Middle English Dictionary Entry
flọ̄d n.
Entry Info
Forms | flọ̄d n. Also vlod, flud(e, floude, flot, flout. |
Etymology | OE flōd. |
Definitions (Senses and Subsenses)
1.
(a) A flowing body of water; river, stream; the flod of Temse, the River Thames; the channel or current of a river; ston of ~, river stone; (b) the sea; salt ~, se ~, a sea or ocean; (c) any body of water; water (as opposed to land); fen and ~, folde and ~, land ne ~, etc.
Associated quotations
a
- c1175 Orm.(Jun 1)10612 : O ȝonnd hallf flod wass Sannt Johan Bapptisste forr to fullhtnenn.
- c1275(?a1200) Lay.Brut (Clg A.9)21271 : Arður..fusde heom to flode..þa al wes Auene stram mid stele ibrugged.
- c1275(?c1250) Owl & N.(Clg A.9)946 : Wraþþe meinþ þe horte blod Þat hit floþeþ so wilde flod.
- c1300 SLeg.Edm.Abp.(LdMisc 108)382 : Al þe stret awatere orn, ase it were a gret flod.
- a1325(c1250) Gen.& Ex.(Corp-C 444)1255 : Ðe riche flod eufrate.
- c1350 MPPsalter (Add 17376)77.49 : And he turned her flodes into blode.
- (c1384) WBible(1) (Dc 369(2))Mark 1.5 : Alle men of Jerusalem wenten out..and weren baptisid of him in the flood of Jordan [L Jordanis flumine].
- (a1387) Trev.Higd.(StJ-C H.1)7.95 : Swane þe kyng..wente forþ by þe flood of Trente..he loste meny men of his in þe flood of Temse.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)7.561 : The flod which men Nil calleth.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)173a/a : Byȝonde Danubius floode.
- c1400(?c1380) Pearl (Nero A.10)874 : A hue fro heuen I herde þoo, Lyk flodez fele laden, runnen on resse.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)2.7740 : On þe riche flood Inamyd Tygre.
- a1425(c1385) Chaucer TC (Benson-Robinson)3.1600 : Flegetoun, the fery flood of helle.
- ?a1425 Mandev.(2) (Eg 1982)127/10 : Þe ryuer of Phison..es ane of þe foure fludez þat commez oute of Paradyse.
- (a1438) MKempe A (Add 61823)74/2 : Þis creaturys felawshep wold gon to Flod of Iurdon.
- (?a1439) Lydg.FP (Bod 263)1.1094 : A gret flood namyd Eufrates.
- a1450 St.Editha (Fst B.3)897 : Hym thoȝt..þat a broke by hym þere ron..And þat twey fayre appullon..folle doune bothe in to þat flode.
- (a1460) Vegetius(2) (Pmb-C 243)2322 : Stoon of the flood is saddest and so best, For fourneysinge a wal & euery loupe.
- c1460 Oseney Reg.142/16 : Þere is a floode or water..icalled Charewell In the Est parte or plage of þe parisch.
- a1475(a1447) Bokenham MAngl.(Hrl 4011)15 : Þe floodis byn: Temse, Seuerne, and Hvmbyr.
- a1500(?a1450) GRom.(Add 9066)328 : He..dranke watir of the floode.
- a1500 SMChron.(Cmb Ff.5.48)1913 : Flowt [Roy: flod; Auch: & atte windowe kest him out riȝt into temes flot].
b
- c1275(?a1200) Lay.Brut (Clg A.9)28074 : Ich isæh þæ vðen i þere sæ driuen and þe leo i þan ulode.
- c1275(?a1200) Lay.Brut (Clg A.9)30614 : Flod ferede þe scipen.
- c1300(c1250) Floris (Cmb Gg.4.27)82/69 : He..dude him into þe salte flod. He hadde wind and weder ful god.
- (c1300) Havelok (LdMisc 108)522 : Þat he ne flete in the flod.
- c1330(?a1300) Tristrem (Auch)361 : Þe child schal wiþ ous fare On flod.
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Dc 369(1))Ps.65.6 : That al turneth the se into drie; in the flod thei shul passe thurȝ afoote.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)4.3092 : Upon the salte flod.
- a1400(?a1350) Siege Troy(1) (Eg 2862)94 : Sir Ercules and Iason..turned [LinI: sailedyn] aȝeyn ouer þe flood.
- c1400 St.Anne(1) (Min-U Z.822.N.81)3194 : He past furth be þe se flode.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)5.3074 : Oon..shal holde his royal se..Amonge þe fysshes in þe large flood.
