue stoned mary..If she wiþ childe had be founde And she no husbonde had I-had hir to haue gouerned & lad.
- (?1417-20) Will in Bk.Lond.E.221/21 : Ther forto abide, and be gouerned & foundyn with the proffites of his place.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)5.1176 : Þis Horestes..was eke kept..With attendaunce..Of swiche as wern most expert & sage To gouerne hym til he com to age.
- ?c1430 Wycl.CTemp.(Corp-C 296)216 : Siche religious..governe not þe peple in techynge and prechynge and sacramentis, as curatis.
- (1439) in Willis & C.Cambridge 1p.lvi : To thentent yat the seid Maister and Scolers mowe fynde..xxiiii Scolers for to comense in gramer, and a Preest to governe yem.
- a1450(?1348) Rolle FLiving (Cmb Dd.5.64)111/105 : Mekenes governes us and kepes us in al oure temptacions, swa þat þai ouercome us noght.
- a1450 Yk.Pl.(Add 35290)113/45 : All weldand God yow gouerne and gy, As he is sufferayne of all thyng.
- (a1450) Mem.Bk.York in Sur.Soc.12066 : What man of the forsayd craft is rebell to the serchours..and wyll noght be governeyd be the serchours bot thwartys wyth thaim.
- c1450(c1400) Sultan Bab.(Gar 140)2546 : Thai rode forth stilly in here way, God gouerne hem, mooste of myght!
- c1450 Ponthus (Dgb 185)11/21 : Herland gouerned Ponthus, and he lered hym all maner of disportes.
- c1450 Spec.Chr.(2) (Hrl 6580)174/27 : Prestes that goueren [L presunt] wel muste ben had in double worschipe, temperally and gostly.
- (c1450) Let.Oxf.in OHS 35295 : Oure lord god inspyre you and governe you to his pleasaunce with helth of soule and body.
- a1500(1413) *Pilgr.Soul (Eg 615)4.40.84b : So thei lede the kyng at hire owne lust right as tutoures and curatoures for to ordeyne and governe him right as þat he were yong with in age and kowde not of gouernaunce him selfe.
- a1500 Imit.Chr.(Dub 678)19/17 : Thou comest to serue & not to gouerne.
b
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Dc 369(1))Is.49.10 : The rewere of them shal gouerne [L reget] them.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)4.1149 : Vn-to his reed þei nold neuere assent Nor condescende to no þing þat he ment, To be gouerned by hym in þis cas.
- ?a1425 Mandev.(2) (Eg 1982)80/19 : Take þe adamand, þat drawez þe nedill to him, by þe whilk schippe men er gouerned in þe see.
c
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)2.1193 : And sith þat sche..I-tretid is liche as ȝe may se, I suppose other..Gouerned ben ful dishonestly.
4a.
(a) To restrain (one's body, strength, love), control (youth), curb (one's tongue); (b) ben governed, to conduct oneself, act, behave; (c) wel-governed, self-controlled, well-behaved; ivel-governed, badly behaved.
Associated quotations
a
- (1340) Ayenb.(Arun 57)85/21 : Þerby heþ he alneway þe herte ine peyse, and þet body gouerneþ be þe wylle of god.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)1.2009 : The strengthe of man is sone lore, Bot if that he it wel governe.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)2.7067 : It wer worþi & riȝt wel sittyng..Þat he were tauȝt bettre to gouerne His large tonge.
- a1450(?c1421) Lydg.ST (Arun 119)2947 : Ȝouth is gouernyd be a large Reyne To renne forth, and can hym not reffreyn.
- a1425(c1385) Chaucer TC (Benson-Robinson)1.746 : For of himself it [love] wol ynough out sprynge, But if that it the bet governed be.
b
- (1439) EEWills127/16 : Yf she be gouernyd worshipfully accordyng to his will in the fourme a-fore-saide.
- (c1447) Let.Midylton in Lin.NQ 16199 : Item to wete how Richard Boys..ys governyd and whether he incres or non.
- a1450 Parton.(1) (UC C.188)2803 : Lat me devyse How that ye shall governed be.
- c1450 Alph.Tales (Add 25719)343/24 : Evur when he saw any yong monk lagh vnmesurable or otherwyse be lewidlie governyd, he wold cry [etc.].
- c1475(c1450) Idley Instr.(Cmb Ee.4.37)2.A.187 : 'Shall I vnto hym my doughter take?' Said the sareson, 'Telle me now, Or othir wyse to be gouerned enforme me how.'
- c1475 Why Nun (Vsp D.9)328 : I thowȝ how I may gouerned be.
c
- (a1438) MKempe A (Add 61823)27/15 : Þe fornseyd monke..was mad suppriowr of þe place, a wel gouernyd man & wel dysposyd.
- (c1438) MKempe B (Add 61823)235/8 : A-mong whech was a monke, a ful rekles man & euyl gouernyd.
- (?a1439) Lydg.FP (Bod 263)2.6713 : His writyng, yiff it be discernyd, Is nat ageyn hem that be weel gouernyd.
