A tutor to astronomie and geographie, or, An easie and speedy way to know the use of both the globes, coelestial and terrestrial in six books : the first teaching the rudiments of astronomy and geography, the 2. shewing by the globes the solution of astronomical & geographical probl., the 3. shewing by the globes the solution of problems in navigation, the 4. shewing by the globes the solution of astrological problemes, the 5. shewing by the globes the solution of gnomonical problemes, the 6. shewing by the globes the solution of of [sic] spherical triangles : more fully and amply then hath ever been set forth either by Gemma Frisius, Metius, Hues, Wright, Blaew, or any others that have taught the use of the globes : and that so plainly and methodically that the meanest capacity may at first reading apprehend it, and with a little practise grow expert in these divine sciences / by Joseph Moxon ; whereunto is added Antient poetical stories of the stars, shewing reasons why the several shapes and forms are pictured on the coelestial globe, collected from Dr. Hood ; as also a Discourse of the antiquity, progress and augmentation of astronomie.

Collected from Dr HOOD. And First, Of the Northern Constellations.

1. URSA MINOR. This Constellation hath the preheminence, because it is neerest of all the rest unto the North Pole; And is called of the Greeks 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 whereupon the Pole is called the Pole Arctick, for that it is neer unto that Constellation. It is also called Helice minor, because of the smal revolution which it maketh round about the Pole: or rather of Elice, a Town in Arcadia, wherein Calysto the great Bear, and mother to the less, was bred. It is called Cynosura, because this Constellati∣on, though it carry the name of a Bear, yet it hath the taile of a Dog: Last of all, it is termed Phoenice, because that Thales, who first gave the name to this Constellation, was, a Phoenician: And therefore the Phoenicians being taught how to use it in their Navigations, did call it by the name of the Country where∣in Thales was born. It consisteth of 7. stars, which the Latines call Septemtriones; because by their continual motion, those seven stars do as it were wear the Heavens. The Spaniards call them all Bosina, that is, an Horn; because they may be very well brought into that form; whereof that which is in the end of the tail, is called the Pole-star, by reason of the neareness thereof unto the Pole of the world▪ for it is distant (according to the opinion of most) from the true Pole, but 23. deg. 30. min. The Arabians

call it Alrukaba: And of the Scythians it is said to be an Iron nail, and is worshipped by them as a God. The two stars that are in the sholders of the Bear, are called Guards, of the Spa∣nish word Guardare, which is to behold; because they are di∣ligently to be looked unto, in regard of the singular use which they have in Navigation.

The reason why this Constellation was brought into the Hea∣vens, is diversly set down, and first in this manner: Saturn having received of the Oracle that one of his Sons should banish him out of his kingdom, determined with himselfe to kill all the men children that he should beget: whereupon he gave command to Ops his wife, being then great, that she should shew him the child so soon as ever it was born: But she bringing forth Jupiter, and being greatly delighted with his hair, gave the child unto two Nymphs of Crete, dwelling in the mount Dicte; whereof this was one, and was called Cynosura; the other was Helice.

Jupter, after that (according to the Oracle) he had bereft his Father of the kingdom, in recompence of their paines and cour∣tesie, translated them both into the Heavens, and made of them two Constellations; the Lesser Bear, and the Greater Bear.

Othersome say that it was Arcas, the son of Calysto; and they tell the tale on this manner. Calysto a Nimph of singular beauty, daughter to Lycaon King of Arcadia, induced by the great desire she had of hunting, became a follower of the Goddess Diana. After this, Jupiter being enamored with her beauty and out of hope, by reason of her profession, to win her love in his own person, counterfeited the shape of Diana, lay with Calysto, and got her with child; of whom was born a son, which was called Arcas. Diana, or rather Juno, being very much offen∣ded here-with, turned Calisto into a Bear. Arcas her son at the Age of fifteen, hunting in the woods by chance lighted upon his mother in the shape of a Bear: who knowing her son Arcas, stood stil, that he might come near unto her, and not be afraid: but he fearing the shape of so cruel a Beast, bent his bow of pur∣pose to have slain her: Whereupon Jupiter to prevent the mis∣chief, translated them both into Heaven, and of them made two se∣veral Constellations: unto the lesser Bear, there belongs but one star unformed.