- a1425(a1400) Titus & V.(Pep 2014)1874 : Þat blessyng dude him good And al men þat passed þat flood.
- (?a1439) Lydg.FP (Bod 263)6.2010 : Southward Trace renneth the flood Egee.
- a1450(c1410) Lovel.Grail (Corp-C 80)34/224 : God graunte Grace that they ben Goode, that Comen to vs vppon this salt floode.
- a1450 7 Sages(3) (Cmb Dd.1.17)3040 : The styward let take al hys good And bere hit into se flood.
- a1450-1509 Rich.(Brunner)1403 : Ihesu hem sente wynd ful good To bere hem ouer þe salte fflood.
- ?c1450 St.Cuth.(Eg 3309)5177 : To Eland es þair passage On fote and als with caryage Be þe se flode.
- c1460(?c1400) Beryn (Nthld 55)1718 : A marchaunt comyng ovir flood.
- a1500 Theoph.(RwlPoet 225)p.6 : Al his wisdam & his good, Ryȝt as doth þe salte flood, It sanc doun to grounde.
- a1475 Siege Troy(1) (Hrl 525)184/895k : Sirr pollex and sir Talamon..Brought..ffoure score sheppis vppon the flode.
c
- c1175(?OE) Bod.Hom.(Bod 343)84/3 : Summe swimmæð on flode; summe fleoð ȝeont þas lyft.
- c1275(?a1200) Lay.Brut (Clg A.9)20171 : Nis him neouðer god, no þat lond, no þat flod.
- c1225(?c1200) St.Marg.(1) (Bod 34)22/17 : Þe fisches þe i þe flodes fleoteð wið finnes.
- ?a1300 11 Pains(1) (Dgb 86)404/106 : Wose his glad of oþres harm, þe flod takeþ to his arm.
- a1300 Foweles (Dc 139)2 : Foweles in þe frith, Þe fisses in þe flod.
- a1325(c1280) SLeg.Pass.(Pep 2344)366 : Þe ffisch þat luþer was caste out into þe fflode.
- c1350 MPPsalter (Add 17376)23.2 : For he bigged it vp þe sees, and made it redi vp þe flodes.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)1.364 : Diana naked stod To bathe and pleie hire in the flod.
- c1400(?c1380) Pearl (Nero A.10)736 : So sayde þe Fader of folde & flode.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)2.2582 : Hir nymphes..Abide in flodis and in depe wellis.
- a1425(?a1400) Penny (Glb E.9)105 : Oganis his steuyn dar no man stand, nouþer by land ne flode.
- ?a1425(c1380) Chaucer Bo.(Benson-Robinson)3.m.12.45 : Tantalus, that was destroied by the woodnesse of long thurst, despyseth the floodes to drynken.
- a1450 Castle Persev.(Folg V.a.354)306 : Anoþer is ordeynyd her to be, þat is my foo be fen & flode.
- a1450 Yk.Pl.(Add 35290)376/76 : I baptiste hym..in þe floode of flume Jordanne.
- c1450(c1380) Chaucer HF (Benson-Robinson)751 : And by these skilles, as I fynde, Hath fyssh duellynge in flood and see.
- c1450(?a1400) Wars Alex.(Ashm 44)56 : He takis a Boll of bras..And full he fillis it of the flode at fell fra þe heuen.
- c1450(?a1400) Wars Alex.(Ashm 44)1155 : It was enforced with sa fele fludis & othire, It semed neuer sege vnder son be saute it to wyn.
- a1500(?a1425) Lambeth SSecr.(Lamb 501)68/12 : Þay er fed with moystnesse of bodely þinges & of fflodes.
2.
(a) An inundation, a flood; on flode, flooded; (b) used with ref. to the Deluge; Noe(s) ~, Noah's flood.
Associated quotations
a
- a1126 Peterb.Chron.(LdMisc 636)an.1125 : On ðes ilces geares wearð swa micel flod on sancte Laurenties messe dæig þæt feola tunes & men weorðan adrencte.
- c1275(?a1200) Lay.Brut (Clg A.9)3894 : From heouene her com a sulcuð flod, þre dæȝes hit rinde blod.
- c1275(?a1200) Lay.Brut (Clg A.9)28556 : Tambre wes on flode mid vnimete blode.
- c1325(c1300) Glo.Chron.A (Clg A.11)8607 : Þe tuelfte ȝer temese moni toun aseincte, Vor so heye þat flod aros & mony mon adreincte.
