Middle English Dictionary Entry
dēfenden v.
Entry Info
Forms | dēfenden v. Also defendi, diffenden. Ppl. defended, defend. |
Etymology | OF defendre & L dēfendere. |
Definitions (Senses and Subsenses)
1.
(a) To fight in defense of (sth.), defend (sb.) by fighting; fight defensively; ~ from, defend against (sb.); (b) refl. to defend oneself; also, put up a fight; ~ ayen, ~ fro, defend oneself against; (c) to get revenge; refl. avenge oneself; ~ of, take vengeance for (an injury).
Associated quotations
a
- c1325(c1300) Glo.Chron.A (Clg A.11)4064 : Wanne we defendȝ [vr. defendeþ; B: defende, defendi] vre franchise.
- c1325(c1300) Glo.Chron.A (Clg A.11)10247 : Gret raunson he esste of hom to helpe him spene Vor defendi is lond & is worre to soustene.
- (1340) Ayenb.(Arun 57)157/31 : Þeruore him ssel eurich more defendi of þo half huer ha yziȝþ þet his castel is mest fyeble.
- a1375(1335-1361) WPal.(KC 13)2652 : Douȝti men..defended it wiþ-inne.
- c1390 Cato(1) (Vrn)104 : Ȝif þat Batayle come in to londe, Defende hit faste wiþ fiht.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)2.3411 : The mihti kinges retenue That dai may stonde of no value With worldes strengthe to defende.
- a1400(?a1350) Siege Troy(1) (Eg 2862)741 : Þe ffolk of þe Cite defenden [LinI: defendiþ heom] fast.
- c1400(?a1300) KAlex.(LdMisc 622)2823 : And wiþ shelde he gan hym wren And wiþ suerd defenden his cors.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)2.7416 : I haue it kept..And defendid from alle maner foon.
- a1425 Siege Troy(1) (LinI 150)1052 : Y haue here..Al þe power of my londe For to defende vp and doun Troye my riche toun.
- c1440(?a1400) Perceval (Thrn)1541 : Migrete socour at þou here sende Off my castell me to diffende.
- c1450(c1400) Vices & V.(2) (Hnt HM 147)156/30 : Þerfore schal euery man defende on þat side þat hym þinkeþ his hous most feble.
- c1450(a1425) MOTest.(SeldSup 52)2914 : Þai sembled..þer land forto dyffend.
- (a1475) Fortescue Gov.E.(LdMisc 593)115 : When thai coude not be defende be thaym, thai sought helpe of the Duke of Bretayn.
- a1500(?a1400) Morte Arth.(2) (Hrl 2252)2034 : He had ofte here landis deffende And foughten whan hem nede by-stode.
b
- c1325(c1300) Glo.Chron.A (Clg A.11)11098 : Sir maci & his Flowe in to þe tour an hey..& defendede hom vaste.
- c1325(c1300) Glo.Chron.A (Clg A.11)11831 : To an yle he wende, Þat me clupeþ exholm, þe bet him to defende.
- a1375(1335-1361) WPal.(KC 13)3898 : Defende we vs douȝtili!
- (a1387) Trev.Higd.(StJ-C H.1)1.257 : He deffendeþ [L defendit] nouȝt hymself with his hornes.
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.ML.(Manly-Rickert)B.933 : How may this wayke womman han this strengthe Hir to defende agayn this renegat?
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)6.1802 : He sih..Hise enemys..Fro whom he mihte him noght defende.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)2.6429 : Lik manly men hem silf þei diffende.
- ?a1425 Mandev.(2) (Eg 1982)128/6 : Þe kyng of Abcaz..defendez him wele agayne all men.
- c1430(c1386) Chaucer LGW (Benson-Robinson)2085 : God..sende yow grace..Yow to defende and knyghtly slen youre fo.
- a1450(a1338) Mannyng Chron.Pt.1 (Lamb 131)3433 : Þo wyþynne deffended hem wel..Wyþ arblastes schoten quarels vnryde.
- a1475(a1456) Shirley Death Jas.(Add 5467)13 : He had nothyng wherwith he myght socoure and defend hymselfe.
