Middle English Dictionary Entry
gā̆vel n.(1)
Entry Info
Forms | gā̆vel n.(1) Also gavle, gafol, gafle, gawel, gawle & gevel, gævel & govel, govl(e, gowl(e & gabel, gabul. |
Etymology | OE gafol & ML gabulum, from Gmc. |
Definitions (Senses and Subsenses)
1.
(a) Tribute; a tax, subsidy; (b) manorial or customary rent; ?also, a field rented for a customary service or payment; setten to ~, to let (property) out to rent; (c) in combs: burgable, ?a tax on dwellings, ? = burgh-bot; corn ~, a rent for land used for raising grain; ~ aker, a field rented for a customary service or payment; ~ bere (bord, corn, dong), barley (boards, grain, dung), or an equivalent in money, paid as rent; ~ erthe, plowing and sowing service as rent for arable land; ~ geld [OE gafol-gyld], gavel rent; -- also in surname; ~ hai, hay or mowing service as rent; ~ lond [OE gafol-land], land rented for a customary payment or service; ~ man, a tenant paying gavel, a villein; ~ mede, mowing service as rent; also, meadow land rented for pasture during part of the year; ~ marke, ?a payment for boundary hedging in lieu of hedging service; ~ ote, oats as rent; ~ peni, ?a borough rent or tax; ~ rip (rep), harvesting service as rent; ~ rod, ?a payment for fencing in lieu of fencing service; ~ sed, seed grain as rent; ~ sester, a customary tax or toll on each sester of beer sold; ~ swin, ?hogs paid as rent; ~ timber (werk), timber (labor service) as rent. [See also breche ~, brene ~, chese ~, hous ~, lond ~, mede ~, shon ~, smere ~, stede ~, strete ~, tanne ~, win ~, etc.]
Associated quotations
a
- a1121 Peterb.Chron.(LdMisc 636)an.656 : Ic wille þet hi hit hælden..swa freolice þet þær ne be numen of na geld na gaule buton to þa munecan ane.
- c1175(?OE) Bod.Hom.(Bod 343)24/1 : Caseres on Rome..rixoden..& heom mon feorran brohten of huwhilce londe æȝðer ȝe lac ȝe gafol.
- c1275(?a1200) Lay.Brut (Clg A.9)7373 : Þu ahtest me to ȝulden ȝauel [Otho: truage] of þine londe.
- c1275(?a1200) Lay.Brut (Clg A.9)8873 : Let hine..ælche ȝer þe sende þat gauel of Bruttlonde.
- c1275(?a1200) Lay.Brut (Clg A.9)26436 : Ȝif þu wulle..ælche ȝere him senden gæuel of þine londen.
- a1300 I-hereþ nv one (Jes-O 29)329 : He vorbeod cesares gauel.
- a1325(c1250) Gen.& Ex.(Corp-C 444)844 : He weren under is hond, And gouen him gouel of here lond.
- a1425(a1360) Avesbury Chron.in RS 93457 : Rex Franciæ..misit ad civitatem..Arras pro quodam subsidio vocato gabul..pro sustentatione guerræ.
- c1440 ?Lydg.Charters (Add 14848)p.218 : The Dangyld trybut..or any subsidye in the seyd towne, gabel or talliage..al schal be receyvyd.
- c1450(c1400) Vices & V.(2) (Hnt HM 147)34/12 : Wikkede lordes..þat pilen þe pore folke bi talyages and gabels.
- (a1475) Fortescue Gov.E.(LdMisc 593)131 : The gabell off the salt and the quaterimes of the wynes were graunted to the kynge by the iij estates of France, wych was no litill subsidie.
- a1500(1413) *Pilgr.Soul (Eg 615)4.35.80a : The tresourer and other..haue for to se..to the gouernaunce of..his rentes and reuenuces, gabelles and custumes.
b
- a1121 Peterb.Chron.(LdMisc 636)an.1100 : Þa biscop rices and abbotrices..Ealle he hi oððe wið feo gesealde oððe on his agenre hand heold And to gafle gesette.
- (1222) Cust.Rent in OSSLH 243 fn. : Govelas.
- (1275) Doc.in Dugdale Monasticon 61193 : Omnes tenentes infra cimiterium sunt de feodo sancti Petri et non dant gavells.
- (?a1400) Cust.Rent in OSSLH 244 fn. : By reapacres called goveles.
c
- (a1200) Cust.Rent in OSSLH 269 : Terra de Breham, xxx et ij de servitio et x carratas de busche et unum present valens vj d..et gavelswin.
- (1222) Domesday Bk.St.Paul in Camd.6933 : Singule virgate..debent de Gavelsed iij mensuras.
- (1222) Cust.Rent in OSSLH 243 fn. : Govelwerkes.
- (1229) Chart.R.PRO98 : [Grant..of..all the meadow of] gavelmed [and] popelmed.
- (1252-3) Doc.in Bateson Rec.B.Leic.166 : xii d. dictus Robertus dedit ad redempcionem Gouilpennis et pontagii.
