Middle English Dictionary Entry
fō n.
Entry Info
Forms | fō n. Also fā, vō, vā; ifō, ifā, ivō, ivā. Pl. fōn, N fān, S vōn; later fōs, fōes, fās, fāis, fāes. |
Etymology | OE gefā, gefān enemy, and fā, stem variant of fāh hostile. Attrib. and coll. uses of ME fō are derived from the OE adj. |
Definitions (Senses and Subsenses)
1.
(a) One who, as an individual, hates or seeks to injure someone; enemy; hed fo, meste fo, chief enemy; (b) an opponent of God, an unbeliever, one who opposes Christianity; godes ~; (c) one who opposes a pagan deity, the Devil; a vice, etc.; an opponent.
Associated quotations
a
- c1275(?a1200) Lay.Brut (Clg A.9)30488 : Þe wifmon a was þes ilke kinges iua.
- a1275(?c1150) Prov.Alf.(Trin-C B.14.39)148 : Þanne scullen ure fon to ure fe gripen.
- c1275(?c1250) Owl & N.(Clg A.9)403 : He is wis þat hardeliche Wiþ is uo [Jes-O: fo] berþ grete ilete.
- ?a1300(c1250) Prov.Hend.(Dgb 86)st.12 : Tel þou nevere þi fo þat þi fot slepeþ.
- c1300 SLeg.Becket (LdMisc 108)717 : Beo we so grete fon Þat we ne mowen in one londe wonie?
- a1325(c1250) Gen.& Ex.(Corp-C 444)2610 : God haued swilc fairhed him geuen ðat self ðe fon it leten liuen.
- c1325(c1300) Glo.Chron.A (Clg A.11)812 : Min children þat ich ȝef mi god beþ min meste fon.
- (c1375) Chaucer CT.Mk.(Manly-Rickert)B.3896 : This false Brutus and hise othere foon.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)6827 : Þi faas [Göt: enmyes] beist þou findes o strai.
- a1400 Floris (Eg 2862)104/941 : Wreke me soon of my foon.
- c1440 Degrev.(Thrn)1762 : Ȝe hafe bene lang faas [Cmb: foas].
- c1440 Degrev.(Thrn)426 : Þou hase vencuste thi face [Cmb: foos].
- a1450(a1400) Athelston (Cai 175/96)249 : Me þynkiþ ȝe arn oure foo.
- c1540(?a1400) Destr.Troy (Htrn 388)7950 : I am the to sle, And hate þe in hert as my hede foo.
- c1460(?c1400) Beryn (Nthld 55)2630 : Reherce me then..þe causis of þy ffoon.
- ?a1475 Ludus C.(Vsp D.8)47/144 : Þi careful fadyr must be þi ffo.
- a1500(?a1325) Otuel & R (Fil)1394 : To-gedyr thay gonne Ryde, As folke that weren fone.
b
- a1225(?OE) Vsp.A.Hom.(Vsp A.22)239 : Witeð into ece fer þe is ȝæarced mine fo.
- c1225(?c1200) St.Juliana (Bod 34)736 : Lauerd godd..ne lef þu neauer to þi va [Roy: ifan] þin ilicnesse.
- c1300 SLeg.Dunstan (Hrl 2277)54 : Men þat drowe to wyldernisse for drede of godes fon.
- a1350 God þat al þis myhtes (Hrl 2253)4 : Ichabbe be losed mony a day, er ant late y-be þy foo.
- c1330 Otuel (Auch)64 : & werren þere wiþ godes foon.
- (c1375) Chaucer CT.Mk.(Manly-Rickert)B.3415 : Eek thow..art rebel to god and art his fo.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)2.3354 : Thou..Hast ben a fo to Cristes lay.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)11803 : Þis herods..þat godds faa [Trin-C: fo].
- (1415) Hoccl.Oldcastle (Hnt HM 111)27 : Thow foo arte to the Trinitee..and to al holy chirche.
- a1450-1509 Rich.(Brunner)1328 : To wreke Ihesu off hys ffoon.
- ?a1475 Ludus C.(Vsp D.8)10/332 : They lete hym stondyn amonge his ffon And ronne Away ffor drede.