- (c1443) Pecock Rule (Mrg M 519)421 : So ouȝte ech oþer wel gouerned man to fully joyne hym þerto.
- a1525(?1422) Cov.Leet Bk.42 : Hit is ordenyd þat the grett enquest..shall chose Constabuls..and þat they be sufficyent men and well gouernyd and of good name.
4b.
Refl. (a) To control oneself, discipline oneself morally, exercise restraint or self-control; (b) to act, behave, conduct oneself (in a certain way); (c) ~ in gret arrai, to make a great mustering of armed forces.
Associated quotations
a
- (1340) Ayenb.(Arun 57)124/10 : Be þise uour uirtues þe man gouerneþ him-zelue ine þise wordle.
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Mel.(Manly-Rickert)B.2184 : If ye gouerne yow by sapience, put awey sorwe out of youre herte.
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Mel.(Manly-Rickert)B.2703 : He that is pacient, gouerneth hym by greet prudence.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)1.2621 : The wylde loves rage, In which noman him can governe, Hath mad him that he can noght werne.
- c1400(c1378) PPl.B (LdMisc 581)5.52 : He prayed þe pope..er he gyue any grace, gouerne firste hymselue.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)2.4969 : Sche..most prudently In hir dedis koude hir silfe gouerne.
- c1450(1410) Walton Boeth.(Lin-C 103)p.40 : What-so-euer I þowht to done or say, Boþe word and werk ȝe [Philosophy] rewled euerydele, And be yow I gouerned me all-way.
- c1450 Spec.Chr.(2) (Hrl 6580)232/3 : To lyue scarcely and to gouerne the [L parce & moderate uiuere] and to be contente wyth fewe thynges is callede nygardrye and couetyse.
b
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Mel.(Manly-Rickert)B.2192 : Herkneth what they seye in conseillynge, and yow gouerne after hire sentence.
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Mel.(Manly-Rickert)B.2304 : I wol gouerne me by thy conseil in alle thyng.
- (1414) RParl.4.60b : The forseide Priour and Chanons..hav not governed hem aȝeyn us, lyk as we have done to hem.
- (1417) Let.in Ellis Orig.Let.ser.3.162 : Thei have desired to knowe how it standeth bitwix us and the princes of Duchelond, and in what wise thei governe hem towardes us.
- a1450(?c1421) Lydg.ST (Arun 119)2932 : Þei took therof non hede, Ne wil nothyng gouerne hem after his rede.
- a1425(c1385) Chaucer TC (Benson-Robinson)2.375 : Thenk ek how wel and wisely that he kan Governe hymself..That where he cometh, he pris and thank hym geteth.
- a1425(?a1400) RRose (Htrn 409)5019 : For her synnes to do penaunce, And at the laste so hir governe To wynne the joy that is eterne.
- a1425 NPass.(Cmb Gg.5.31)144/193* : Þan salomon was aftir hym kyng And gowarnd hym wysely withouten fandyng.
- ?a1425 Const.Masonry(1) (Roy 17.A.1)714 : And ȝef that thou be wyse and felle, Thou hast gret nede to governe the welle.
- (1428) EEWills78/27 : I wil..that he gouerne hym goodly and honestly as he oweth forto do, aftur the rewle and discrecioun of myne executours.
- (1439) EEWills127/11 : That Dame Margarete his wyf, if she gouerne hir worshipfully, like as is aboue rehersed, haue CC mark of money.
- c1450(c1400) Sultan Bab.(Gar 140)2860 : I shal you telle Howe ye mote governe you here.
- (a1470) Malory Wks.(Win-C)585/1 : Hit is shame to you..that ye governe you so shamfully.
- c1475(c1445) Pecock Donet (Bod 916)24/21 : Þese viij poyntis of meenal vertu..forto gouerne vs leernyngly, preisyngly, dispreisingly, preiyngly, þankingly, worschipingly, disworschipingly, and sacramentingly.
- a1500(1413) *Pilgr.Soul (Eg 615)4.40.86a : My self I abandon to gouerne my self aftir thi counceile.
- a1500(1428) Let.Marg.Anjou in Camd.86 (Add 46846)38 : Howe that we wol that ye shall gouvern and demene yow from hens forthwards.
- a1500(?a1450) GRom.(Hrl 7333)1 : Gouerne the wele the while til I come home aȝen.
c
- c1450(a1425) MOTest.(SeldSup 52)5441 : When phylysteyns herd say þat kyng saul suld come so nere, Þei gouernd [vr. ordand] þei [read: þem] in grett aray and sembled folke on sydes sere.
5.
(a) To control (a mechanical contrivance); direct the working of, regulate; (b) to control the direction of (a ship); guide, steer, pilot.
Associated quotations
a
- (?c1375-a1390) Chaucer CT.Mk.(Manly-Rickert)B.3587 : Thus kan fortune hire wheel gouerne and gye.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)1.43 : If ther evere was balance Which of fortune stant governed, I may wel lieve..That love hath that balance on honde.
