Middle English Dictionary Entry
figūre n.
Entry Info
Forms | figūre n. Also figour, fegur(e, vigure, vigour(e, -our, wygur. |
Etymology | OF, & L figūra. |
Definitions (Senses and Subsenses)
1.
Shape, form, appearance: (a) visible or tangible shape or form; general appearance; bodili ~, ~ of this world; of the face: expression; (b) of a living being: bodily form, appearance (often including stature and bearing); (c) an embodied living form; a human being, a personage, a person; ~ of flesh, ~ of mankind; of Christ: incarnation.
Associated quotations
a
- (c1384) WBible(1) (Dc 369(2))1 Cor.7.31 : The figure [L figura] of this world passith.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)4.2563 : Bothe in substance and in figure, Of gold and selver the nature.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)6.1527 : [A statue] in figure Most lich to mannyssh creature.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)115a/a : Þe mone chaungiþ figure & schap.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)136a/b : [A cloud] comfortiþ hit silf to oþir in figure & schappe.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)2.1015 : On whiche þer stood, of figure & visage Of masse gold, a wonderful ymage.
- ?a1425(c1380) Chaucer Bo.(Benson-Robinson)5.pr.5.74 : Wit and ymaginacioun ne mowen nat strecchen ne enhaunsen hemself to knowynge of universalite, for that the knowynge of hem ne mai exceden ne surmounten the bodily figures.
- ?a1425 *Chauliac(1) (NY 12)10b/a : Rounde figure [of the head] is most girte & of most capacite.
- ?a1425 *Chauliac(1) (NY 12)72a/b : Þat þer be made in it 2 fissurez, kuttyng hem after figure of a crosse or after figure of a cifre of 7.
- ?c1425 *Chauliac(2) (Paris angl.25)87a/a : Figure .i. schappe.
- a1450 Yk.Pl.(Add 35290)226/161 : I fele by a figure in youre fals face, It is but foly to feste affeccioun in ȝou.
- (a1460) Bokenham Sts. (Adv Abbotsford B3)111.146 (v.2:p.183) : He shal commen and be iuge of al men and resoluen the figure of this worlde by fyre.
- c1475(c1445) Pecock Donet (Bod 916)10/2 : Bodili þingis..perceiued of dyuers outward wittis as ben þese v: mouing, reste, greetnes, noumbre, and figure.
b
- (c1375) Chaucer CT.Mk.(Manly-Rickert)B.3412 : Thanne hadde god of hym compassioun And hym restored his regne and his figure.
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Ph.(Manly-Rickert)C.28 : Alle myne othere creatures, What colour that they han or what figures.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)60a/b : Þe fygure and schap of hem [eunuchs] chaungiþ.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)169a/a : Oure lorde shewed him selfe blisful and chaungede his fygure passingliche to fore his disciples.
- c1440(?a1400) Morte Arth.(1) (Thrn)781 : Thane come..a blake bustous bere..the foulleste of fegure that fourmede was euer.
- c1440(?a1400) Morte Arth.(1) (Thrn)3301 : A faire mane..the fayreste of fegure that fourmede was euer.
- c1400(?a1300) *KAlex.(LdMisc 622)7678 : Þis ymage is made after þee..casten after þi vigoure.
- c1400(?c1380) Pearl (Nero A.10)170 : I frayste hyr fayre face, Her fygure fyn.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)2.4984 : [Andromache] Longe of hir schap, with brestis faire & whyte..of angelik figure.
- a1425(a1400) PConsc.(Glb E.9 & Hrl 4196)4322 : He [Anticrist] sal chaung..in figures sere.
- ?a1425(c1380) Chaucer Bo.(Benson-Robinson)5.m.5.2 : The beestes passen by the erthes be ful diverse figures.
- ?a1425 *Chauliac(1) (NY 12)110a/b : Lepre forsoþ is sikenesse..it is corrupcioun of fugure.
- c1440(a1400) Awntyrs Arth.(Thrn)137 : I was of Fegure and of flesche fayereste of alle.
- c1450(c1393) Chaucer Scog.(Benson-Robinson)27 : Cupide..wol nat with his arwes been ywroken On the, ne me, ne noon of oure figure.
- a1450 Yk.Pl.(Add 35290)6/140 : Euen to myne awne fygure..Mankynde of moulde will I make.
- c1450(?a1400) Wars Alex.(Ashm 44)613 : His fell fygoure & his fourme.
c
- a1325(c1250) Gen.& Ex.(Corp-C 444)1005 : Siðen, in ðe dale of mambre, sag abraham figures ðre.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)1.1530 : He syh wher sat a creature, A lothly wommannysch figure.
