Middle English Dictionary Entry
crois n.
Entry Info
Forms | crois n. Also croice, croisse, croiz, corois; creiz, creoice, creoiz; crasse, crece, cresce, cres(se. Pl. croises, (early) croiz. |
Etymology | OF croiz, with varr. creux, crois, etc. For OF var. cres, see M. K. Pope, From Latin to Modern French, p.195. ME crasse , cresse rime with was, wes, p.sg. of bẹ̄n. |
Definitions (Senses and Subsenses)
1.
(a) A cross for crucifying, a gibbet; esp., the cross of Christ; holi ~; dai of the ~, the feast of the Exaltation of the Cross, Sept. 14; winnen ~, to recapture Christ's cross from the Saracens; (b) a part of Christ's cross (as a relic); (c) a vision of the cross of Christ; token of the ~; (d) fig. Christianity; (e) fig. crucifixion; (f) fig. the burden of a Christian.
Associated quotations
a
- a1300 I-hereþ nv one (Jes-O 29)454 : Yf þu ert so myhti so þu seyst þat þu beo, Lyht a-dun of þe croyz.
- c1300 SLeg.Cross (LdMisc 108)78 : Þe holie croyz..huy souȝten.
- c1300 SLeg.Cross (LdMisc 108)317 : Þe croiz..under eorþe huy caste..And þe tweie croiz [Vrn: Croyses] al-so þare-bi þat þe þeoues on i-hanguede were.
- a1350(c1307) Death Edw.I (Hrl 2253)63 : Þe holy croiz ymad of tre, so fain þou woldest hit han ywonne.
- c1325(c1300) Glo.Chron.A (Clg A.11)9874 : Saladin nom þe holi croys & to heþenesse it ber.
- c1330 Why werre (Auch)249 : Hii sholde gon to the Holi Lond..And fihte there for the croiz.
- (a1333) Herebert Þe kynges baneres (Add 46919)21 : Ha, croyz! myn hope, onliche my trust, Þe nouþe ich grete wyth al my lust!
- ?c1350 Swete ihu cryst (BodLtrg 104)18 : On his schulder he bar þe crois.
- a1375(1335-1361) WPal.(KC 13)1343 : Crist deide on þe croyce.
- (a1387) Trev.Higd.(StJ-C H.1)5.439 : Heraclius brouȝte þe holy croys [L crucem Domini] out of Ierusalem into Constantynnoble.
- c1390 PPl.A(1) (Vrn)9.50 : I beo-take ȝou to crist þat on Crois diȝede.
- (c1395) Chaucer CT.Cl.(Manly-Rickert)E.558 : Of thilke fader blessed mote he be That for vs deyde vpon a croys of tree [vrr. a coroys of tree, þe rood tre].
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)211 : Hit sal be tald O þe hali croice, how it was kyd.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)16917 : Þai feld it did awai for to be ledd, Wit þe theifs croices [Trin-C: croises] tuin.
- ?a1400(a1338) Mannyng Chron.Pt.2 (Petyt 511)p.150 : After in a while com R. euen as lyne, Þe day of þe croice, in þe heruest tide.
- a1425(a1400) PConsc.(Glb E.9 & Hrl 4196)5596 : Þe croyce on whilk he dieghed for man Sal stratly pray ogayne þe þan.
- c1440 Bonav.Medit.(3) (Thrn)198 : Who so desyres to ffynd comforthe..in þe Passione and in þe croysse of owre lorde Ihesu, hym nedis..to duell in it.
- a1450 St.Editha (Fst B.3)1387 : Jhesu was y-naylled to þe crasse [rime: was].
- a1400 Siege Jerus.(1) (LdMisc 656)268 : Crist..þey on croys slowen.
- ?a1475 Ludus C.(Vsp D.8)147/32 : I herde carpynge of a croyse of Moyses in his lawe.
- a1500 Mirror Salv.(Beeleigh)p.82 : Tofore herde ȝe how crist bere on his bakke the croice.
b
- c1405 Chaucer CT.Rv.(Elsm)A.4286 : Help, hooly croys of Bromholm!
c
- c1300 SLeg.Cross (LdMisc 108)340 : Him þouȝte þat a fair Croiz op in heouene he seiȝ.