- c1460 Ipom.(3) (Lngl 257)355/48 : All men had mervell, that any man might endure the strokes..& he defend him agayn allway.
- (a1470) Malory Wks.(Win-C)30/27 : Unneth they had ony power to deffende them.
- a1500(?a1475) Guy(4) (Cmb Ff.2.38)562 : Knyghtys, squyers..were bolde men in fyght To defende them and wyght.
c
- (c1384) WBible(1) (Dc 369(2))Rom.12.19 : Ȝe, moost dereworthe britheren, not defendynge or vengynge [L defendentes] ȝou silf, but ȝyue ȝe place to ire.
- a1425 KAlex.(LinI 150)6233 : He robbed me of my make Blassameye..Help me of þis dispit to defende [Ld: avenge].
2.
To cover (sth.), shelter; protect (sth.) by covering; fortify (a town); -- with ayenes, fro, from, of; refl. cover oneself, shelter oneself; fig. conceal (fraud).
Associated quotations
- (a1387) Trev.Higd.(StJ-C H.1)4.107 : He diffended hym [L se protegens; Higd.(2): defendede hym] wiþ his schilde.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)275a/a : He makeþ him a place or an hous..to defende hymselue aȝeins þe colde wynter.
- a1400 Lanfranc (Ashm 1396)22/16 : Summe [bones] defenden [Add: diffenden; L vt clypeus..defendens] þe principal lymes from harm, as þe brayn scolle..þe brayn of þe heed.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)1.2082 : Þouȝ þat þei..can her fraude with florissyng wel diffende..ȝif ay deceyt it [read: is] benethe ment.
- a1425 *Medulla (Stnh A.1.10)53a/a : Protego: defende or cuuer fro fyre.
- ?a1425(c1380) Chaucer Bo.(Benson-Robinson)3.pr.11.133 : It is defended fro withoute by the stedfastnesse of wode.
- ?a1425 *Chauliac(1) (NY 12)93a/b : Þai [vlcerez of þe hanchez] ar calidus & humidus, coeuered or defended fro [*Ch.(2): defended of; L ab..protecta] þe aier.
- (?1440) Palladius (DukeH d.2)1.98 : An hier hil, that wynd that wold offende Let holde of, if no wodis thee defende.
- a1400 Siege Jerus.(1) (LdMisc 656)312 : A cite..sett was..With many toret & tour þat toun to defende.
3.
(a) To protect (sb., sth.); -- with ayen, from, of; -- also refl.; (b) to protect (from spiritual enemies, folly, sin, temptation, love, trickery, disease, death, etc.), save (sb.); of virtue: defend (itself); God you ~, may God protect you; Jesus(Loverd) ~ us, may Jesus (the Lord) protect us; Mahoun the ~, Mahomet protect thee; -- with ayen(es, fro, from, of, out of; -- also refl.
Associated quotations
a
- a1275 *St.Marg.(2) (Trin-C B.14.39)64 : Þe holi gost þou me sende, þat from þe saresinz i miste me defende.
- (1340) Ayenb.(Arun 57)38/16 : Þe þyeues be uelaȝrede byeþ..þo þet defendeþ þe þyeues.
- (a1387) Trev.Higd.(StJ-C H.1)1.111 : A douȝter is meynteyned and defended [L protegitur; Higd.(2): is protecte] by þe moder.
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Mel.(Manly-Rickert)B.2631 : They [judges] beren it to punysshe the shrewes..and for to defende the goode men.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)8.303 : Sche couthe noght hir Maidenhede Defende.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)260a/b : Smale bestes þat lakkeþ scharpe teeþ..beþ defendid wiþ abilnesse of membres and swiftnesse of flight.
- ?a1425(c1380) Chaucer Bo.(Benson-Robinson)1.pr.4.132 : To which juggement they nolden nat obeye but defendeden hem by the sikernesse of holi houses.
- ?a1425(c1380) Chaucer Bo.(Benson-Robinson)3.pr.3.80 : Than..hath a man nede to seken hym foreyn help, by which he may defenden his moneye?
- a1450 Yk.Pl.(Add 35290)79/198 : God wil defende you of your fays.
- c1450 Trin-C.LEDict.(Trin-C O.5.4)601/1 : Patroniso: to wowe, or to defende.