- ?a1425(c1380) Chaucer Bo.(Benson-Robinson)3.pr.11.73 : It is a figure of mankynde.
- (?a1439) Lydg.FP (Bod 263)1.5613 : I heere you weel, thouh I no figure see.
- c1475 Awntyrs Arth.(Tay 9)p.6 : Ho was a figure of flesche [Thrn: of fegure and of flesche], fayrest of alle.
- a1500 Moste glorious lord (Voss Germ.Gall.Q.9)150 : Holy maydyn pure..Of the he [Christ] wolde take hys fygure.
2.
Representation, image, likeness: (a) image or likeness; (b) the concrete representation of something abstract, embodiment; (c) the representation of the form of a living creature, usually a human being, in sculpture or in painting; a statue, image, effigy; (d) a phantasm, apparition, vision.
Associated quotations
a
- a1375(1335-1361) WPal.(KC 13)447 : I haue him portreide an paynted in mi hert wiþinne..& faire so his figure is festened in mi ȝout [read: þout].
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)4.3040 : Morpheus, the whos nature is forto take the figure Of what persone that him liketh.
- c1400 Bible SNT(1) (Selw 108 L.1)Heb.1.3 : [Christ] is þe brytnesse of his blisse, & þe fygure of his substaunce [L figura substantiæ ejus].
- c1450 Alph.Tales (Add 25719)196 : Þai hafe þe figur of Decius Cesar made opon þaim.
- a1500(c1340) Rolle Psalter (UC 64)22.4 : Ill men..beris the figure of ded, that is, the ymage of the deuel.
- a1500 Now rightwis Iuge (Corp-O 274)55 : The figure of þi crosce haly all my wittis vmbelappe.
b
- c1475(c1450) Idley Instr.(Cmb Ee.4.37)2.B.1556 : He is rote of sclaundir..the figure of dissimulacion.
c
- c1390(?a1300) Stations Rome(1) (Vrn)625 : A vigour he made of gold..in þe temple..He leeuede þer on.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)8.564 : Thei..made a figure in resemblance Of him.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)2290 : Lik til his fader..A wygur was mad [Frf, Trin-C: vigour; Göt: vigur].
- a1400 NVPsalter (Vsp D.7)105.35 : Þai spilt..Blode ofe þar sones and doghters..Whilke þai offred..To fals vigours of Chanaane.
- c1400(?a1300) *KAlex.(LdMisc 622)1521 : In whas honoure Was ymade þat figoure?
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)2.616 : On tourettis wer reysed vp figurys of wylde bestis.
- (a1470) Malory Wks.(Win-C)880/7 : Whan he was in the grettist perell he lett put awey the cloth, and than hys enemyes saw the vigoure of a man on the crosse.
- a1500(?a1400) Firumb.(2) (Fil)1119 : The vygours and þe autar..I schal hem adoun falle and bete to þe grounde.
- a1500(?a1425) Lambeth SSecr.(Lamb 501)113/17 : Þe discyples of wys ypocras peyntyd his ffigure in perchemyn.
d
- c1400(?c1380) Pearl (Nero A.10)1086 : I stod as stylle as dased quayle For ferly of þat freuch fygure.
- c1450(c1380) Chaucer HF (Benson-Robinson)48 : [The soule] warneth alle and some..Be avisions, or be figures.
- (a1470) Malory Wks.(Win-C)882/15 : He saw the fowlyst vygoure lepe thereoute that ever he saw in the lyknes of a man..and wyst well hit was a fyende.
- (a1470) Malory Wks.(Win-C)1029/24 : At the lyfftyng up there cam a vigoure in lyknesse of a chylde..and smote hymselff into the brede.
3.
(a) Something having symbolic significance, symbol; significant sign or example; example; (b) prefiguration; a foreshadowing or foreboding; in figure.
Associated quotations
a
- c1350(a1333) Shoreham Poems (Add 17376)125/301 : One-couþ to þe, man, hys þes figure, For þe offyce of hyre sepulture Was al an heuene gyse.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)326a/b : Þe oone and vnite of numbre..is figure and liknesse of þe vnite of oure lord god.
- a1400 Wycl.MPl.(Add 24202)52 : The pleyinge of Ismael with Isaac is figure of the pleyinge of the fleysh with the spirit.