- a1400 Pep.Gosp.(Pep 2498)84/30 : Þan schal þe croice aperen in þe firmament.
- a1425(a1400) PConsc.(Glb E.9 & Hrl 4196)5272 : He sal þan, at his doun commyng, Þe taken of þe croys wyth hym bring.
d
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Pard.(Manly-Rickert)C.532 : Ther been enemys of Cristes croys..wombe is hir god.
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Pars.(Manly-Rickert)I.820 : They ben the enemys of the croys of Crist..of whiche hire wombe is hire god.
e
- ?c1430(c1400) Rule & T.St.Francis(1) (Corp-C 296)45 : By þyn holy crois þu hast aȝen-bouȝt þe world.
f
- a1400 Pep.Gosp.(Pep 2498)62/28 : He moste..take his croice vpon his bak and comen after hym, ȝif he wolde ben his deciple.
2.
(a) An ornamental likeness of the cross, a drawn or painted cross, a cross of cloth; blak ~, red ~, whit ~; (b) the insignia of a crusader or of a pilgrim to the Holy Land; afongen (nimen, taken) the ~, to go on a crusade; fon (nimen) the ~, go on pilgrimage; (c) ?a crusade.
Associated quotations
a
- a1250 Ancr.(Nero A.14)21/27 : Leste þet ȝe euer muwen, luui-eð our þurles..þet cloð in ham beo twouold, blac cloð, þet creoiz hwit, wið innen & wið uten.
- a1250 Ancr.(Nero A.14)21/32,35 : Þet hwite creoiz limpeð to ou, uor þreo manere creoices beoð: reade & blake & hwite..þet blake croiz limpeð to þeo þet makieð..penitence uor lodliche sunnen.
- c1300(?c1225) Horn (Cmb Gg.4.27)75/1309 : Me þinkþ bi þine crois liȝte þat þu longest to vre driȝte.
- a1350 Horn (Hrl 2253)74/1314 : O þe shelde wes ydrawe a croyz of ihesu cristes lawe.
- c1390(?c1350) Jos.Arim.(Vrn)446 : Ioseph takes his scheld and schapes a-middes A crois of red cloþ.
- a1400 Ancr.Recl.(Pep 2498)20/4-7 : Þre croices þere ben..þe rede croice is likned to martyrs þat scheden her bloode; þe blak croice is likned to hem þat done her penaunce..for foule synnes; þe white croice longeþ to white maydenhode and chastite.
- a1450(c1410) Lovel.Grail (Corp-C 80)12.268 : A pece Of Red Silk he dyde him bringe And kutte there-offe two peces Anon..Wher-offen A Crois he made In that plas And takked it vppon the kynges scheld.
- a1450-1509 Rich.(Brunner)557 : Þe þrydde þer come..In hys scheeld a croys red as blood.
- c1450(a1400) Chev.Assigne (Clg A.2)328 : Kepe þy swerde from my croyse.
b
- c1300 SLeg.Becket (Hrl 2277)3 : The croice to the holie lond in his ȝunghede he nom.
- c1300 SLeg.Becket (LdMisc 108)7 : Gilebert him bi-þouȝte þe Croiz for-to fo In-to þe holie lond.
- c1300 SLeg.Edm.Abp.(LdMisc 108)342,358 : A ȝunge man wende..þe creoiz for-to a-fongue..þare token þe creoiz þe mo wel mani on.
- c1325(c1300) Glo.Chron.A (Clg A.11)7092 : Roberd duc of normandie þe crois [vr. croiz] nom..And ȝarkede him..to þe holy lond to wende.
- ?a1400(a1338) Mannyng Chron.Pt.2 (Petyt 511)p.226 : Sir Edward toke þe croice.
- a1450-1509 Rich.(Brunner)1387 : Mekyl ffolk þe croys haue nomen.
c
- c1300 SLeg.Edm.Abp.(LdMisc 108)341 : Ase he prechede a day of þe creoiz wel longue.
3.
(a) A cross written on parchment or the like; signe of the ~, a cross made as a signature; (b) two lines intersecting at right angles; (c) the cross stamped or cut on one side of some English coins; ~ side, the side of the coin having the cross on it; (d) a coin.