- (1253) Doc.in Bateson Rec.B.Leic.140 : Denariis qui vocabantur Gouelpeniis et de Pontagio.
- (c1273) Hundred R.Tower 2788b : Item habent duobus diebus per septimanam forum cum tolonio & langable & burgable.
- (1275) Doc.in Dugdale Monasticon 61193 : In quam terram sunt quinque tofta et solvunt gevelgeld..tota illa terra in Petergate, quam Richardus apothecarius tenet..est de terram S. Petri, et dat gavelgeld.
- (1277) Doc.in Somner Gavelkind (1660)22 : Debet claudere vnam perticatam..& debet pro pollis & claustura quam facere solebat..annuatim reddere j ob. quod dicitur Gavelrod & Burghard.
- (1277) Doc.in Somner Gavelkind (1660)33 : Villani de Terring qui vocantur Gavelmanni.
- (c1280) Cust.Battle Abbey in Camd.n.s.4151 : Quilibet qui tenet unam acram de Gavelmed..summa acrarum de Gavelmed' continet xxxvj acras.
- (1283) Doc.in Somner Gavelkind (1660)21 : Consuetudo falcandi quæ vocatur Gavelmed. Et pro una septimana dum falcatur stipula quæ vocatur Gavelmed.
- (1283) Doc.in Somner Gavelkind (1660)21 : Consuetudo metendi quæ vocatur Gavelrip.
- (1283) Doc.in Somner Gavelkind (1660)33 : In servitium de Gavelman, quantum Gavelman debet de tanto tenemento.
- (1296) Inquis.PM Edw.I237 : [The manor..including..ploughing of] gavelacre.
- a1300 Black Bk.St.Aug.(Fst A.1)4 : De gauelbere.
- a1300 Black Bk.St.Aug.(Fst A.1)4 : De gauelote.
- a1300 Black Bk.St.Aug.(Fst A.1)5 : De gauelcorn.
- a1300 Black Bk.St.Aug.(Fst A.1)25 : v sulingi..qui pertinent ad Hengraue qui reddunt de gabulo ij modios ordei..et ij modios auene..et adducunt illud Cantuariam..et vocatur Gauelcorn.
- a1300 Black Bk.St.Aug.(Fst A.1)61 : De corngauel pro eadem dimidia swollinga xxv mensuras ordei et tantum auene..et ducere apud Cantuariam.
- (a1300) Extent Wykes in Nrf.Archaeol.1453 : [He shall reap in autumn four] gouilacres..[two of winter corn and two of barley].
- (a1300) Cust.Rent in OSSLH 243 fn. : Gavelwerkes.
- (c1300) Doc.in Somner Gavelkind (1660)17 : Item, respondet de xxxv acris de consuetudine arandi Gavelherthe.
- (c1300) Doc.in Somner Gavelkind (1660)17 : Arabit unam dimidiam acre ad semen frumenti & seminabit & herciabit..et vocatur istud opus Gavelerth.
- (1301) Doc.in Somner Gavelkind (1660)21 : De quinque quarteriis..de Gavelote de redditu venditis.
- (1302) Doc.in Somner Gavelkind (1660)189 : Tenentes de Gavellond de octodecim Jugis.
- (1305) Inquis.PM Edw.I188 : [3 tenants rendering 2 s. 6 d. yearly for] gavelhey.
- a1307(1284) Cust.Battle Abbey in Camd.n.s.4163 : Isti subscripti sunt similiter Willani et tenent de assarto per certum redditum, et vocatur Gavelland.
- (a1307) Doc.in Somner Gavelkind (1660)22 : De consuetudine extrahendi fimum debita per Custumarios tenentes..quod servitium vocatur Gaveldung.
- (1307) Inquis.PM Edw.I293 : [The manor..including..] govilerth [and reapings of 84 acres of wheat and barley called] gavelrepe.
- (1311) Pat.R.Edw.II322 : [The abbot and the convent remise their right to the custom of] Gavelsestre [viz. of receiving 1 1/2 d. for every brewing] bracino [exposed for sale].
- (1311) Pat.R.Edw.II377 : Thomas de Gavelgeld.
- (1312) Abbrev.Plac.Edw.II313b : Item, quod non solvant custumam vocatam Gavelcestr', scilicet percipiendo de quolibet bracino vendicioni exposito j den. ob.
- (1355) Inquis.PM Edw.III95 : [The extent includes..24 works called] govelworkes.
- (1358) Inquis.PM Edw.III315 : [A manor..including 2 s. yearly for] gavelryp.
- (1358) Doc.in Somner Gavelkind (1660)22 : De cc refters de Gavel-tymber, de redditu..de quibus proveniunt de tenemento de Borewaresyle c.
- (c1358) Doc.in Somner Gavelkind (1660)22 : De ccc Gavelbordis de redditu.
- (1369) Inquis.PM Edw.III202 : [The extent includes customs called] gavelherthe..gavelrep, [etc.].