- c1390 PPl.A(1) (Vrn)7.310 : Þorw Flodes and foul weder, Fruites schul fayle.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)1.1653 : Sche koude..reyse floodis with many dredful wowe.
- a1425(c1385) Chaucer TC (Benson-Robinson)3.640 : A reyn from heven gan avale..it ron, and al was on a flod.
- a1450(1411) Many man (Dgb 102)184 : I can..Wiþ flood and drowtes distroye ȝoure wele.
- a1450 Ben.Rule(2) (Vsp A.25)185 : When it sall windes or flodes fell, Euer may itt stand.
- a1500(?a1400) SLChrist (Hrl 2250)10181 : Ich londe..to ouer-flete..& with þat flode, as I fynde, ffrutes springen.
b
- ?a1200(?OE) PDidax.(Hrl 6258b)3/8 : After Noes flode ymba wintra a þusund.
- c1175 Orm.(Jun 1)8594 : All mannkinn Þurrh Noþess flod was drunncnedd.
- a1225(c1200) Vices & V.(1) (Stw 34)43/24 : Hie swa stierde on ðe muchele wilde flode ðe ouerȝiede all middeneard.
- c1225(?c1200) St.Juliana (Bod 34)53/581 : Þet tu hit forsenctest al in noees flod bute eahte þet tu friðedest.
- ?a1300 Jacob & J.(Bod 652)16 : For þi sende oure Louerd Noees flod.
- a1325(c1250) Gen.& Ex.(Corp-C 444)555 : Ðo wex a flod..and [o]uer-flowged men and deres kin, wið-vten Noe and hise ðre sunen.
- (a1387) Trev.Higd.(StJ-C H.1)2.255 : Þat was anoon to Noes flood [Higd.(2): the grete floode of Noe].
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Mil.(Manly-Rickert)A.3834 : He was agast so of Nowelys flood.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)5.1605 : After the flod, fro which Noe Was sauf.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)1043 : For-þi was it o noe flode Fre, þat al þe warld ouer yodd.
- a1425(a1382) WBible(1) (Corp-O 4)Gen.6.17 : I shal lede to watres of a flood vpon the erthe.
- ?a1425(c1400) Mandev.(1) (Tit C.16)202/18 : The flode of Noe [Eg: Noe flode] ne myght not come to hire.
- a1450 Yk.Pl.(Add 35290)41/27 : A flowyd above þame shall be broght, To stroye medilerthe.
- c1450 Spec.Chr.(2) (Hrl 6580)70/17 : Noes flude was made for synne of lechery.
- ?a1475 Ludus C.(Vsp D.8)39/123 : All þis wyde werd xal be dreynt with flood.
- a1500(a1460) Towneley Pl.(Hnt HM 1)27/146 : All shal be fordone..with floodis that from abone shal fall.
3.
(a) Flood tide, high tide; ebbe and ~, ebb and flow of the sea; fig. a rise or increase in wealth, woe, etc.; (b) physiol. an increase of 'humors' in the body.
Associated quotations
a
- a1200 Trin.Hom.(Trin-C B.14.52)177 : And for swiche flode and for swich ebbinge, þe prophete nemmeð þis woreld se.
- a1300(a1147) Gaimar Engles in RS 91.1 (Roy 13.A.21)104 : Li flod arere repairout.
- c1325(c1300) Glo.Chron.A (Clg A.11)6561 : Þe time com of þe se flode, Þat it bigan to wexi uaste, ase it deþ atte tide.
- a1375(1335-1361) WPal.(KC 13)2745 : Faire at þe fulle flod, þei ferden to sayle.
- (c1375) Chaucer CT.Mk.(Manly-Rickert)B.3777 : He wende he myghte..in a balance weyen ech montayne And alle the floodes of the see restrayne.
- (a1387) Trev.Higd.(StJ-C H.1)1.57 : Þe strengþe and þe flood [L æstus] of þe see Hellesponticus..may nouȝt wiþstonde.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)7.723 : Of flodes hihe and ebbes lowe Upon his change it schal be knowe.
- (c1395) Chaucer CT.Fkl.(Manly-Rickert)F.1070 : Thanne shal she been euene at the fulle alway And spryng flood lasten bothe nyght and day.
- c1400(?a1300) *KAlex.(LdMisc 622)6167 : Whan it is Eb, vp hij beeþ, Whan it is flood, yshet hij beeþ.