- 1607(?a1425) Chester Pl.(Hrl 2124)91/145 : Deus: Thoughe the folke be my foe, thou shalt haue leaue thydder to goe.
c
- c1300 SLeg.(LdMisc 108)27/33 : Barnabe ich am icleoped, þe deueles fo of helle.
- (1402) Hoccl.Cupid (Hnt HM 744)466 : We you commaunde..Þat of tho men vntreewe, our rebel foon, Yee do punisshement.
- a1425(c1385) Chaucer TC (Benson-Robinson)1.1001 : Thow shalt ben the beste post..Of al his [Love's] lay, and moost his foos to greve.
- a1425(?a1400) RRose (Htrn 409)6051 : FalsSemblant..seith that ye ben his foo.
- a1450 Castle Persev.(Folg V.a.354)933 : Syr Belyal blak & blo..now I goo for to fell þi foo With wyckyd wage.
- c1450(c1386) Chaucer LGW Prol.(1) (Benson-Robinson)322 : The god of Love on me hys eyen caste And seyde..'And thow my foo.'
2.
A member of a hostile armed body in war, civil strife, or tournament; also coll.: an enemy nation or army.
Associated quotations
- c1275(?a1200) Lay.Brut (Clg A.9)12472 : Ich habbe eower iuan [Otho: fon] iualled to þan grunde.
- c1300 SLeg.(LdMisc 108)52/205 : For is fon ornen so faste him upon.
- a1350 Flem.Insur.(Hrl 2253)129 : I telle ou for soþe..hou hue weren fon.
- c1330 Otuel (Auch)1054 : Turneþ aȝein a non, & helpeþ to wreke ȝou on ȝoure fon.
- a1375(1335-1361) WPal.(KC 13)1363 : How wiȝtly william went to here foos & dede deliuerly nym þe duk.
- a1375(1335-1361) WPal.(KC 13)2659 : Þei no lenger..miȝt meyntene þat sege, for moche folk of here fon.
- c1380 Firumb.(1) (Ashm 33)867 : Þe grete god þe helpe & spede & kepe þe fram þy fos!
- (c1387-95) Chaucer CT.Prol.(Manly-Rickert)A.63 : And foghten for oure feith at Tramyssene In lystes thries, and ay slayn his foo.
- c1390 NHom.Narrat.(Vrn)265/300 : Þei hedde conquered heore fon þat aȝeyn hem wered.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)2502 : Þar þair faas [Frf: faes; Trin-C: enemyes], þam foluand, slogh.
- c1400(?c1380) Cleanness (Nero A.10)1767 : His foes in þe felde..Now ar þay sodenly assembled.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)1.1780 : He myȝt by his hiȝe prowes His cruel foon manfully oppresse.
- a1450(?c1421) Lydg.ST (Arun 119)758 : Aȝeynst her foon.
- a1425(?a1350) 7 Sages(2) (Glb E.9)2214 : Þus war þai warned ilka day When any fase wald þam affray.
- a1450 Yk.Pl.(Add 35290)79/198 : God wil defende you of your fays.
- a1450 St.Editha (Fst B.3)553 : He went to aspye what dede his fon.
- c1540(?a1400) Destr.Troy (Htrn 388)5169 : If we shall proffet with proues or any fose wyn.
- c1450(?a1400) Wars Alex.(Ashm 44)217 : For to feȝt with his fais out of fere landis.
- a1500(a1450) Gener.(2) (Trin-C O.5.2)2089 : Full wele wellyd to werre vppon ther foys.
- a1475 Siege Troy(1) (Hrl 525)456 : Forto awreken him of his foon.
3.
(a) The Devil; the enemy of man's soul; Cristes ~, the Devil!; our alder ~, the common foe of mankind; our first ~, the original enemy of man; (b) an evil spirit or demon; also, an evil angel.
Associated quotations
a
- a1200(?OE) Trin.Hom.(Trin-C B.14.52)187 : Sume leien on here sunnes..and on þat wise mid here fo hielden.
- a1250 Ancr.(Nero A.14)62 : Vre vo, þe weorreur of helle.