- ?a1425(c1380) Chaucer Bo.(Benson-Robinson)4.m.1.34 : The schynynge juge of thinges..governeth the swifte wayn (that is to seyn, the circuler moevynge of the sonne).
- c1430(c1386) Chaucer LGW (Benson-Robinson)1209 : The fomy brydel with the bit of gold Governeth he, ryght as hymself hath wold.
- (c1434) Drury Wks.(CmbAdd 2830)78/132 : Þe harre tre mevyng rythly gouernyth iustly þe dore or þe ȝate.
- a1450(1391) Chaucer Astr.(Benson-Robinson)2.3.75 : Ne make the nevere bold to have take a just ascendent by thin Astrelabie, or elles to have set justly a clokke, whan eny celestial body by which that thou wenyst governe thilke thinges be nigh the south lyne.
b
- (a1387) Trev.Higd.(StJ-C H.1)4.63 : Hem lakked schipmen to governe here schippes [L remiges..ad naves regendas].
- c1390(1377) Death Edw.III (Vrn)26 : In-to þat schip þer longed a Rooþur, Þat steered þe schip & gouerned hit.
- (c1438) MKempe B (Add 61823)229/19 : Þe tempestys weryn so greuows & hedows þat þei myth not rewlyn ne gouerne her schip.
- a1450(c1410) Lovel.Grail (Corp-C 80)21.206 : Nethir Man ne womman Cowde he se That Schip to Governe In non degre.
- c1425(?c1400) Wycl.Apol.(Dub 245)56 : He þat ȝeuiþ þe gouerning of a schip til an vnwitti..or not willing goueren it, is gilty of þe schip and alle þings content þer in.
- 1532-1897(c1385) Usk TL (Thynne:Skeat)6/36 : How shulde a ship, withouten a sterne, in the grete see be governed?
6.
(a) To treat (sb., oneself, the body, etc.) with a certain regimen in order to preserve or restore health; (b) to tend (a plant).
Associated quotations
a
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Sh.(Manly-Rickert)B.1451 : Gouerneth yow also of youre diete Atemprely.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)7.1660 : It makth a king also to lerne Hou he his bodi schal governe, Hou he schal wake, hou he schal slepe, Hou he schal his hele kepe In mete, in drinke, in clothinge eke.
- ?a1425 *Chauliac(1) (NY 12)27a/a : Cure of antrax haþ 4 intensions..þe 4a. draweþ out & gouerneþ þe matiere coniuncte.
- ?a1425 *Chauliac(1) (NY 12)134a/b : And be he gouerned, as is seid, etyng no þing þe first day.
- ?c1425 *Chauliac(2) (Paris angl.25)42b/a : After þe burstynge oute, forsoþe, be þay gouerned by þe cure of vlceres.
b
- 1532-1897(c1385) Usk TL (Thynne:Skeat)124/15 : The spire..if it be wel kept and governed, shal so hugely springe, til the fruit of grace is plentuously outsprongen.
7.
Gram. Of a verb: to require (a certain case in the subject or object); of a noun, adj., or pron.: require (a certain case in a dependent substantive); govern (a case).
Associated quotations
- (c1434) Drury Wks.(CmbAdd 2830)81/89 : With what case construit þe posityf degre? With non case be cause of his degre, but be cause of his significacion he may be construid with alle heme gouernyng, out-take þe nominatif & þe vocatif.
- c1450 Battlefield Gram.(Trin-C O.5.4)121 : In how many maners schal the nominatyf case be gouernyd of a verbe? In on, by strengthe of person, as ego sum homo.
- c1450 Battlefield Gram.(Trin-C O.5.4)122 : Tthe genityf case is gouerned in sixe maners of a noun, by strengthe of owyng, as the lord of thys place is att London, dominus istius loci est Londonijs. Loci is gouerned of dominus.
- c1450 Battlefield Gram.(Trin-C O.5.4)123 : In how many maneres schall' the genityf case be gouerned of the pronoun?..In how many maners schal the genityf case be gouernyd of the verbe? By tweyne..ego obliuiscor tui, [etc.].
- c1450 Battlefield Gram.(Trin-C O.5.4)124 : The accusatyf case is gouerned of the verbe.
Supplemental Materials (draft)
- a1475 Peniarth Informacio(1) (Pen 356B)99/287 : For when I haue a nowne adiectyue, uerbe neutur, passyue, or hony of hor participuls, gerundyuis or supynnis betokenyng all, comyngin a resun before a wourde that betokenys part of that all, that worde þat betokenus parte of that all schall be set in þe accusatyue case and be gouerned be thys fegur: synodoges.
- a1500 Add.37075 Formula (Add 37075)145/234 : Magistro docente pueri proficiunt. Þis word magistro is þe ablatyve case absolute, for whan I haue a reson of nown and participull or pronoun and participull wtoute any worde set owȝte wherof he may be gouernyd, yt shall be sett in the ablatyve case absolute, as Me sedente tu curris.
Note: Both postdatae sense
Note: for 7.