- (a1405) Oath Bk.Colchester33 : I schal nat abyde yere but a ebbe and a floud, yf I may have my Passage yn so schort a tyme.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)2.455 : As whan þe flood of wo is ouerpassed, Þe ebbe of Ioye folwen most in haste.
- a1450(?c1421) Lydg.ST (Arun 119)3422 : Lich a See rennyng to and fro, Swyng an ebbe whan the flood is do.
- c1440(c1350) Octav.(1) (Thrn)493 : It was ebbe and no flode.
- c1460(a1449) Lydg.Mutability MN (Hrl 2255)117 : An ebbe of pouert next floodys of richesse.
- a1450(1412) Hoccl.RP (Hrl 4866)668 : He..with-drow þe flood Of welþe, & at grounde ebbe sette he me.
- c1450 Treat.Fish.(Yale 171)20 : And wer the watur ebbyt and flowythe, þe fysche wyll bite in some place at þe floode.
- c1475(c1450) Idley Instr.(Cmb Ee.4.37)1.740 : A low ebbe cometh after an hyee floode.
b
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)115a/b : Þe mone echiþ alle humours, for by priuey passingis of kynde flood & ebbe [L fluxus & refluxus] encrecyd & multiplied.
- ?c1425 *Chauliac(2) (Paris angl.25)40a/b : The comune tokenes of Obtalmya..redenesse, fillynge of þe veynes and flood of moystures [*Ch.(1): flux of humiditeez].
4.
(a) A current in the sea; rowen ayein the ~, to row against the current; (b) an ocean wave.
Associated quotations
a
- c1325(c1300) Glo.Chron.A (Clg A.11)473 : Hii chargeden hor ssipes..& wende vorþ mid god wind, mid wel driuinde flode.
- c1330 Len puet (Auch)254 : Whoso roweth aȝein the flod, Off sorwe he shal drinke.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)2.719 : Sche dryveth Under Castel with the flod.
- c1475 Wisd.(Folg V.a.354)491 : I woll no more row ageyn þe floode.
- a1500(?a1450) GRom.(Hrl 7333)255 : The towne that was I-caste in to the see, withe the childe, was driven withe flodes vp and downe.
b
- c1175 Orm.(Jun 1)14817 : Swa þatt te king wiþþ all hiss ferd Wass drunncnedd unnderr flodess.
- c1400 Bible SNT(1) (Selw 108 L.1)Jas.1.6 : He þat douteþ is lyche to þe flod [L fluctui] of þe see, þat is y-mefed & y-boren aboute of þe wynd.
- ?a1425(c1380) Chaucer Bo.(Benson-Robinson)2.m.4.5 : What maner man..wole despise the see manasynge with flodes [L fluctibus].
- (a1438) MKempe A (Add 61823)42/32 : He þat is euyr-mor dowtyng is lyke to þe flood of þe see, þe whech is mevyd & born a-bowte wyth þe wynd.
- c1540(?a1400) Destr.Troy (Htrn 388)12506 : Stith was the storme, stird all the shippes, Hoppit on hegh with heste of the fflodes.
5.
In personal names.
Associated quotations
- (1198) in Pipe R.Soc.n.s.9187 : Wigotus de la Flode.
- (1207) Fine R.King John457 : Sibrd de Fulflod.
- (1280) in Löfvenberg ME Local Surnames67 : Geoffr. de la Flode.
- (c1291) Inquis.Miscel.(PRO)1.643 : John Flod.
- (1327) in Löfvenberg ME Local Surnames67 : Thom. atte Floude.
- (1332) in Löfvenberg ME Local Surnames67 : Ric. atte Flode.
- (1402) Feudal Aids 6388 : Willelmus Flodman.
6.
In various extended and fig. senses: (a) a flow or stream (of blood); (b) a flow or flood (of tears); (c) a stream (of sparks); (d) drinken of dethes ~, to drink of the stream of death, to die; (e) the water of baptism; (f) a flood (of words); (g) an abundance of (peace, sweetness, troubles).
Associated quotations
a
- c1175 Orm.(Jun 1)15516 : An wif, þatt wass þurrh blodess flod Well ner all brohht to dæþe..Warrþ hal off hire unnhæle.
- a1325 Þenc man of mi (Roy 12.E.1)8 : For þe me let i-don on rod, Vt of mi side ern þe flod.