- (a1333) Herebert Holy wrouhte (Add 46919)23 : Vrom oure fykel fohes spere, Þou þylke tyme ous ȝeme.
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Mil.(Manly-Rickert)A.3782 : Ey, Cristes foo, what wol ye do therwith?
- c1390 Deus caritas (Vrn)30 : Þe fend..so derk and dym, To þe crois he com þo. Crist, al charite is in him, Þere he ouercom vr fo.
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Pri.(Manly-Rickert)B.1748 : Oure firste foo, the serpent Sathanas.
- a1400 Cursor (Trin-C R.3.8)20609 : Shal I haue of þe fend a siȝt..I loue him not, he is my fo.
- a1425 NHom.(3) Pass.(Hrl 4196)148/64* : Þe fende þat es oure fa.
- a1425 Nicod.(1) (Add 32578)1538 : Wendand ffro þe foule fende, þaire faa, Alle þe sayntes ȝede syngand.
- a1450 Ben.Rule(2) (Vsp A.25)40 : We sall assent..Ogans þe fend, our fa, to fyght.
- c1450(c1370) Chaucer ABC (Benson-Robinson)64 : Make oure foo to failen of his praye.
- c1450(c1370) Chaucer ABC (Benson-Robinson)84 : Lat not oure alder foo make his bobaunce.
- a1475 Oure fader in heuen (Rwl B.408)61 : To make us stronge a-ȝenst oure fo, Euer vpon us þat lythe in a-wayte To take þi children with hokes and bayte.
b
- a1225(OE) Lamb.Hom.Pentec.(Lamb 487)87 : Ure ifan, þet beoð þa deofles, beoð bisencte in to helle.
- c1225(?c1200) St.Marg.(1) (Bod 34)12/25 : Ne lef þu neuer mine fan [Roy: ifan], þe feondes [Roy: feondes of helle] i mene, habben ne holden hare hoker of me.
- (1340) Ayenb.(Arun 57)255 : He ualþ liȝtliche ine þe honden of his uon, þet byeþ þe dyeulen þet oueral ous aspieþ and wayteþ.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)18311 : Þar i wit mi faas [Trin-C: foos] was vmsett.
- a1425(c1300) Assump.Virg.(1) (Add 10036)507 : I beseke þee..That I noȝt þe deuel se, Ne none þat euer with him be;..þei arn my fone.
- a1450 Castle Persev.(Folg V.a.354)306 : Anoþer [angel] is ordeynyd her to be þat is my foo.
- a1450 Yk.Pl.(Add 35290)394/386 : Adame and my frendis in feere, Fro all youre fooes come fourth with me.
4.
Of non-personal agents: (a) a spiritual enemy; one of the three foes of mankind (i.e., the World, the Flesh, the Devil); (b) a destructive force or condition, such as death, disease, sin, fear, ill-fortune; (c) of a planet in unfavorable position; (d) of a bird, food, etc.; nightes ~, the sun.
Associated quotations
a
- a1225(?OE) Vsp.A.Hom.(Vsp A.22)241 : Þas þri ifon beð: Se forme is se deofel..se oðer þes middennard..Se þridde is wel nieh þe cristen men, þat is his aȝon flesc.
- c1225(?c1200) St.Marg.(1) (Bod 34)2/8 : Monie martyrs..ouercomen & akeasten hare þreo cunne uan: þe ueont, & teos wake worlt, ant hare licomes lustes.
- c1225(?c1200) HMaid.(Bod 34)16/148 : Vre flesch is ure fa.
- c1230(?a1200) *Ancr.(Corp-C 402)60a : Of strong temptatiun..Job meaneð..Mine fan [Nero: foan] weitið me wið triccherie.
- ?a1300 Sayings St.Bern.(Dgb 86)760/79 : Mon, þou hauest þre wikke fon..Þin owene fles, þe world, þe fend.
- ?a1300 Sayings St.Bern.(Dgb 86)761/109 : Þi þridde fo, þat foule wiȝt, Þe fondeþ boþe day and niȝt.
- a1300 Leuedi sainte (Add 27909)34 : Laete me steowi mi flesc and mine fo schiende.