2. URSA MAIOR, the Greater Bear, called also of the Greeks Arctos, and Helice, consisteth of 27. stars: Among the

which, those seven that are in the hinder part and tail of the Bear, are most observed; the Latines call them Pla••strum; and of our men they are called Charles Wayn; because the stars do stand in such sort, that the three which are in the tail resemble the Horses, and the other four which are in the flank of the Bear, stand (after a manner) like the Wheels of a Waggon, or Chariot; and they are suposed by some to be greater then the Sun. The reason of the Translation of this Constellation into the Heaven, is at large set down in the other Constellation, and therefore needs not here to be repeated. This Constellation was first invented by Nau∣plius, the Father of Palamedes the Greek: and in great use among the Grecians; and this is to be noted both in this and the former Constellation, that they never set under the Horizon, in any part of Europe: which though it fall out by reason of their scituation in the Heavens; yet the Poets say, that it came to pass through the displeasure and hatred of Juno; who for that she was by Ca∣listo made a Cuckquean, and they notwithstanding (as she took it) in dispight of her, were translated into Heaven, requested her brother Neptune, that he should never suffer those Stars to set within his Kingdom: To which request Neptune condiscended; so that in all Europe they never come neer unto the Sea, or touch the Horizon. If any one marvel, that (seeing she hath the form of a Bear) she should have a tail so long; Imagine that Jupiter fearing to come too nigh unto her teeth, laid hold on her tail, and thereby drew her up into heaven; so that she of her selfe being very weighty, and the distance from the Earth to the Heaven very great, there was great likelyhood that her tail must stretch. The unformed stars belonging to this Constellation are eight.

3 DRACO, the Dragon, of some named the Serpent; of others the Snake, by the Arabians, Aben; and by Junctinus Flo∣rentinus, Vrago; because he windeth his tail round about the Ecliptick Pole; it containeth 31. stars. This was the Dragon that kept the Golden Apples in the Orchard of the Hesperides, (now thought to be the Islands of Cape de Virde) and for his di∣ligence and watchfulness, was afterwards translated into heaven: Yet others say that he came into Heaven by this occasion; when Minerva withstood the Gyants fighting against the Gods; they to terrifie her, threw at her a mighty Dragon; but she catching him in her hands, threw him presently up into Heaven, and pla∣ced him there, as a memorial of that her resistance. Others

would have it to be the Serpent Python, whom Apollo slew, after the Deluge.

4. CEPHUS, containeth in him 11. stars, and hath two unformed. This was a King of the Aethiopians, and Husband unto Cassiopeia, and father of Andromeda, whom Perseus mar∣ried. He was taken up into Heaven, with his wife and daughter, for the good deeds of Perseus his son in law; that he and his whole stock might be had in remembrance for ever. The Star which is in his right shoulder, is called by the Arabians Aldera∣hiemin; i. e. his right Arm.

5 BOOTES, the driver of the Oxen (for so I suppose the name to signifie, rather then an Herdsman; for he hath not his name because he hath the care of any Cattle, but only because he is supposed to drive Charles his Wain, which is drawn by 3. Ox∣en) he is also called Arctophilax, the keeper of the Bear, as though the care of her were committed to him. This Constellation con∣sisteth of 22 Stars. Some will have Bootes to be Areas, the Son of her who before was turned into the Great Bear; and they tell the Tale thus: Ly••aon the Father of Calisto, receiving Jupi∣ter into his house as a guest, took Arcas his daughters son, and cut him in pieces; and among other Services, set him before Ju∣piter to be eaten: for by this means he thought to prove if his guest were a God, as he pretended to be. Jupiter perceiving this heinous fact, overthrew the table, fired the house with light∣ning, and turned Lycaon into a wolf: but gathering, and setting together again the limbs of the child, he commited him to a Nymph of Aetolia to be kept: Arcas afterwards coming to mans estate, and hunting in the woods, lighted at un-awares upon his mother, transformed by Juno into the shape of a bear, whom he persued into the Temple of Jupiter Lycaeus, whereunto by the law of the Arcadians, it was death for any man to come. For as much therefore as they must of likelyhood be both slain. Calysto by her son, and he by the Law; Jupiter to avoid this mis∣cheif, of meer pitty took them both up into heaven. Unto this Constellation belongeth but one star unformed, and it is between the legs of Bootes, and by the Grecians it is called Arcturus, be∣cause of all the stars neer the great Bear named Arctos, this star is first seen neer her tail in the evening. The Poetical invention is thus.

Icarus the father of Erigone, having received of the God

Bacchus a Flagon of wine, to declare how good it was for mortal men, travelled therewith into the Territories of Athens, and there began to carouse with certain shepheards: they being greatly delighted with the pleasantness of the wine, being a new kind of liquor, began to draw so hard at it, that ere they left off, they were past one and thirty; and in the end, were fain to lay their heads to rest. But coming unto themselves again, and finding their brains scarce in good temper, they killed Icarus, thinking indeed that he had either poysoned them, or at the least-wise made their brains introxicate. Erigone was ready to die for grief, and so was Mera, her little dog. But Jupiter to allay their grief, pla∣ced her father in Heaven, between the legs of Arctophilax.