- c1400 Fadur & sone (Bod 416)58 : She sauȝ þi herte stoonge, þi swete bodi al on a flod, out of þi syde water & blod.
b
- a1350 Iesu suete is (Hrl 2253)62 : Þe quene þat by þe stod, of loue teres heo weop a flod.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)2.4384 : Word is but wynde, & water þat we wepe; And þouȝ þe tempest and þe flodis depe Of þis two encresen euere-mo [etc.].
- c1450(?a1400) Wars Alex.(Ashm 44)1133 : With þat þe flammand flode fell in his eȝen.
- a1500(a1460) Towneley Pl.(Hnt HM 1)177/377 : Alas! my hart is all on flod, To se my chyld thus blede!
- a1500 Mirror Salv.(Beeleigh)p.158 : What flodes thurgh thyn hert ran of trewest sorow and wepyng.
c
- c1440(?a1400) Morte Arth.(1) (Thrn)773 : The flode of þe flawez all on fyre semyde.
d
- a1200 Trin.Hom.(Trin-C B.14.52)111 : He ferde fro heuene to helle, he dranc of deðes flode.
e
- a1450(c1410) Lovel.Grail (Corp-C 80)43.489 : Thou ne Art not ful waschen..In the Swete flood Owther In the wawe that baptesme Is Clepid.
f
- c1230(?a1200) *Ancr.(Corp-C 402)19a : Ne mei nawt muche speche..beo wiþ ute sunne, for..of a drope waxeð in to a muche flod, þe adrencheð þe sawle.
- c1440 HBk.GDei (Thrn:Horstmann)317 : Mekill speche..waxes a mekill flode þat drownnes the saule.
- a1450 St.Kath.(3) (Richardson 44)34 : He schal ȝeue into þy mouth þe strong flood of hys plenteuous word.
g
- (1340) Ayenb.(Arun 57)247 : God ssel do come ope his urendes ane ulod of pays..and his sselt do drinke of þe ulode of þine zuetnesse.
- ?a1425(c1380) Chaucer Bo.(Benson-Robinson)4.m.2.12 : Trowblable ire..areyseth in hem the floodes of trowblynges.
7.
Combinations: ~ crab, river crab; ~ gravel, river gravel; ~ ground, the bed or bottom of a body of water; ~ lote, din of the sea or the waves; ~ mark, mark of high tide, high-water mark; ~ net, a kind of fishing net; ~ whil, the time of the high tide; ~ womb, the bed of a stream.
Associated quotations
- (1246) Chart.R.PRO1.310 : Dreynett, flodnett, et stalnett.
- (1277) in Rymer's Foedera (1816-69)1.544 : Les auncienes marches..ceo est asavoir deskes al Flodmerk, devers le Su.
- (1291) Doc.in Gibson Hist.Monast.Tynemouth 2App.69 : Omnia messuagia illa sunt extra le fludmarke.
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Dc 369(1))Is.19.7 : Nakened shal be the flod wombe [WB(2): botme of watir; L alveus rivi] and the ryueres fro ther welle.
- c1390 11 Pains(3) (Vrn)158 : Þeos..heled heore children..Or drouned hem In flodes groundes.
- (1391-2) Select Pleas Crt.Adm.in Seld.Soc.6()4 : Lez queux fardell..a Lostwythiell dedenz le floodmark, sans ascun proces du loy..le dit Johan Curteys prist et emporta.
- c1400(?c1380) Patience (Nero A.10)183 : He watz flowen for ferde of þe flode lotes In-to þe boþem of þe bot.
- ?a1425 *Chauliac(1) (NY 12)87b/b : And flode crabbez [L cancri fluuiales] soueranly auaileþ.
- (?1440) Palladius (DukeH d.2)1.368 : Flood grauel is good for couerynge.
- (?1440) Palladius (DukeH d.2)1.862 : Flood crabbis heer and ther to crucifie He seith is good.
- c1440(?a1400) Morte Arth.(1) (Thrn)461 : For be þow founden a fute withowte þe flode merkes..Þou sall be heuedede in hye.
- ?c1450 St.Cuth.(Eg 3309)6682 : Þe se flowes aboute þe Ile Twys ilk hale day, þe flode while.
Supplemental Materials (draft)
- a1425 Medulla (Stnh A.1.10)A:67/140 : Achiolus [read: Achilous] : a folde [read: a flode].
Note: New (erroneous) spelling and new (correct) spelling both. Belongs under sense 1.(a). A reference to the River Acheloos. See discussion, p. 51.
Supplemental Materials (draft)
Note: Med., etc., see further J.Norri, Dictionary of Medical Vocabulary, s.v. flood.