- a1300 Leuedy for þare (Jes-O 29)13 : Beo vre scheld from vre ivo & yef vs þine blessyng.
- a1350 Middelerd for mon (Hrl 2253)47 : So fele bueþ founden monnes fon.
- ?a1425 Ihesu þi swetnes (RwlPoet 175)101 : Bot gastly faes greues me yll.
- a1425(c1385) Chaucer TC (Benson-Robinson)5.1866 : Us from visible and invisible foon Defende.
- a1425 HBk.GDei (Arun 507)134 : Noght mai deliuere þe oute of þi faes handes.
- a1450(c1410) Lovel.Grail (Corp-C 80)15.489 : I am sekir..From the devel and Alle My Fon.
b
- a1200 Trin.Hom.(Trin-C B.14.52)33 : Togenes þre fon: Scilicet peccatum, dolorem, morten.
- c1225 SWard (Roy 17.A.27)38/367 : 'Varpeð ut,' quoð warschipe, 'farlac, ure fa.'
- c1330 Þe siker soþe (Auch)14 : Ȝete þe ferþ is our fa, Deþ þat derieþ ous swa.
- (c1375) Chaucer CT.Mk.(Manly-Rickert)B.3913 : Fortune was first freend and sitthe foo.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)4.3408 : For nou fortune is thus mi fo.
- c1400(?a1387) PPl.C (Hnt HM 137)13.14 : Thenne was fortune my foo for al here fayre byheste.
- a1500(1413) ?Hoccl.Poems PS (Eg 615)p.xxxviii/61 : Mirthe to me is become a veray foo.
- c1450(1369) Chaucer BD (Benson-Robinson)583 : The pure deth ys so ful my foo.
- c1450(?a1405) Lydg.CBK (Frf 16)280 : Cruelte..bad Disdeyn do execute anon His iugement in presence of hys fon.
- c1450(1410) Walton Boeth.(Lin-C 103)p.278 : When fortune as a foo doth hym assaile.
- c1450 My ladyes (Frf 16)61 : Now cometh age, foo to your beaute.
- ?c1450 Stockh.PRecipes (Stockh 10.90)131/9 : A charme for peynys in theth..Helpe, banere beste, my fon to doo flee.
c
- a1425(c1385) Chaucer TC (Benson-Robinson)2.684 : Blisful Venus, wel arrayed, Sat in hire seventhe hous of hevene tho..she nas not al a foo To Troilus in his nativitee.
d
- a1425(c1385) Chaucer TC (Benson-Robinson)1.485 : Tho refte hym love his slep And made his mete his foo.
- a1425(c1385) Chaucer TC (Benson-Robinson)2.905 : The dayes honour, and the hevenes ye, The nyghtes foo--al this clepe I the sonne.
- c1430(c1380) Chaucer PF (Benson-Robinson)339,346 : The hardy sperhauk eke, The quayles foo.
- c1430(c1380) Chaucer PF (Benson-Robinson)346 : The eles fo, heroun.
5.
(a) dedli ~, mortal ~, a deadly enemy; familiar ~, homli ~, an enemy in one's own household; ful ~, an out-and-out foe; swete ~, unkind mistress; (b) frend and (or) fo; frend ne (nor, ner) fo, no one at all; (c) maken frend of fo, knowen frend from fo, etc.
Associated quotations
a
- c1275(?a1200) Lay.Brut (Clg A.9)8550 : Ich þe bringe tiðende of þon Romleoden..þine dædliche iuan [Otho: onfrendes].
- c1275(?a1200) Lay.Brut (Clg A.9)15855 : Joram..is mi fulle ifa [Otho: folle fon].
- ?a1300 Jacob & J.(Bod 652)74 : He wende to sechen his breþren & souȝte his fulle fon.
- c1300 SLeg.Magd.(2) (LdMisc 108)16 : Þat þing þat was hire leof and softe was sethþe hire fulle fo.
- c1300 Lay.Brut (Otho C.13)20104 : Her vs bihalues houre ifon folle [Clg: iuan uulle].
- ?c1335 Lollai lollai (Hrl 913)19 : Ne tristou to þis world, hit is þi ful vo.