- a1425 Wycl.Serm.(Bod 788)2.89 : Þe hous of þe Fadir of hevene shulde be figure of Goddis dede.
- (?a1439) Lydg.FP (Bod 263)2.2449 : Pidagorus..Fond first out Y, a figur to discerne The liff heer short and liff that is eterne.
- (?a1439) Lydg.FP (Bod 263)4.2927 : This tragedie sheweth a figure bothe bi stori & bi auctorite, How [etc.].
- (?a1439) Lydg.FP (Bod 263)7.1241 : Venus..a notabil figur of worldli brotilnesse.
- c1450 Spec.Chr.(2) (Hrl 6580)120/30 : A gud conscience is token of relygion and figure [L tipus] of saluacion.
- c1450 Spec.Chr.(2) (Hrl 6580)182/5 : Cristes passyon, whos figure es this holy sacramente.
- c1475 Wisd.(Folg V.a.354)359 : In þe soule ben iij partyes, I-wys: Mynde, Wyll, Wndyrstondynge of blys, Fygure of þe godhede.
- a1500 Saluator mundi domine To (Cai 84/166)49 : Lord, of þi mercy fygur I fynde, on Petur qwen I caste my thoghte.
b
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)128b/a : Þis estir of jewis was figure & bodynge of þe estir of cristene men.
- a1425(c1385) Chaucer TC (Benson-Robinson)5.1449 : He thought..that Joves..Hym shewed hadde in slep the signifiaunce Of hire untrouthe..And that the boor was shewed hym in figure.
- a1450 3 KCol.(1) (Roy 18.A.10)53/8 : In tokene and in figure of þe beryng of þis mayde, seynt Marye of hir childe, þe same prophete bare mete in to Danyel.
- c1450(c1370) Chaucer ABC (Benson-Robinson)94 : The Holi Gost, the which that Moyses wende Had ben a-fyr; and this was in figure.
- ?a1475 Ludus C.(Vsp D.8)59/41 : Þat wurthy temple..which þat is fygure of þat mayde ȝynge þat xal be modyr of grett messy.
- a1500(c1380) Wycl.Papa (Ryl Eng 86)478 : In þe olde lawe was salomons temple a figure of þe chirche in þe newe lawe.
- a1500(?c1425) Spec.Sacer.(Add 36791)96/3 : Abel, innocent in figure of Crist, was the first marter.
4.
(a) A parable, a comparison or metaphor; (b) a stylistic device or ornament; (c) a poetic composition, a poem.
Associated quotations
a
- (c1387-95) Chaucer CT.Prol.(Manly-Rickert)A.499 : This figure he added eek ther to: that if gold ruste, what sholde iren do?
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)8a/a : Writinges þat þe holy gost hath I ȝeue derkliche, I hid and wrapped vndir liknes & fygures.
- c1450 Scrope Othea (Lngl 253)15 : We shalle make a fygure aftyr the maner of poietis.
- a1500(c1340) Rolle Psalter (UC 64)146.8 : He hilys halywrit with figurs forto stire men to seke.
- c1500(?a1475) Ass.Gods (Trin-C R.3.19)1725 : All that poetys put vndyr couerture Of fable, the rurall pepyll hit took Propyrly as acte, refusyng the fygure.
b
- (c1395) Chaucer CT.Cl.(Manly-Rickert)E.16 : Youre termes, youre colours, and youre figures, Kepe hem in stoor til so be ye endite Heigh stile.
- (c1449) Pecock Repr.(Cmb Kk.4.26)255 : Thei vsiden certein colouris of rethorik..summe certeyn figuris [etc.].
- c1450(c1380) Chaucer HF (Benson-Robinson)858 : Withoute any subtilite Of speche..Of figures of poetrie, Or colours of rethorike.
c
- c1450(c1396) Chaucer Buk.(Benson-Robinson)25 : This lytel writ, proverbes, or figure I sende yow.
- c1475(?c1451) Worcester Bk.Noblesse (Roy 18.B.22)21 : Wonderfulle entreprises..that Hercules did, whiche is writen in figure of a poesy.
5.
(a) A design, drawing, diagram, or illustration; the markings (on an astrolabe); also, an example, a tabulation (of names); (b) geom. a form or figure enclosed by a line or lines, or by a surface or series of surfaces.
Associated quotations
a
- (c1395) Chaucer CT.Fkl.(Manly-Rickert)F.831 : Men may so longe grauen in a stoon Til som figure ther inne emprented be.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)318a/a : [On wax tablets] ben lettres and dyuerse figures and schappes by þe office of poyntelles.