Associated quotations
a
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)8a/a : Croys was maad al of reed In þe bigynnynge of my book, That is clepid 'god me spede' In þe firste lessoun þat I took, Thanne I lerned A and Be.
- a1400 Cursor (Göt Theol 107)21715 : Tau and croice als bath er ane, Bot tau has ȝeild [?read: ȝeird] abouen nane.
- c1400 *Chaucer Astr.(Brussels 4869)[2.2] 84b : Loke thanne how many degrees thi rule is araysed fro the litel crois vpon the est lyne.
- a1425 Ben.Rule(1) (Lnsd 378)38/29 : Yef sho canne noht write, pray ane of hir sistirs, Bot sho hir-selfe sal make þe singne of þe croice.
b
- (c1392) ?Westwyk EPlanets (Peterh 75)18/16 : This lymbe shaltow deuyde in 4 quarters by 2 diametral lynes..& lok thy croys be trewe proued by geometrical conclusioun.
- (c1392) ?Westwyk EPlanets (Peterh 75)24/24 : Draw..a lyne fro the hed of aries to the hed of libra..& draw swich another lyne..fro the hed of cancer to the hed of capricorne, & in the seccioun of this crois is the centre of the epicicle.
c
- ?a1400(a1338) Mannyng Chron.Pt.2 (Petyt 511)p.238-9 : Edward did smyte rounde peny, halfpeny, ferthyng; þe croice passed..þe bounde of alle þorghout þe ryng; þe kynge's side salle be þe hede & his name writen, þe croyce side what cite it was in coyned & smyten.
- c1400(?a1387) PPl.C (Hnt HM 137)18.208 : That rode þei honouren þat in grotes is y-graue and in gold nobles; For couetyse of þat croys, clerkes..Schullen ouerturne.
d
- a1450(1412) Hoccl.RP (Hrl 4866)681,685 : Come hider..& look whedir In þis purs þer be any croyse or crouche..Þe feend, men seyn, may hoppen in a pouche Whan þat no croys þere-inne may apere.
4.
(a) The mark of a cross on the body; a cross made on the crown of a madman; (b) a cross marked on the head of a deer (?or sprouting from the deer's head).
Associated quotations
a
- (c1300) Havelok (LdMisc 108)1263 : On hise shuldre, of gold red She saw a swiþe noble croiz.
- c1390 RSicily (Vrn)173 : As a fool he schulde be schore..An honde-brede boue eiþer ere, And on his croune make a crois.
b
- c1300 SLeg.Eust.(LdMisc 108)19 : Bitwene is [a hart's] hornes he i-saiȝh ane creiz schine briȝhte.
5.
The sign of the cross made with the right hand or with fingers; signe of the ~; formen ~, maken ~, to make the sign of the cross; marken with the ~, make the sign of the cross over (sb.).
Associated quotations
- c1230(?a1200) *Ancr.(Corp-C 402)5b : Makieð on ower muð a creoiz [Recl.: croice] wið þe þume..a large creoiz wið þe þume & wið þe twa fingres from buue þe forheaued dun to þe breoste.
- c1230(?a1200) *Ancr.(Corp-C 402)11b : Fowr creoiz [Nero: creoices] o fowr half wið þeose fowre efterwarde clauses.
- c1300 SLeg.Cross (LdMisc 108)94 : For i-ne habbe power non so gret..ȝif man fourmeth enes þe croyz, a-non þat i-ne mot þanne.
- c1300 SLeg.Geo.(1) (LdMisc 108)65 : Seint George nam up is hond and þe croiz bi-fore him made.
- c1300 SLeg.Kath.(LdMisc 108)147 : Heo maden þe signe of þe croiz.
- a1325 SLeg.(Corp-C 145)9/39 : He made him þe signe of þe crois.
- c1350(a1333) Shoreham Poems (Add 17376)15/395 : Ich signi þe wiþ signe of croys.
- c1390(?c1350) SVrn.Leg.(Vrn)39/305 : Þenne wiþ þe crois heo hire blessed, And anon þenne hit vanisched.
- c1390 SLeg.Cross (Vrn)322 : Ȝif me formeþ enes þe Crois, anon ich mot go þeonne.
- (c1395) Chaucer CT.Cl.(Manly-Rickert)E.556 : I thee haue marked with the croys.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)18338 : On adam a croice [Trin-C: crois] he made.