- (c1460) Let.Sou.in Sou.RS 22 (Sou SC.2/9/2)21 : This seide pou[r]e place, Which God of his high m[er]cy kepe & defende.
- ?a1475 Ludus C.(Vsp D.8)366/311 : In oure tribulacyones, lord, thou vs defende.
- c1500(a1475) Fortescue Gov.E.(Cld A.8)157 : The kyng shal have herby grete rest, and be wele defended ageyn suche importune suters.
- a1500(?c1440) Lydg.HGS (Lnsd 699)434 : Fliht of my ffetheris..Shal vs deffende ageyn our mortal foon.
b
- c1350(a1333) Shoreham Poems (Add 17376)80/49 : Leuedy..Defende ous, wanne we dede beþe, Þat noe fende ous ne take.
- c1350 MPPsalter (Add 17376)17.32 : In þe shal ich be defended [L eripiar] fram temptacioun.
- c1390 In worschupe (Vrn)71 : Defendeþ ȝou alle from such foyle.
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Mel.(Manly-Rickert)B.2613 : Thow hast suffred hem entre in to thyn herte..and hast nat defended thy self suffisantly agayns hir assautes.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)10924 : He sua suld fra dede vs bi..And fra þe findes fight defend.
- a1400 Lanfranc (Ashm 1396)54/11 : Þe leche..mowe defende [L deffendere; Add: dyffende] þe lymes þat ben woundid from enpostyme.
- a1400 PPl.B (Trin-C B.15.17)13050 [19.46] : Jhesus..taughte hem..And defended from foule yveles, Feveres and fluxes.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)1.1938 : But what was worþi þe gret prouidence..What myȝt it help, diffende, or availe Ageyn þe wit of womman, or þe sleiȝte.
- a1425(c1385) Chaucer TC (Benson-Robinson)1.603 : Love, ayeins the which whoso defendeth Hymselven most, hym alderlest avaylleth.
- a1425 Ben.Rule(1) (Lnsd 378)5/23 : Þanne sais saine benet of þaim þat ere unbuxum..þat sall to paine ga -- lauerd defende us þar-fra.
- (c1443) Pecock Rule (Mrg M 519)1 : He preserueþ and defendiþ vs in temptaciouns aȝens synnes.
- c1450 Bi a forest (Lamb 853)101 : Of al wickidnes he me defende!
- (1451) Capgr.St.Gilb.(Add 36704)97/29 : A vertu is neuyr þe lasse þouȝ it defende not him-self.
- (a1470) Malory Wks.(Win-C)32/3 : Jhesu defende us from dethe and horryble maymes.
- ?a1475 Ludus C.(Vsp D.8)160/261 : Frome þe fende, god yow defende.
- a1500(?c1400) Song Roland (Lnsd 388)464 : Mahoun the saue and the deffendis, but I haue feller then I be-for had.
- a1500(?a1390) Mirk Fest.PP (GoughETop 4)128/37 : Hit ys gret nede forto aske helpe..of God, forto defende vs out of temptacyon.
4.
To defend (sb.) with words, support; speak in support of (an argument, a complaint); make excuses for (a sin); refl. defend oneself verbally; also, talk one's way out of a difficult situation [quot. c1400]; ~ that, defend the proposition that (sth. is true).
Associated quotations
- (1340) Ayenb.(Arun 57)22/28 : Þe proude ouerwenere, yef me him wiþnimþ, he him defendeþ.
- (1340) Ayenb.(Arun 57)61/1 : Þe vifte zenne is huanne þe blondere defendeþ and excuseþ and wryeþ þe kueades of ham þet he wyle ulateri.
- c1390 Þe wyse mon in (Vrn)36 : Ȝif þou hast don aȝeyn god auis And after defendest hit I-wis.
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Pars.(Manly-Rickert)I.584 : Thanne wole he be angry and answeren..and deffenden or excusen his synne.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)1.567 : I am topulled in my thoght, So that of reson leveth noght Wherof that I me mai defende.
- c1400(?c1390) Gawain (Nero A.10)1551 : Bot he defended hym so fayr þat no faut semed.