6. CORONA BOREA, the Northern garland, con∣sisteth of eight stars; yet Ovid saith, that it hath nine. This was the Garland that Venus gave unto Ariadne, when she was mar∣ried unto Bacchus, in the Isle Naxus, after that Theseus had for∣saken her: which Garland, Bacchus placed in the Heaven, as a token of his love. Novidius will have it to be the Crown of the Virgin Mary.

7. ENGONASIS: This Constellation hath the name, because it is expressed under the shape of a man kneeling upon the one knee, and is therefore by the Latines called Ingeniculum. It containeth 29. stars, and wanteth a proper name, because of the great diversity of opinions concerning the same. For some will have it to be Hercules, that mighty Conquerer, who for his 12. labours was thought worthy to be placed in the heaven. and nigh unto the Dragon whom he overcame. Others tell the tale thus: That when the Tyta••s fought against the Gods, they for fear of the Gyants, ran all unto the one side of the heaven: whereupon the Heaven was ready to have fallen, had not Hercu∣les together with Atlas set his neck unto it, and stayed the fall: and for this desert, he was placed in the Heaven.

8 LYRA, the Harp, it containeth 10. stars; whereof thus goeth the Fable. The River Nilus swelling above his banks, overflowed the Country of Aegypt; after the fall whereof there were left in the fields divers kinds of living things, and amongst the rest a Tortois••; Mercury, after the flesh thereof was consumed, the sinews still remaining, found the same, and striking it, he made it yeild a certain sound; whereupon he made an Harp like unto it, having 3. strings and gave it unto Orpheus the son of Cassiopea.

This Harp was of such excellent sound, that Trees, Stons Fowls, and wild Beasts are said to follow the sound thereof. After such time therefore that Orpheus was slain by the women of Thrace, the Muses by the good leave of Jupiter, and at the request of Apollo, placed this Harp in Heaven. Novidius will have it to be the Harp of David, whereby he pacified the evil spirit of Saul. This Constellation was afterwards called Vultur Cad••ens, the fall∣ing Grype: and Falco, the Falcon; or Timpanum, he Timbrel.

9 OLOR, or Cygnus, the Swan, called of the Caldaeans Adigege: it hath 17. stars: of this Constellation the Poets Fable in this manner. Jupiter being overtaken with the love of Laeda, the wife of Tyndarus King of Oebalia, and knowing no honester way to accomplish his desire, procured Venus to turn her selfe into an Eagle, and himself he turned into the shape of a Swan: Flying therefore from the Eagle, as from his natural enemy, that earnestly pursued him, he lighted of purpose in the lap of Leda, and, as it were, for his more safety, crept into her bosome. The woman not knowing who it was under that shape, but holding (as she thought) the Swan fast in her armes, fell a sleep: In the mean while Jupiter enjoyed his pleasure; and having obtained that he came for, betook him again unto his wings; and in me∣morial of his purpose (attained under that form) he placed the Swan among the stars.

Ovid calleth this Constellation Milvius, the Kite, and telleth the tale thus. The Earth being greatly offended with Jupiter, because he had driven Saturn his father out of his Kingdom, brought forth a monstrous Bull, which in his hinder parts was like a Serpent; and was afterwards called the Fatal-Bull; because the Destinies had thus decreed, that whosoever could slay him, and offer up his entrails upon an Altar, should overcome the eter∣nal Gods. Briarens that mighty Gyant, and ancient enemy of the Gods overcame the Bull, and was ready to have offered up his entrails according to the decree of the Destinies: But Jupiter fearing the event, commanded the Fowls of the Air to snatch them away: which although to their power, they endavoured, yet there was none of them found so forward and apt to that action as the Kite, and for that cause he was accordingly rewar∣ded with a place in Heaven. Some call this Constellation 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 that is, the Bird: others call it Vultur•••• volans, the Flying Grype: It is also called Gallina, the Hen. Unto this Constella∣tion do belong two unformed stars.

10. CASSIOPEIA, She consisteth of 13. Stars. This was the Wife of Cepheus, and mother of Andromeda, whom Perseus married, and for his sake was translated into Heaven, as some write. Others say that her beauty being singular, she wax∣ed so proud, that she preferred her self before the Nereides, which were the Nymphs of the Sea: for which cause, unto her disgrace, and the example of all others that in pride of their hearts would advance themselves above their betters, she was placed in the Heaven with her head as it were downwards, so that in the revolution of the Heavens, she seemeth to be carried head-long.