- a1425 Benj.Minor (Hrl 1022)163/15 : Þe names of þes childer and þes vertuz sall be knawne by þis fygure þat felouse. [There follows a list of the names].
- (c1449) Pecock Repr.(Cmb Kk.4.26)81/22 : Lettris writun and schapun vnder dyuerse figuris in parchemyn or in velim.
- a1450(1391) Chaucer Astr.(Benson-Robinson)Introd.76 : The firste partie of this tretys shal reherse the figures and the membres of thyn Astrelabie.
- a1450(1391) Chaucer Astr.(Benson-Robinson)2.26.40 : The embelif orisonte..overkervith the equinoxiall in embilif angles, as shewith in the figure.
- c1450 Art Number.(Ashm 396)37/25 : Write a cifre in the place þerof..þan worche as it shewith in this figure here.
b
- (1340) Ayenb.(Arun 57)234 : Ine þe rounde figure þe ende went ayen to his ginninge.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)328b/b : Solid figures ben conteyned in lengþe, brede, and depnesse.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)329a/a : Rectiangulum is a pleyne figure..þe spere is a figure y schape al round.
- c1475 Court Sap.(Trin-C R.3.21)1982 : Sercles, fygures, and speerys straunge.
6.
A written character: (a) a numerical symbol, especially one of the ten Arabic numerals; (b) a letter of an alphabet, a character; (c) a mathematical symbol.
Associated quotations
a
- c1230(?a1200) *Ancr.(Corp-C 402)57b : Figures of augrim.
- c1300 SLeg.Edm.Abp.(Hrl 2277:Horst.)235 : Arsmetrike is alore þat of figurs al is.
- ?a1400 Numer.Algorism (Hal)29 : In nombrys composyt and in alle other nombrys that ben of diverse figurys.
- c1450(1369) Chaucer BD (Benson-Robinson)436 : Rekened with his figures ten.
- c1475 Court Sap.(Trin-C R.3.21)1963 : Ten figures eke of Augrym gan she neuyn.
- c1500(?a1437) ?Jas.I KQ (SeldArch B.24)st.28 : Amang the figures nine.
b
- c1400(?c1380) Cleanness (Nero A.10)1726 : Þise ar þe wordes here wryten..By uch fygure.
- a1500(c1386) St.Erk.(Hrl 2250)53 : Golde lettres..Fulle verray were þe vigures.
c
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)328a/a : Here beþ figures y sette..þe þre cornered nombre is y ordeyned in þis wise..þe cercle nombre is y made þus O.
7.
Astrol. (a) A configuration of heavenly bodies, a constellation; a diagram of such a configuration, a horoscope; geomancy: a configuration used in divination [quot. (c1385) Chaucer CT.Kn. A.2043]; (b) hevenes figure, the sky; hevenli ~, heavenly bodies, i.e. the sun and the moon.
Associated quotations
a
- (c1385) Chaucer CT.Kn.(Manly-Rickert)A.2035 : Yet was hir deeth depeynted ther biforn By manasynge of Mars right by figure.
- (c1385) Chaucer CT.Kn.(Manly-Rickert)A.2043 : Two figures Of sterres..That oon Puella that oother Rubeus.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)6.1893 : The hevenely figures Wroght in a bok ful of peintures He tok this ladi forto schewe.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)109b/b : Þis coniunctioun may be good..and a ȝenwarde iuel..al þis is I seye in þe figure þat þe auctour makeþ and settiþ.
- a1450(a1338) Mannyng Chron.Pt.1 (Lamb 131)9386 : Of alle vigures he [Merlin] turnes þe schaftes.
- ?1480 Court Sap.(Caxton)2097 : Dame Astronomye, Whiche of the sterres the cours and gouernaunce, Theyr fygures eke, descryueth craftely.
b
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)prol.918 : Lo, ferst the hevenly figures, The Sonne and Mone eclipsen bothe.
- c1500(?a1437) ?Jas.I KQ (SeldArch B.24)st.1 : Heigh in the hevynnis figure circulere The rody sterres twynklyng as the fyre.
8.
Gram. (a) Formation or structure (of a word), type of formation; (b) a structural device or feature (of a sentence).
Associated quotations
a
- c1450 Battlefield Gram.(Trin-C O.5.4)104 : How many maners of ffigures [of a noun] hastow? Thre: simple, compound, and decompound.
- c1450 Battlefield Gram.(Trin-C O.5.4)112 : How many ffigures hastow in the verbe? Tweyne: symple as lego, the compoun as negligo.