- ?a1425(c1380) Chaucer Bo.(Benson-Robinson)1.pr.4.241 : With how gret sykernesse of peril to me, defended I al the senat!
- ?a1425(c1380) Chaucer Bo.(Benson-Robinson)2.pr.3.5 : Yif thow hast any thyng wherwith thow mayst rightfully defenden thi compleynte, it behoveth the to schewen it.
- c1450 Pilgr.LM (Cmb Ff.5.30)24 : J come to chide for to defende myn owen.
- ?c1450 St.Cuth.(Eg 3309)856 : Þe bischop þe clerkes malyce kende, Bot nouthir party he defende.
- c1475(c1445) Pecock Donet (Bod 916)123/12 : Alle þe clerkis in þe worlde mowe not defende þat þilk tablis of moyses to teche sufficientli goddis comaundis.
- a1500(?c1414) ?Brampton PPs.(1) (Sln 1853)p.24 : My synne ȝyf I noȝt defende, But aske mercy..God will my bone gladly here.
5.
(a) Law To defend against (a lawsuit); deny (a charge); defend (sb., oneself) at law; (b) to undertake to maintain someone's right to (land, income).
Associated quotations
a
- (1425) Paston2.24 : I prey yow..that of your wysdom..ye wille..defenden the seyd sutes.
- (c1426) Paston2.14 : William schuld sue forth the seyd pleynt, and..Walter schuld defende hym self in the seyd pleynt at hese owne will.
- (1428) Doc.in Sur.Soc.855 : Seand yat he myght na langer be ryght deny nor defend this mater..he knawleged and graunted his trespas of forgeyng and utteryng of fals osmunds.
- (1433) RParl.4.479a : Item, hit is assented by the seid Bailliffs and Comyns, that yf eny Burgeys of the seid Town or Frauncheis, ben vexed or sued by lawe..wherby they shulde leese here godes for comen cause of the seid Town, that he or they be defendet and kept harmeles of such losse with the comen good.
b
- a1475 Godstow Reg.(Rwl B.408)103/18 : Philippe Basset warantized, aquyted, and defended the forsaid xl shillings of rente..to the forsaide mynchons and to ther successours.
- a1475 Godstow Reg.(Rwl B.408)271/7 : William Fitz Petir..warantized, aquyted, and defended all the forsaide acre..to the said Odo.
6.
Med. Of a medicine, an ointment: to preserve (part of the body from disease or damage); also, preserve (a corpse from worms).
Associated quotations
- c1275 Ken.Serm.(LdMisc 471)216/54 : Mirre..be þo biternesse defendet þet Cors þet is mide i-smered, þet no werm nel comme i hende.
- a1400 Lanfranc (Ashm 1396)52/9 : Þis medicyn fastneþ þe place & defendiþ [L defendit] him fro putrefaccioun.
- a1400 Lanfranc (Ashm 1396)294/21 : A defensif of bole & terra sigillata..defendiþ þe hool place fro corrupcioun.
- ?a1425 *Chauliac(1) (NY 12)167b/b : Medicyn confortatif is þat þat tempereþ þe essensioun & complexion of a membre sich wise þat id [read: it] defende it fro receyuyng of superfluiteez.
7.
To forbid, forbid (sb.), forbid (an action, a practice, vice, way of life, etc.), deny (sb. an action, etc.), forbid (sb. to do sth.): (a) absol. or with noun, pron., ger.; (b) with infin. phr.; (c) with neg. (usu. that) cl.
Associated quotations
a
- ?a1425(?c1350) NHom.(3) Pass.(RwlPoet 175)1956 : To saue man sawles he sall be send, And all fals trowth he sall defend.
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Pars.(Manly-Rickert)I.606 : Al this thyng [sorcery] is deffended [vr. defendyt] by god and by holy chirche.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)6.302 : Thus am I drunk of that I se, For tastinge is defended me.
- (c1395) Chaucer CT.WB.(Manly-Rickert)D.60 : Where kan ye seye..That heighe god defended mariage?
- c1400(?a1387) PPl.C (Hnt HM 137)21.112 : Alle ȝoure children..barayne beo and by vsure libbe, The whiche is lif þat oure lorde in alle lawes defendeþ [B: acurseth].