11. PERSEUS, he hath 26. Stars. This was the Son of Jupiter, whom he in the likeness of a Golden shower begat upon Danae, the daughter of Acrisius. This Perseus coming unto mans estate, and being furnished with the Sword, Hat, and Wings of his brother Mercury, and the Shield of his sister Minerva, was sent by his foster-father Polidectes, to kill the Monster Medusa, whom he slew; and cuting off her head, carried it away with him: But as he was hastning homeward, flying in the Air, he espied Andromeda the daughter of Cepheus and Cassiopeia, for the pride of her mother, bound with a Chain unto a Rock, by the Sea side there to be devoured by a Whale: Perseus taking notice and pitty of the case, undertook to fight with the Monster, upon condition that Andromeda might be his Wife; to be short, he delivered Andromeda, married her, and returning homeward un∣to the Isle Seriphus▪ he found there his Grand-father Acrisius, whom by mischance, and unadvisedly, he slew with a quoit: (or as Ovid reporteth, with the terrible sight of the horrible head of Medusa, not knowing that it was his Grand-father: but afterwards understanding whom he had slain, he pined away through extream sorrow: whereupon Jupiter his Father pitty∣ing his grief, took him up into Heaven and there placed him in that form wherein he overcame Medusa, with the sword in one hand, and the head of Medusa in the other, and the Wings of Mercury at his Heels. This Constellation, because of the un∣luckiness thereof, is called by Astrologers Cacodemon, (i. e.) Un∣lucky, and Unfortunate. For (as they say) they have observed it, that whatsoever is born under this Constellation, having an evil Aspect, shall be stricken with sword, or loose his Head. Novidius saith that it is David with Goliah his head in the one hand, and his sword in the other. The unformed Stars belonging unto this Constellation, are three.

12. AURIGA, the Waggoner, or Carter: he consisteth of 14. Stars; the Arabians call him Alaiot; the Greeks Heniochus, i. e. a man holding a bridle in his hand, and so is he pictured. E∣ratostenes affirmeth him to be Ericthonious King of Athens, the son of Vulcane: who having most deformed feet, devised first the use of the Wagon or Chariot, and joyned horses together to draw the same, to the end that he sitting therein, might the bet∣ter conceal his deformities. For which invention, Jupiter transla∣ted him into the Heavens.

In this Constellation there are two other particular Constella∣tions to be noted; whereof the one consisteth but of one Star a∣lone, which is in the left shoulder of Auriga, and is called Hir∣cus, or Capra the Goat; the Arabians call it Alhaioth: The o∣ther consisteth of two little Stars a little beneath the other, stand∣ing as it were in the hand of Auriga; this Constellation is ••cal∣led Haedi, the Kids. The tale is thus; Saturn (as you heard be∣fore) had received of the Oracle, that one of his sons should put him out of his Kingdom, whereupon he determined to devoure them all: Ops by stealth conveyed away Jupiter, and sent him to Melissus King of Crete, to be nourished: Melissus having two daughters, Amalthaea and Melissa, committed Jupiter unto their Nursery; Amalthaea had a Goat that gave suck unto two Kids, so that by the milk of this Goat, she nourished Jupiter very well. To requite this her care and courtesie, Jupiter (after he had put his Father out his Kingdom) translated her Goat and her two Kids, into Heaven; and in remembrance of the Nurse, the Goat is called Capra Amalthaea. Novidius saith, that when Christ was born, and his birth made manifest by the Angels unto the Shep∣herds, one of them brought with him for a Present, a Goat and two young Kids; which in token of his good will, were placed in Heaven.

13. OPHIUCHUS, or SERPENTARIUS, That is, the Serpent-bearer. This Constellation hath no proper name, but is thus entituled, because he holdeth a Serpent in his hands. It containeth 24. Stars. Some say that it is Hercules, and report the tale on this manner Juno being a great enemy to Hercules, sent two snakes to kill him as he lay sleeping in his Cradle: but Her∣cules being a lusty Child (for Jupiter had spent two daies in be∣getting him) without much ado strangled them both: In me∣morial of so strange an event, Jupiter placed him in the Heavens, with a Serpent in his hands,

14. SERPENS, the Serpent of Ophiuchus, which consisteth of 18. Stars. Some say that it is one of the Serpents that should have slain Hercules in his Cradle. Novidius saith, it is the Viper that bit Paul by the hand. Others deliver the tale in these words; Glaucus the son of Minos King of Crete, was by misfortune drowned in a Barrel of Honey: Minos his father craved the help of Aesculaptus the Physitian: and that he might be driven per▪ force to help the child, he shut him up in a secret place, together with the dead carcass: whiles Aesculapius stood in a great maze with himself what were best to be done, upon a sudden there came a Serpent creeping towards him; the which Serpent he slew with the staff which he had in his hand. After this there came another Serpent in, bringing in his mouth a certain herb, which he laid upon the head of the dead Serpent, whereby he restored him unto life again. Aesculapius using the same her••, wrought the same effect upon Glaucus. Whereupon (after that) Aescu∣lapius (whom some affirm to be Ophiuchus) was placed in the Heaven, and the Serpent with him.