- (1340) Ayenb.(Arun 57)171 : He heþ yolde to his yuo dyadlich, þet is, þe dyeuel.
- (c1385) Chaucer CT.Kn.(Manly-Rickert)A.2780 : Farewel my swete foo, myn Emelye.
- (c1385) Chaucer CT.Kn.(Manly-Rickert)A.1590 : For I am Palamon, thy mortal foo.
- (c1395) Chaucer CT.Mch.(Manly-Rickert)E.1784 : O perilous fyr that in the bedstraw bredeth! O famulier foo that his seruice bedeth!
- (c1395) Chaucer CT.Mch.(Manly-Rickert)E.1792 : God grante thee thyn homly fo tespye. For in this world nys worse pestilence Than homly fo alday in thy presence.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)7615 : He hated him als his ful fa.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)2.487 : Of alle enmyes and his mortal foon.
- a1450(?c1421) Lydg.ST (Arun 119)1917 : Ȝoursilf and ȝoure brother..gan stryve As mortal foon.
- a1425(c1385) Chaucer TC (Benson-Robinson)1.874 : Thanne is my swete fo called Criseyde.
- c1430(c1395) Chaucer LGW Prol.(2) (Benson-Robinson)248 : Thow art my mortal fo and me werreyest.
- ?1435(1432) Lydg.Hen.VI Entry (Jul B.2)88 : His mortall foon to oppressen and bere adoun.
- a1450 St.Editha (Fst B.3)3258 : For his loue was y-slawe his brother, Edwarde þe marter, Of his stepmodur, þe whyche was his dedly fo.
b
- ?a1425(?c1350) NHom.(3) Pass.(RwlPoet 175)514 : I sall wende with þe whare þou gase, And nouther leue for frendes ne fase.
- (c1395) Chaucer CT.Sq.(Manly-Rickert)F.136 : Men may in it see..openly who is youre freend or fo.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)23804 : Til vr freind or til vr fa [Trin-C: fon].
- c1400(?c1280) SLeg.OTHist.(LdMisc 622)69 : Noiþer þi frende ne þi foo ne telle þou þi priuete.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)1.2061 : I..dar me not compleyne To frende nor foo.
- c1400(c1378) PPl.B (LdMisc 581)9.200 : To loue þi frende and þi foo.
- a1450(?1404) As þe see (Dgb 102)68 : Knowelechyng of frend and fo.
- c1440 HBk.GDei (Thrn:Horstmann)300 : We sall pray for all, frendis & fase.
- a1450 Yk.Pl.(Add 35290)164/173 : Than is þe fourthe for frende or foo.
- c1460(?c1400) Beryn (Nthld 55)771 : So had he in subieccioune both(e) ffrende & foon.
- a1450-a1500(1436) Libel EP (Warner)141 : Wee sufferede nethere frende nere foo.
c
- a1200 Trin.Hom.(Trin-C B.14.52)219 : Nu is euerihc man ifo þare he solde fren be.
- c1225(?c1200) HMaid.(Bod 34)16/147 : Þe mihte of meiðhad..maked of eordlich mon & wummon heouene engel, of heame [read: heane] hine, of fa freont.
- a1275 Þene latemeste dai (Trin-C B.14.39)24 : Alle is frent-men beit iturnit to won.
- c1330 SMChron.(Auch)1654 : To make frendes þat wer fon.
- (1381) Let.Ball in Sisam 14th Cent.V&P (Roy 13.E.9)12 : Knoweþ ȝour freend fro ȝour foo.
- c1390 PPl.A(1) (Vrn)5.78 : I haue..Idon his Frendes ben his fon with my false tonge.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)7.1574 : The wordes maken frend of fo.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)3.284 : O thou my frend, o thou my fo.
- a1425(a1400) PConsc.(Glb E.9 & Hrl 4196)1453 : Now es a man frende, now es he faa.
- c1450(c1400) Sultan Bab.(Gar 140)2062 : And never go thens by day nor nyght, For foo, for frende, ner for kynne.
- c1475(c1399) Mum & S.(1) (Cmb Ll.4.14)4.58 : Somme..formed him of foos þat good frendis weren.