- (1440) *Capgr.St.Norb.(Hnt HM 55)346 : First with his hand he blessed him witȝ þe croys.
- a1450 St.Editha (Fst B.3)1548 : Bot euery mon may well knowe & wyte What he was, by-cause þat he shynte & dred þe cresse [rime: was].
- a1450 St.Editha (Fst B.3)4574 : He wolde anone þen make a cres byfore hurre face.
6.
(a) A small cross; esp. a crucifix; (b) a larger crucifix in a church; crepen to ~ [see crepen]; (c) a cross or crucifix borne before an army or a procession; (d) a cross on a grave; (e) an outdoor cross or crucifix; a roadside cross, boundary cross, etc. [see also Smith PNElem. 1.113].
Associated quotations
a
- a1275 *St.Marg.(2) (Trin-C B.14.39)164 : He þe sende þis crois, þine fon to aferene.
- c1300 SLeg.Cross (LdMisc 108)481 : Þo stod þare An Aungel ouer þe ȝete; A croiz he heold on honde.
- (c1387-95) Chaucer CT.Prol.(Manly-Rickert)A.699 : He hadde a croys of latoun ful of stones.
- c1425 Liber de Hyda in RS 45155 : He ȝyvyth..to croysys of goold, wyth the ymagys of goold.
- ?a1425(?a1350) Castleford Chron.(Göt Hist 740)20525 : Relikes þai scheu to him and croices.
b
- (c1300) Havelok (LdMisc 108)1389 : His leue a ihesu crist he tok..And at þe croiz þat he biforn lay.
- c1400(?a1387) PPl.C (Hnt HM 137)6.106 : To the churche gan ich go..By-for the crois on my knees knocked ich my brest.
- c1400(?a1387) PPl.C (Hnt HM 137)21.475 : Arys..And creop on kneos to þe croys and cusse hit for a Iuwel!
- a1525 Conq.Irel.(Dub 592)36/29 : The Croice yn the moder chyrche of þe trynyte..thay ne myghth yt wecchen out of þe place.
c
- c1300 SLeg.Aug.Cant.(LdMisc 108)43 : Ane Croyz of seluer with þe fourme of god huy leten a-rere And in stude of Banere bi-fore heom huy bere.
- c1300 SLeg.Cross (LdMisc 108)344 : Ane croiz he [Constantine] liet makien sone þat is men bi-fore him bere In stude of his baner in-to bataylle a-non.
- c1300 SLeg.Patr.(LdMisc 108)476 : Aȝein him þare cam gon A procession fair..with creoiz and with taperes and with baneres.
- a1400 Cursor (Göt Theol 107)21722 : Men has noght herd þat folk be lorn þat hali croice has wid them born.
- ?a1400(a1338) Mannyng Chron.Pt.2 (Petyt 511)p.17 : Hakon..In stede of kynges banere, he did him bere þe croice.
- a1425(?c1350) Ywain (Glb E.9)826 : Þe hali water and þe croyce Was born bifore þe procession.
- a1450(a1338) Mannyng Chron.Pt.1 (Lamb 131)15029 : Austyn..byforn hem dide bere a croys Of seluer.
d
- (a1387) Trev.Higd.(StJ-C H.1)8.63 : Þere [at King Arthur's tomb] was i-founde a croys of leede..and lettres i-wrete wiþynne in þe croys..Hic jacet..rex Arthurus.
e
- (1254) Feet Fines Sus.in Sus.RS 7543 : Henricus de la Croyz.
- c1300 SLeg.Chris.(LdMisc 108)48 : In þe wei heo iseien one croiz stonde.
- (1308) Close R.Edw.II62 : Henry atte Croyz.
- (1310) EPNSoc.15 (Hrt.)162 : La Croiz Roes.
- (1327) Sub.R.Som.in Som.RS 3241 : Johannes atte Croyce.
- c1330(?a1300) Guy(2) (Auch)p.502 : Under a croice, was maked of tre, A pilgrim he gan mete.
- (1332) in Fransson Surn.204 : Ad. Crassedalman.
- (1333) in Löfvenberg ME Local Surnames48 : Joh. atte Crece.
