Middle English Dictionary Entry
gǒmme n.
Entry Info
| Forms | gǒmme n. Also gom(e, gum(e, gumme, game, gummi, gun, gwine. |
| Etymology | OF gome & L gummi. |
Definitions (Senses and Subsenses)
1.
(a) Any gum exuded by a tree or shrub; also, a resin; (b) an aromatic gum or resin used for embalming or as incense, perfume, spice, etc.; (c) any gum or resin used medicinally; resine ~; (d) ~ Arabik, ~ (of) Arabi, ~ of Arabik, a gum from certain species of acacia; ?also, some similar gum; ~ armoniak, gum ammoniac; ~ galbanum, galbanum; ~ terpentine, turpentine; whit ~, some gummy white substance; (e) ~ clout, a cloth soaked with gums; ~ water, a solution of gum arabic (or a similar gum) in water; (f) = gummer q.v.
Associated quotations
a
- (1336) Acc.R.Dur.in Sur.Soc.100533 : In gumme empt. de Alano de Communia, per dominum J. de Butterwyk pro cera virdi facienda pro sigillo Prioris, 20 d.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)199a/b : Electrum is a metal..whan it renneþ first out of þe tre, it is fleetyng and þynne gomme [L gummi].
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)271a/b : Þey [Bees]..pergetteþ þe roof of hire huyue wiþ woos and gumme [L lacrimis et succis arborum gummosam].
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)2.7719 : Þe riche lond..hath swiche habundaunce Of spicis, gommys, frutis, corn, & wyn.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)5.2079 : Myn erys with wex & gommys clere Were stoppid.
- ?a1425 Mandev.(2) (Eg 1982)11/18 : And in þat yle growes mastik apon smale treesse; and it springes oute of þam as it ware þe gum of plum tree or chiry tree.
- (1440) PParv.(Hrl 221)218 : Gumme: Gumma, vel gummi.
- c1450(?c1400) 3 KCol.(1) (Cmb Ee.4.32)44/14 : Hit droppeþ downe oute of certeyn trees in maner of gumme.
- (1456-7) Acc.Tintinhull in Som.RS 4187 : It. in gume pro eisdem libris.
- 1483 Cath.Angl.(Monson 168)168 : A Gumme; electrum, viscum, gummi.
- c1500 Recipe MSS Hast.in HMC (Hnt HU 1051)425 : To mak sable..put in a pund of gum, and styr aboute 60 tymes.
- a1550 *Norton OAlch.(BodeMus 63)1621 : Aire also..maketh thinges to be of light liquefaccion, as wax is, and butter and gummes all.
b
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Bod 959)Gen.37.25 : Þey seeyn ysmalitez..& chamels of hem beryng oynementez & swote gomme [vr. gumme; L resinam] & myrre.
- c1390 PPl.A(1) (Vrn)2.202 : Spicers speeken with him..For he kennede him in heore craft and kneuȝ mony gummes [vrr. gommes, gomes].
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)171b/b : Þere groweþ..a tree..and þe gomme þerof serueþ for encense.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)11501 : Wit recles forwit him he fell..It es a gun [Göt: gum; Trin-C: gomme] þat cums o firr.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)2.5726 : And from þe hed doun vn-to þe foot, With sondry gommys & oynementis soot Sche is enoynt, swetter for to smelle.
- a1450(?c1421) Lydg.ST (Arun 119)4570 : But what shuld I any lenger dwelle..by and by to telle..of the gommes in the flaumbe spent?
- ?a1425(c1400) Mandev.(1) (Tit C.16)161/11 : Euery man maketh a fuyr..& putteth þere jnne poudre of gode gommes.
- c1430(c1395) Chaucer LGW Prol.(2) (Benson-Robinson)109 : For to speke of gomme or herbe or tre, Comparisoun may non ymaked be.
- 1447 Bokenham Sts.(Arun 327)2155 : The gummys an the frankencence..he had ordanyd offryd to be..to þe reuerence Off hys goddis.