15. SAGITTA, or Telum; the Arrow or Dart. This was that Arrow wherewith Hercules slew the Eagle or Grype that fed upon the Liver of Promotheus, being tyed with chains to the top of the mount Caucasus; and in memorial of that deed, was translated into Heaven. Others will have it to be one of those Arrows which Hercules at his death gave unto Phyloctetes, up∣on which the Destiny of Troy did depend. The whole Constel∣lation containeth five Stars.

16. AquILA, the Eagle, which is called Vultur Volans, the flying Grype: It hath in it 9. Stars. The Poetical reason of this Constellation, is this; Jupiter transforming himself into the form of an Eagle, took Ganimides the Trojan Boy, whom he great∣ly loved, up into Heaven, and therefore in signe thereof (because by that means he performed his purpose) he placed the figure of the Eagle in the Heaven. There belong unto this Constellation 6. Stars (before time) unformed, but now brought into the Con∣stellation of Antinous. But whereupon that name should come, I know not, except it were that some man devised it there to cur∣ry favour with the Emperour Adrian, who loved one Antinous Bithynicus so well, that he builded a Temple in his honour at Mantinea.

17. DELPHINUS, the Dolphin: It containeth 10. Stars;

yet Ovid in his second Book de Fastis, saith that it hath but nine. Neither did the ancient Astronomers attribute unto it any more, according to the number of the Muses; because of all other Fishes, the Dolphin is said to be delighted with Musick. The tale goeth thus concerning this Constellation. When Neptune the God of the Sea greatly desired to match with Amphitrite, she being very modest and shame-faced, hid her self: whereupon he sent many messengers to seek her out, among whom, the Dolphin by his good hap, did first find her; and perswaded her also to match with Neptune: For which his good and trusty service, Neptune placed him in the Heaven.

Others say, that when Bacchus had transformed the Mariners that would have betrayed him, into Dolphins, he placed one of them in Heaven, that it might be a lesson for others to take heed how they carried any one out of his way, contrary both to his desire, and their own promise. Novidius referreth this Constel∣lation unto the Fish which saved Jonas from drowning.

18. EQUICULUS, is the little Horse, and it consisteth of 4. Stars. This Costellation is named almost of no Writer, saving Ptolomeus, and Alphonsus, who followeth Ptolomy, and there∣fore no certain tale or History is delivered thereof, by what means it came into Heaven.

19. EquuS ALATHS, the Winged Horse, or Pegasus, it containeth 20. Stars. This Horse was bred of the blood of Me∣dusa, after that Perseus had cut off her head, and was afterwards taken and tamed by Bellerophon, whiles he drank of the River Piren•• by Corinth, and was used by him in the conquest of Chi∣mera: After which exploit, Bellerophon, being weary of the earthly affaires, endevoured to fly up into Heaven: But being amazed in his flight, by looking down to the earth, he fell from his horse; Pegasus notwithstanding continuing his course, (as they feigne) entred into Heaven, and there obtained a place among the other Constellations.

20. ANDROMEDA, She consisteth of 23. Stars; but one of them is common both unto her, and Pegasus, This was the daughter of Cepheus and Cassiopeia, and the Wife of Perseus: the reason why Minerva, or Jupiter placed her in the Heavens, is before expressed. Novidius referreth this Constellation unto Alexandria the Virgin, whom S. George through the good help of his horse, delivered from the Dragon.

21. TRIANGULUM, the Triangle, called also Delt••ton, because it is like the fourth letter of the Greeks Alphabet Δ, which they call Delta; it consisteth of four stars. They say it was placed in Heaven by Mercury, that thereby the head of the Ram might be the better known. Others say, that it was placed there in honour of the Geometricians, among whom, the Triangle is of no small importance. Others affirme, that Ceres in times past requested Jupiter that there might be placed in Heaven some Fi∣gure representing the form of Sicilie, an Island greatly beloved of Ceres, for the fruitfulnesse thereof: now this Island being tri∣angular, (at her request) was represented in the Heaven under that form.

Thus much concerning the Constellations of the Northern Hemisphear. Now follow the Poeical Stories of the Constellati∣ons of the Southern Hemisphear.