- (1401) in Madox Form.Angl.(1702)328 : Comunam viam ducentem de cruce vocata Blontescroys.
- (1450) EPNSoc.29 (Der.)722 : Heye Croyce.
7.
A prelate's crosier; taken the ~, to become a bishop.
Associated quotations
- c1300 SLeg.(LdMisc 108)75/140 : Seint wolston..nam up is croiz [Corp-C: crois] wel mildeliche.
- c1300 SLeg.(LdMisc 108)75/157 : Þe croiz he nam and faste he drouȝ in þe Marbre-ston.
- c1300 SLeg.Becket (LdMisc 108)292 : Þo Axede he in ȝwuche manere þe croiz [Hrl: croice] he scholde take; Men seiden him þat he scholde a-fongue holi churche so freo.
- c1300 SLeg.Becket (LdMisc 108)964 : Þi chapeleyn ich mote beo, bi-fore þe lat me bere þe croiz, for it ne fallez nouȝt to þe.
- a1325 SLeg.(Corp-C 145)12/119 : Þe crois [Ld: Croce] ich habbe ȝare ybore.
- a1325 SLeg.(Corp-C 145)13/161 : Hy..bede him nyme aȝe þe crois [Ld: croce].
- c1390 PPl.A(1) (Vrn)5.11 : I sauh..Conscience with a Crois com for to preche.
- a1450(a1400) Athelston (Cai 175/96)508 : Sere, where is þy ryng? where is þy croys?
- c1500 Capgr.Chron.(Corp-C 167)135 : Croyses [Cmb: Prelatis with here..croses].
8.
?Pl. Prayer(s in honor of the cross.
Associated quotations
- c1230(?a1200) *Ancr.(Corp-C 402)7a : Oremus 'Iuste iudex'; ȝef þu const oþer of þe creoiz, sum oðer.
- a1250 Ancr.(Nero A.14)11/35 : Ȝif ðu ne const nout ðesne, seie sumne oðer of ðe creoiz.
9.
(a) Crosswort (Galium cruciata); herbe ~; (b) ~ wort (worth), crosswort.
Associated quotations
a
- a1400 Mirfeld Sinonoma (Pmb-O 2)23 : Herba cruciata, i. croyse.
- c1440 Thrn.Med.Bk.(Thrn)67/7 : Þe firste by-houes þe to gedir theis herbis..tormentill, crois, bugill.
- ?a1500 Henslow Recipes (Henslow)61/14 : Take..a quarteron..of herbe croyse.
b
- ?a1450 Agnus Castus (Stockh 10.90)p.163 : Woderowe..haȝt lewys lyk to croyswourth.
- a1500 Agnus Castus (LdMisc 553)p.161 fn. : Croyswort [Stockh: Herba cruriatica is an herbe men clepe croswourth].
10.
(a) ~ cristal, a crystal reliquary shaped like a cross; (b) in ~, on ~, in the shape of a cross, with hands or arms outspread [see acrois]; on ~ wise, stretched out in the form of a cross [see crosse-wise].
Associated quotations
a
- a1450 St.Editha (Fst B.3)1400 : A litulle particulle..he hem dyȝt & closede hit with-in a cresce cristelle.
b
- c1330(?a1300) Arth.& M.(Auch)7305 : Mani..comen to þe douke Estas..Biforn him & fel on croice & grad on him wiþ pitous voice.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)21693 : And moises held his hand o-loft; Toquils he heild his hend on croice [Phys-E: o croice].
- c1400(?a1387) PPl.C (Hnt HM 137)22.142 : Þei..culled hym on croys-wyse at caluarye.
- a1500(?a1400) SLChrist (Hrl 3909)5943 : Thow in þo ryng of carolyng spredis þin armes furth from the..And þou in croice gret mirth makyng.
Supplemental Materials (draft)
- a1250 Ancr.(Nero A.14)22/4 : Pine is oueral þuruh creoiz idon to understonden.
Note: Antedates sense 1.(f).--per SMK
- ?c1350 Swete ihu cryst (BodLtrg 104)2 : Swete ihesu cryst..Þin passion, þin croys, þin ded, þin wondes five Beelde us houre sinful soules in þin iugement.
Note: Antedates sense 1.(e).--per SMK