- a1400 Pep.Gosp.(Pep 2498)10/2 : In þat tyme com Jesus..forto be baptized of Jon þe Baptyst; Ac seint Jon defended hym & seide, [etc.].
- a1425(a1382) WBible(1) (Corp-O 4)Judg.15.1 : And whanne he wold goo into the bedde of hir, as he was wont, the fadir of hir defendide [WB(2): forbeed; L prohibuit] hym.
- a1425(?a1400) RRose (Htrn 409)6664 : He bad thappostles for to wirche..And hem defended [F desfendoit] truandise.
- c1450 Scrope Othea (Lngl 253)29 : Therefor ire I thefende [read: defende] the pleyne.
- a1450-1509 Rich.(Brunner)1485 : Þe styward tolde Richard..þat he myȝte no ffowayle beye..'þus deffendes Modard þe kyng.'
- c1450 Capgr.Rome (Bod 423)9 : Þe proconsul of þe cite defended him his preching.
- c1425(?c1400) Wycl.Apol.(Dub 245)19 : Comyn of feiþful men and takyng of sacraments owun to be defendid him.
- a1500(?a1400) Firumb.(2) (Fil)830 : He schall that saute sone defendy.
b
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Mel.(Manly-Rickert)B.2411 : Wel seyn they that defenden euery wight to assaye a thyng of which he is in doute wheither he may parforme it or no.
- a1400 Cursor (Trin-C R.3.8)16305 : Pilate hem defendede to do [Vsp: badd þai ne suld do] him vileny.
- ?a1400(a1338) Mannyng Chron.Pt.2 (Petyt 511)p.303 : Þe pape me defendes with bulle..To renne on þo landes þat longes tille Edward.
- ?a1425(c1380) Chaucer Bo.(Benson-Robinson)2.pr.2.39 : Schal I thanne oonly be defended to usen my ryght?
- c1450 Scrope Othea (Lngl 253)28 : Therefor it is diffendyth [read: diffendyd] the good knyght to beholde hym selfe in hys good dedes, where throwe he myght be ouerwenyng.
- a1500(?c1450) Merlin (Cmb Ff.3.11)54 : I deffende yow to speke ther-of.
c
- c1390 NHom.Abp.& N.(Vrn)231 : He defendet his seruauns þei schulde not telle his penauns.
- c1400(?c1390) Gawain (Nero A.10)1156 : For þe fre lorde hade defende, in fermysoun tyme, þat þer schulde no man meue to þe male dere.
- (1415) Hoccl.Oldcastle (Hnt HM 111)187 : Justinian..Made a lawe deffending euery man..nat sholde hardy be For to despute of the feith openly.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)2.7001 : Priamus..roos hym vp..Hem diffendyng, vpon deth & life, Þat non of hem be hardy in þis strife.
- ?a1425(c1400) Mandev.(1) (Tit C.16)76/29 : Oure lord defended hem þat þei scholde not tell þat avisioun.
- c1436 Ipswich Domesday(2) (Add 25011)105 : It is ordeyned and defended be the forseyd comminalte, that no regratour in the forseid fisshmarket not selle..ony maner of fyssh.
- c1440 ?Lydg.Charters (Add 14848)p.231 : And specially oo thyng I diffende, that no bisshop be hardy in noo wyse to take upon hym the chirche to offende.
- a1450(a1338) Mannyng Chron.Pt.1 (Lamb 131)12614 : He comaundes þe, & defendes, Þat þou of ffraunce nought entremet.
- ?c1450 St.Cuth.(Eg 3309)2717 : Of goddis behalue I þe defend Þis speche þou noȝt speke no spend.
- a1475(a1456) Shirley Death Jas.(Add 5467)24 : He blamyd hyme sore, and defendid hym that in no wyse shuld he be consentyng to none such murdure.
- (a1464) Capgr.Chron.(Cmb Gg.4.12)313 : In this tyme was it defendid that galey halfpenies schuld not [be] used.
- a1500 Sln.521 Recipes (Sln 521)145/10 : Defende hym þat he use noon oþer medicyne, and þat he forsake no maner of mete for hys sekenesse.
8.