- a1377(c1280) Cust.Battle Abbey in Camd.n.s.416 : Walterus de Donynton'..debet claudere v virgatas haiae quae vocantur gavelmerke.
- a1377(c1280) Cust.Battle Abbey in Camd.n.s.417 : Johannes Aleyn..debet claudere v virgatas de gavelmerk et valet j d.
- a1377(c1280) Cust.Battle Abbey in Camd.n.s.4113 : Simon de Hethelonde..debet claudere x virgatas de gavelmerke ut supra, et valet opus ij d.
- (1378) Inquis.PM Edw.III346 : [The extent includes plough-works called] benherthes [and] govylherthes.
- (1431) Doc.in Somner Gavelkind (1660)16 : Quatuor Swillingæ..tenentur..per redditum & servitium vocatum Corngavel.
2.
(a) The lending of money at interest, usury; also, money lent at interest; also fig.; (b) interest for the use of money; yeven to ~, to lend (money) at interest.
Associated quotations
a
- a1225(c1200) Vices & V.(1) (Stw 34)77/26 : Þe gaueleres ne cumen neure into heueriche..ðeih hie dælden all ðat hie mid gauele biȝeten habbeð.
- c1230(?a1200) *Ancr.(Corp-C 402)54b : Þe vox of ȝisceunge haueð þeose hwelpes..symonie, Gauel, Oker.
- (1340) Ayenb.(Arun 57)9/27 : Ine þise heste is uorbode roberie, þiefþe, stale, and gauel [Vices & V.(2): vsure].
- a1400 Ancr.Recl.(Pep 2498)102/1 : Þat doþ Symonye, Gouel, Oker..is to þe Fox yeuened.
- a1400 Ancr.Recl.(Pep 2498)151/2 : Synne is þe deuels gouel, þat he ȝiueþ to oker.
- a1425 *Mannyng HS [OD col.] (Dlw 24)2394-5 : It is boþe gowl [Hrl: okyr] & þefte; goul it is, for þe outtrage to take þi catel a-vauntage.
- a1425 *Mannyng HS [OD col.] (Dlw 24)2417 : He þat to gowle [Hrl: vsery] is lef..is a þef.
- (1440) PParv.(Hrl 221)206 : Gowle, or vsury: Usura, fenus.
- c1450 Jacob's W.(Sal 103)201/28 : Ȝif þou be partenere in dede of..gouyl..þou art bounde to restore þe hole wrong.
- c1475 Wisd.(Folg V.a.354)605 : The ryche couetyse, wo dare blame, Off govell & symony thow he bere þe name?
b
- a1225(c1200) Vices & V.(1) (Stw 34)77/24 : Ealch miede is iteld for gauele.
- a1225(c1200) Vices & V.(1) (Stw 34)79/6 : Hwa mai wunen mid ðe on ðine huse?..se ðe ne ȝifð naht his eihte te goule.
- a1250 Ancr.(Nero A.14)147/20,22 : Sunne is ðes deofles feih ðet he ȝiueð to gauel & to okere of pine & euer so ðe mon lið lengre in his sunne so ðe gauel waxeð more of pine ine purgatorie.
- ?a1300 11 Pains(1) (Dgb 86)404/126 : Two þousent soulen..þerine freteþ hoere tounge atwo..ffor hoe weren of gauele fain.
- (1340) Ayenb.(Arun 57)35/11,13 : Hi [money-lenders] wylleþ rekeny..þries þet yer uor to do arise þet gauel..and makeþ ofte of þe gauel [Vices & V.(2): vsure] principale dette.
3.
In place names; ?also, as a field name [see Smith PNElem. 1.192 & cp. sense 1. (c)].
Associated quotations
- (1199) EPNSoc.8 (Dev.)74 : Gavelefurlinges.
- (1269) in Ekwall Dict.EPN183 : Gawelton.
- (1298) EPNSoc.11 (Sur.)230 : Westgavelwode.
- (1307) EPNSoc.12 (Ess.)234 : Gawelwod.
- (1312) EPNSoc.8 (Dev.)74 : Gavelacre.
- (1318) EPNSoc.8 (Dev.)74 : Gavelersh.
- (1355) EPNSoc.8 (Dev.)74 : Gavylmede.
- (1419) EPNSoc.12 (Ess.)234 : Gawlewode.
Supplemental Materials (draft)
- (1451) MSS Beverley in HMC32 : They in Bordeux..sal not be put to no gabelellez, quatreinds, talage, nor..non othir custumes then has been had and used.
Note: New spelling
- (1394) Inquis.Miscel.(PRO)6.24 : [Of every ship coming within the precinct of the manor they have had an anchorage-due called] yeveltol.
Note: Word has been glossed s.v. tol n.(1) 3. gavel toll, a fee for anchorage
Note: New spelling
Note: New cpd.
Supplemental Materials (draft)
Note: Moved sense 1.(c). def. '?also as a field name' to sense 3. along with quots (1312) EPNSoc.8 (Dev) 74: Gavelacre and [immed. following] (1355) Ibid. Gavylmede.--JL