- c1450 Capgr.St.Kath.(Arun 396)5.830 : Many Aungellis seyn thei on euery syde With swete gummes anoy[n]tyng hir softely.
- (a1464) Capgr.Chron.(Cmb Gg.4.12)29 : There was he bawmed with swete gummes.
- (a1470) Malory Wks.(Win-C)225/8 : The kynge let bawme all thes with many good gummys.
- a1500(?a1400) SLChrist (Hrl 3909)2062 : For myrre a gumme is..that al corupcioun puttis hym fro.
c
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Dc 369(1))Jer.8.22 : Whether gumme [L resina] is not in Galaad, or a leche is not there?
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Dc 369(1))Jer.51.8 : Taketh recyne gumme [WB(2): recyn] to his sorewe, if parauenture he be helid.
- (a1387) Trev.Higd.(StJ-C H.1)1.101 : Herbes groweþ þeron, þat droppeþ gom [L thus et gummi; Higd.(2): encense and gumme]..by þe whiche treen, gom, and swetnesse seke men beeþ iheled.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)213b/a : Gomme [L gummi] of Almand trees helpeþ hem þat casteþ blood.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)231b/a : And þis gomme, mastix, haþ þe name of mastigando..it clenseþ and purgeþ þe gomes of roted humours.
- a1400 Recipe MS Hal.in Rel.Ant.1 (Hal 335)51 : For hym that haves squynansy, take..sauge and gumme of wodebynde.
- a1400 Recipe MS Hal.in Rel.Ant.1 (Hal 335)53 : Tak bugle..gumme of a soure plumtre, wax.
- a1400 Lanfranc (Ashm 1396)194/4 : Þou schalt cure it wiþ gumme of cheritrees..ouþer gumme of plumtre.
- a1400 Lanfranc (Ashm 1396)353/26 : We mote vse..fatnes & marowe & manie gummis.
- ?a1425 *Chauliac(1) (NY 12)47a/a : A medecen of Cantaridez..mixte with gumme of cheriez, giffen with wyne..helpeþ riȝt mych þe Iawnez & ydropesis.
- ?a1425 *Chauliac(1) (NY 12)122b/b : He cheseþ in meamur tapsiam, not old but recent, which Auicen semeþ to calle gumme of wilde rute [*Ch.(2): rewe].
- ?c1425 *Chauliac(2) (Paris angl.25)149b/a : Take of glewe or gumme of an oke one partie.
- ?c1425 *Chauliac(2) (Paris angl.25)186a/b : Armonyac is a gumme, hote in þe ende of the þridde degree, drye in þe firste, with softenynge & wiþ drawynge.
- ?c1425 *Chauliac(2) (Paris angl.25)189a/a : Thus frankencence is a gumme hote in þe secounde degree and drie in þe firste; it gendreþ flesche and helynge.
- c1440 Thrn.Med.Bk.(Thrn)5/21 : Take..þe gvmme of yven.
- c1440 Thrn.Med.Bk.(Thrn)36/35 : Sawge & gumme of wobbynde.
- c1440 Thrn.Med.Bk.(Thrn)54/34 : Gume of the sour plumtre.
- c1440 Thrn.Med.Bk.(Thrn)66/15 : Mirre, storax, olibane, mastike, opeponak, ammoniak..of all thies xiiij gummes tak..ane vnce.
- ?a1450 Arderne LW (Em 69)122 : The tooth the weche thou wolte putte out schalbe rubbyd with the gumme of yvy.
- c1450 Med.Bk.(1) (Med-L 136)70/179 : Take aloes, that is a maner of gwine.
- c1450 Med.Bk.(1) (Med-L 136)86/229 : Take a gwine that is clepid azafetida.
- c1450 Med.Bk.(1) (Med-L 136)280/910 : A game þat is clepid asafetida.
- c1450 Med.Bk.(2) (Add 33996)220 : Tak gomme of chyrytrees, or of plumtrees.
- c1450 When the son (Frf 16)79 : And euyn besyde gummez wonder fyn Of aloes, myrre, and terrebentyn, Olibaun, encense, and perosyn, Mastyk, sarcacol, and duryng rosyn, To purge lepre and malyncolye.