To prohibit (a thing), deny (sb. a thing), bar (a country, a door, to sb.); fruit defended, forbidden fruit.
Associated quotations
- c1390 PPl.A(1) (Vrn)7.170 : Nedde þe Fisicien furst defendet him water..Þei hedden beo dede bi þis day.
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Pard.(Manly-Rickert)C.510 : He Eet of the fruyt defended on the tree.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)21764 : Bot þat was for to mak þe mend O þe tre þat was defend [Frf: defende].
- ?a1400 Mannyng Chron.Pt.1 (Petyt 511)5615 : Defended [Lamb: Þer fended he Vaspasian þe lond].
- c1400(?a1387) PPl.C (Hnt HM 137)17.170 : Is noþer peter þe porter ne paul with his fauchon That wolde defende me heuene dore.
- a1450(a1338) Mannyng Chron.Pt.1 (Lamb 131)2485 : For y defended hure my lond.
- a1450(1412) Hoccl.RP (Hrl 4866)456 : Let euere lord his owne men deffende Swiche gret array.
- ?c1450 Knt.Tour-L.(Hrl 1764)58/9,26 : The fifthe foly of Eue was whanne she touched the fruyte that God had defended..she ete the fruit the whiche God had defended her.
- (a1460) Bokenham Sts. (Adv Abbotsford B3)100.67 (v.2:p.128) : He drofe awey thens al the noyous felauship of devils, and by the myghty vertue of his wordis he enterdited hem, and defendid hem al that region.
- a1475(?a1430) Lydg.Pilgr.(Vit C.13)10774 : Touchynge thyn oppynyoun Off the skryppe & the bordoun..Though they somtyme wer dyffendyd, That dyffence ys now wyth-drawe.
9.
To restrain (sb., sth.), keep (sb. from doing sth.), prevent; hold back (water), prevent (liquid from flowing); keep (the spirit) from departing; diminish (heat); God the defende from, etc., may God keep you from having, etc.
Associated quotations
- c1330 7 Sages(1) (Auch)25/534 : Þemperour saide: 'God þe defende Fram god dai and fram god ende!'
- c1350 MPPsalter (Add 17376)39.12 : Ich shewed þy ryȝtfulnes to many trew; Lord, y ne shal nouȝt defenden [L non prohibebo] myn lippes.
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Dc 369(1))Eccl.8.8 : It is not in a mannys power to defende [WB(2): forbede; L prohibere] the spirit, ne he hath power in the dai of deth.
- (c1395) Chaucer CT.CY.(Manly-Rickert)G.1470 : He wol nat that it discouered be, But wher it liketh to his deitee Men for tenspire, and eek for to defende Whom that hym liketh.
- a1400 Lanfranc (Ashm 1396)318/19 : Þou muste defende him [L prohibens ipsum] fro wraþþe & fro crijnge.
- (1421) Indent.Catterick in Archaeol.J.758 : And ye forsaid Nich & his felaws schall of yair cost kepe ye watir wer And defende itte fro ye saides Th, Joh'n, & Rob't to ye tyme ye branderath be laid & yair werke of masoncraft be passed ye danger.
- ?a1425 *Chauliac(1) (NY 12)91b/a : I haue seen often tymez þat þat canule receyued so þe hete of þe cauterie þat þe pacient myȝt not suffre þe wirchyng, And when it is warned or defended [L minuitur] wiþ cloþes, it is so letted þat wiþ difficulte þe worching is perfourmed.
- ?a1425 *Chauliac(1) (NY 12)107b/a : 2a. in materie antecedent þat it be auoided, diuerted i. turned & defended [L prohibeatur; *Ch.(2): be letted] to flowe.
- (c1454) Pecock Fol.(Roy 17.D.9)129/7 : If y se my neiȝbor going..forto drenche him silf..Y ouȝte..forto wille defende him fro drenching.
- a1500(c1340) Rolle Psalter (UC 64)118.101 : Fra all ill way i defendid my fete that i kepe thi wordis.
- a1500(?c1450) Merlin (Cmb Ff.3.11)29 : Let vs diffende the kynge, that he se hym not quyk.
- 1532-1897(c1385) Usk TL (Thynne:Skeat)140/122 : Nothing defended Adam in paradyse to ben blessed.