- c1450 Battlefield Gram.(Trin-C O.5.4)116 : How many thynges falleth to a coniunccion? Thre..Power, ffigure, and order.
- c1450 Battlefield Gram.(Trin-C O.5.4)117 : In coniunccion buth tweyne ffigures, the simple as nam, the compoun, as namque.
b
- c1450 Battlefield Gram.(Trin-C O.5.4)118 : How many ffygures of construccion haste? ffyue, viz. prolempcis, silempcis, zeuma, antitecis, & sintecis..What is silempcis? A figure by whych concepcion is mad.
- a1475 Peniarth Informacio(1) (Pen 356B)99/287 : When I haue a..uerbe..betokenyng all..before a wourde that betokenys part of that all, that worde þat betokenus parte of that all schall be set in þe accusatyue case and be gouerned be thys fegur: synodoges.
9.
(a) Phil. Form as opposed to matter; abstract form, concept; (b) logic one of the forms of a syllogism with respect to the position of the middle member.
Associated quotations
a
- ?a1425(c1380) Chaucer Bo.(Benson-Robinson)5.pr.4.175-8 : The wit comprehendith withoute-forth the figure of the body of the man..the ymaginacioun comprehendith oonly the figure withoute the matere.
- ?a1425(c1380) Chaucer Bo.(Benson-Robinson)209 : [Intelligence] knoweth the universite of resoun, and the figure of ymaginacioun, and the sensible material conceyved by wit.
- ?a1425(c1380) Chaucer Bo.(Benson-Robinson)232 : Ymaginacioun..takith of wit the begynnynges to seen and to formen the figures.
b
- (c1454) Pecock Fol.(Roy 17.D.9)66/6 : Þe groundis of dyuynyte ben þe domes, with and bi discurses of resoun maad bi silogisme reulid in sum maner of þe þre figuris.
10.
Mus.?A melodic succession of notes, a phrase.
Associated quotations
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)335a/b : In termes and figures [L figuris] and accordes of musike.
11.
Associated quotations
- a1475 Godstow Reg.(Rwl B.408)367/24 : Ordynarye right or of his bisshopis office longyng to hym of playn, and Without Iudiciall noyse of Iuge or figure of Iugement [L figura iudicii].
12.
Alch. Essential nature or constitution.
Associated quotations
- a1550 *Ripley CAlch.(BodeMus 63)48b : Distill it therfore till it be cleane..As heaven in color bright & shynne, Keping bothe figure & ponderositie.
Supplemental Materials (draft)
- a1450(c1410) Lovel.Grail (Corp-C 80)14.440 : Eualach..Caste his Eyen vppon his Scheld, and the vigowr Of the Cros þere he beheld.
Note: Looking so long on Josephes's Red Cross that he sees in it the form of a man crucified, would appear to belong at least to sense 2.(a), but probably with overtones of 3.(a).
- a1500 Rolle Mend.L.(Wor F.172)55 : Biholdyng in to hevenly thingis bi figure and speculatief.
Note: We appear not to have a gloss that covers this quot. precisely--per MJW
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Bod 959)2 Kings 14.20 : Forsothe thi seruaunt Joab he comaundide to me, and he putte in the mouth of thin hoond womman alle thes wordis; that I turne the figure of this word [L ut verterem figuram sermonis huius] forsothe thi seruaunt Joab comaundide this.
Note: A literal rendering of a Latin rendering of a Hebrew idiom. As Bishop Patrick explains it,
"Ver. 20. 'To fetch about this form of speech, hath thy servant Joab done this thing.' The meaning is, 'Joab instructed her, that having obtained pardon for her Son, she should "turn about the Face of her Speech" (as the words are in the Hebrew) another way; and transfer it to Absalom, as a parallel case with her own." --Simon Patrick [Bp. of Ely], A Commentary upon the Two Books of Samuel (London: Chiswell, 1703), p. 476. 'Figure' therefore means something like 'referent, surface meaning' or even 'application,' of a speech understood to have layers of meaning, therefore of a metaphor, parable, etc. Modern translations struggle between literal rendering and paraphrase. Hence Knox, "Joab..bade me use this parable"; JB/NJB: "Joab acted in this way to disguise the matter". Most readily placed under sense 4.(a), perhaps by adding: "also, the referent or surface meaning of parabolic speech."
Note: Senses 4.(b) and 8.(b), to the extent that they include rhetorical figures of speech such as synecdoche, appear partly or wholly to overlap.