- ?a1500 Henslow Recipes (Henslow)54/19 : Ȝif þou wilt haue drawyng moche, put þer-to more of gommes.
d
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)238a/b : Þis tree haþ double droppynge; þat oon is ylich to gomme armoniacum [L gutte ammoniaci].
- a1400 Lanfranc (Ashm 1396)49/17 : Take frank-encense, mastik, mirre..gumme arabik [L gummi arabici].
- a1400 Lanfranc (Ashm 1396)66/11 : Take frankencense, whiȝt gummis [L albi gummosi] & fatt.
- a1400 Lanfranc (Ashm 1396)164/26 : In þe wounde of þe lungis caste poudre of mastix & gumme arabici.
- a1400 Lanfranc (Ashm 1396)228/34 : Dissolue þerinne gum armoniac.
- ?a1425 *Chauliac(1) (NY 12)178a/a : Gummy Arabic [*Ch.(2): Gumme of araby; L Gumma arabica] & dragagantum ar fri., with..glutinosite.
- c1440 Thrn.Med.Bk.(Thrn)15/15 : Tak gomme araby ij vnce.
- c1440 Thrn.Med.Bk.(Thrn)21/7 : Tak..halfe an vnce of gome arabike.
- c1440 Thrn.Med.Bk.(Thrn)30/26 : Tak gomme of araby & sethe it.
- c1450 Med.Bk.(2) (Add 33996)82 : Tak..1 quarter of gomme galbanum.
- c1450 Med.Bk.(2) (Add 33996)188 : Þen do þer to..gom terpentyne.
- c1450 Med.Bk.(2) (Add 33996)190 : Of gomme armonyak.
- c1450 Med.Bk.(2) (Add 33996)220 : Tak gomme..of arabye.
- ?c1450 Stockh.PRecipes (Stockh 10.90)91/14 : Take peresine..and gumme arabyke.
- ?a1500 Henslow Recipes (Henslow)7/1 : Þenne do þer-to alem glas, and to hym a lityl gom of arabik.
e
- a1500 Med.Bk.(2) (Add 19674)172 : For to make a gumme clout.
- c1500 Recipe MSS Hast.in HMC (Hnt HU 1051)424 : To mak swerte colour. Tak sude and temper it with gum water.
- c1500 Recipe MSS Hast.in HMC (Hnt HU 1051)425 : To mak syse for gold ore sylver. Tak bole armoniac and cole and grind to geder..and when it is dry tak gum water and wete it abovyne.
- 1511 Recipes Ink in Rel.Ant.1 (Wel 406)318 : To make gome water. Take a vessell with water and do yn gome, and lett yt stond tyll hyt be all lyquyde, and yf thou have a quarte water, take a quarte of gome, and then straye yt thorow a clothe.
f
- ?c1425 *Chauliac(2) (Paris angl.25)129b/a : Of þe whiche þinges, Rasis..and Avycen were wonte to make soche gummes [L gommeras; *Ch.(1): gummereaz].
Supplemental Materials (draft)
- a1475 Limn.Bks.(Brog 2.1)84 : To make a blake water: take gumme galle, and coperose, of eche a pownd, and take a vesselle for eche..and put to a pownd a galone of water, and let heme stepe so alle a nyȝte.
Note: New cpd.
Note: Need date
Supplemental Materials (draft)
- ?a1525 Dc.54 Artist.Recipes (Dc 54) 262/20 : To wryte syluer with a pen. [T]ake markecesythe of sylueyr, and take gom draganton, and of Rabcke, and ley them yn watyr and stepe, [etc.].
- a1500 Sln.122 Artist.Recipes (Sln 122) 86/12 : Take gumme of Arabic and gumme dragagannt, and put hem in a schell, and put gleyer or water þerto, than late hem stand.
Note: New cpd. for sense (d), ~ dragaunt. Cf. MED dragaunt n.
Supplemental Materials (draft)
Note: Med., etc., see further J.Norri, Dictionary of Medical Vocabulary, s.v. gum 2.