10.
(a) To ward off (sth.), avert; beat off (invaders, an attack); shut out (an army); (b) ~ of, to ward off, drive away; ~ fro, keep (sb.) out of (a place); (c) to avoid (a vice); (d) to refuse (sb., sth.); (e) to disown (sth.), denounce, curse.
Associated quotations
a
- c1330(?a1300) Tristrem (Auch)990 : Y wil defende it as kniȝt.
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Mel.(Manly-Rickert)B.2722 : Right axeth a man to defende violence by violence.
- c1540(?a1400) Destr.Troy (Htrn 388)85 : And here fynde shall ye faire of þe felle peopull..That assemblid to þe citie þat sawte to defend.
- c1450(?a1400) Wars Alex.(Ashm 44)2139 : Ne steke we noȝt oure stiff ȝatis ȝour strenthe to defend, Bot for dred of ser Dary.
- c1450 Pilgr.LM (Cmb Ff.5.30)196 : Ther is nother archere ne querelle that she ne wole defende.
- c1475(?c1451) Worcester Bk.Noblesse (Roy 18.B.22)9 : Forto defende them, assailours uppon youre true title, may be bethout note of tiranye.
- a1500(1422) Yonge SSecr.(Rwl B.490)206/9 : Prayer defendyth the wrath of god as a shelde.
- c1500(?a1437) ?Jas.I KQ (SeldArch B.24)st.131 : The werk..May..hyar be..And stronger to defend adversitee.
b
- c1450(?a1400) Wars Alex.(Ashm 44)1406 : Þai with-in..with-stude, Fersly defend of & fellid of his knyȝtis.
- a1500(?a1400) Morte Arth.(2) (Hrl 2252)3049 : Fro yngland..hys own fader he wold deffend.
- a1500 7 Sages(1) (Cmb Ff.2.38)130/1975 : The people of Rome ageyn þem helde And defendyd þem of with spere and schylde.
- a1500 Wars Alex.(Dub 213)1031 : Bot wies wightly within þe wallez ascendyn, Freshly defendyng of, & fersly withstondyn.
c
- a1425(?a1400) RRose (Htrn 409)4086 : Lever I hadde..Perced to be..Thanne slouthe shulde in me be founde; From hennes forth..I shall defende it.
d
- c1330(?c1300) Guy(1) (Auch)3046 : Seyd Gij, 'wende oȝain to me..Ones to iusti ich oxi of þe.' Esclandar seyd, 'artow Gij? Ich þe defende sikerly.'
- c1450(a1425) MOTest.(SeldSup 52)5179 : Sum oþer foyles can yt dyffend and sayd þei assent not þer tyll.
e
- 1372 Mi loue is falle (Adv 18.7.21)2 : For loue of hire, i defende þis day.
11.
(a) Crist me ~, may Christ prevent me (from doing sth.), Christ forbid (that I should do sth.); God ~ (that), God forbid that (sb. should do sth., sth. should happen); God ~ it but, God forbid that (they should) not (be chastised); (b) as God ~ (it), that God ~, which God ~, may God prevent it, which God forbid; (c) God ~ (it), God ~ that, may God prevent it, God forbid!
Associated quotations
a
- c1330(?a1300) Arth.& M.(Auch)2954 : Crist of heuen me defende þat ich þe wern ani þing!
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)2.1950 : But God diffende haluendel þe sore..euere scholde falle!
- (1425) Paston2.22 : God defende that any of my saide kyn shuld be of swyche governaunce as he is of!
- (1461) Paston (Gairdner)3.290 : The baly..and the constabyll hathe take the parson..and sete hem fast in the stokkys..God defend yt but they be shastysyd as the lawe wolle.
- (a1475) Fortescue Gov.E.(LdMisc 593)133 : He dothe it maugre the peple, wich God defende þat the kynge oure souerayn lorde shulde do vppon is peple.
b
- (1389) Lond.Gild Ret.in Bk.Lond.E.(PRO C 47/var.)46/61 : Ȝif it be so þat eny debat..falle among eny of hem, þat god defende, þey..shul shawe..þe cause of her debat to þe wardeins.
- (1405) Doc.in Flasdieck Origurk.42 : And in case þat it falle -- as godd defende -- þat þe poyntz and couenauntz..mow noght be performed, [etc.].
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)2.2940 : Ȝe schal repente ȝif ȝe Parys sende In-to Grece, þe whiche God defende!
- a1425(c1385) Chaucer TC (Benson-Robinson)4.1647 : Ther lyveth lady non, If that ye were untrewe (as God defende!), That so bitraised were.
- (a1425) RParl.4.290a : If hit be so that eny men have lost eny Wolle..or shall lese, as God defende, duryng the same Graunt..lete hem brynge here proves.
- (1429) RParl.4.360a : If ye saide toune of Caleys were, as God defende, to ye Kyng of Scottes, as it is to our Soveraigne Lorde, his subgitz had lever..repaire yider, yan to any Toune in Flaundres.
- (1439) EEWills119/11 : I woll that they..Restore..land that is holden by me..wrongfully, yef eny be (whech god forbede and defende).
- (1465) Will Norwich in Nrf.Archaeol.4334 : If it be so yat myn seyd son herry dye with owte ysseu of hys body lawfully begottyn, as godde defendit, yat thanne ye remaynder..shall remayne to othyr ysseu male of my body lawfully begotyn.
- (1475) Deed Yks.in YASRS 76142 : Yf it happyn that I decesse, as Gode defend, in this journey.
c
- (a1470) Malory Wks.(Win-C)434/21 : 'God defende!' seyde sir Trystrames.
- c1475(?c1451) Worcester Bk.Noblesse (Roy 18.B.22)26 : No so! God defende that!
- a1500(a1450) Gener.(2) (Trin-C O.5.2)4479 : Nay, god defende it!
12.
(a) Med. Of a medicine or treatment: to prevent (an abscess, a fever, vomiting, etc.); with that clause: prevent (sth. unfavorable from happening); (b) to get rid of (disease, an abscess), drive out, cure.
Associated quotations
a
- a1400 Lanfranc (Ashm 1396)282/18 : Þer is no þing þat defendiþ [L prohibet] þat, whanne þe lyuere is hoot..as in feueris, þe patient mai so miche be feblid þerwiþ þat it may engendre coold mater.
- ?a1425 *Chauliac(1) (NY 12)54a/b : By þis maner forsoþ of bindyng, þe to lippe is conioyned with þat oþer, Apostemacion is defended [L prohibetur].
- ?a1425 *Chauliac(1) (NY 12)59b/a : Temperate quantite helpeþ, for þi þat it defendeþ [*Ch.(2): letteþ] þe aposteme, opilacioun, & febre.
- c1450 Burg.Practica (Rwl D.251)208/23 : Also þe juce..how-euer yt be ete and drunke, defendyth a vomytt.
- a1500 Sln.521 Recipes (Sln 521)138/16 : For to defend þat no wykkyd mater draw to no wound, Tak a vnce off bool armoniak, [etc.].
b
- a1400 Lanfranc (Ashm 1396)101/8 : If þat þou myȝtist nouȝt defende [L defendere] þe crampe, neiþir wiþ blood letynge..ne wiþ defensif..þanne it is nessessarie þat þou kutte al atwo þilke senewe.
- a1400 Lanfranc (Ashm 1396)333/8 : And if þe mater be doon awei wiþ repercussiuis & þe enpostym be defendid, þan if þe same man be sijk aftirward, þan men wolen seie þat it was defaute in þe leche.
Supplemental Materials (draft)
- a1500 Peterb.Lapid.(Peterb 33)p.110 : Litugures is a stone þat þefendeþ[read:defendeþ] mennes howses fro mysauentures.
Note: New spelling: (error)þefendeþ.
Note: Probably belongs to sense 3.(a). (See ~ from.)--per MLL
Supplemental Materials (draft)
- ?c1400(1379) Daniel *Treat.Uroscopy (Roy 17.D.1)f.57vb (2.7) : Ouer þe cerebre & þise 2 thenne webbes is craneum, þe heued pan, hylonde & defendant hem al.
Note: New spelling (pr. ppl.): defendant. Editor's gloss: defendant, v. pr. ppl. 'defending'.