The English globe being a stabil and immobil one, performing what the ordinary globes do, and much more / invented and described by the Right Honorable, the Earl of Castlemaine ; and now publish't by Joseph Moxon ...

OPERATION. V. To find in what Clime or Parallel any Place lies.

BEfore we can here well come to Operation, there are some few Particulars to be consider'd; and first what a Clime is; which is no hard thing to conceive, since most know that after the Vernal Equinox our Days not only exceed 12 houres, but that every neerer Countrey to the Pole has days of greater Length than the Remoter: Nor are there many ignorant, that when our Days (that live on this side of the Line) increase, theirs on the other side decrease proportionably, and when theirs encrease ours decrease; so that no People are at a Constancy, but they that dwell exactly between both Poles, to wit under the Aequator. This Diversity was thought by the Ancients a thing so fit to be known, that they invented the Devision of the Earth into Climes, so that as soon they heard a Countrey named, they presently (besides the fond Reflections concerning the Temperament of the Air, Ingeniety of men, &c.) knew the length of its longest Day, and consequently how much any other Place exceeded or came short of that length.

For suppose the first Northern-Clime were to pass over all the Places on this side of the Aequator, whose longest Day is 12 hours and 1/2; and the second Clime those of 13 hours, and so on towards the Pole by a half hourly Increment, what difficul∣ty could there be to resolve immediately the Question, when we once know the Clime, or having the length of the longest Day to find out the very Clime it self.

I Wonder therefore, that so ingenious a man as 〈◊〉〈◊〉, should seem to assert, that this Devision is useless, it being as easy to find the longest Day as the Clime; whereas, were Climes in esteem and fashion, the Memory would as soon conceive and remember in which of them any Countrey lay, as now it does it's Bounds, the manner of its situation, and the like; and if so, one may quickly judge whether they are useless, and whether it be possible that the length aforesaid can be known by any other means so universally, and at so easy a rate.

A Clime then (generally speaking) is a space contained be∣tween two Circles Parallel to the Aequator, having the Places thro' which they pass differing (as to the length of their longest Days) half an hour; and this space takes the name of Clime from 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 Inclinare vel Deflectere; for the greater our De∣flection is from the Aequator or Right Sphere, the longer our Summer Solstitial Day will be. Nor were the Antients con∣tent with this large Devision of the Earth, but subdevided it in∣to Parallels, so that Places differing a quarter of an Hour, were reckon'd to be under such and such Parallels, which some call Artificial (from their relation to the Artificial Day) to distin∣guish them from all others that occur.

As for the Antiquity of Climes, 'tis immemorial; nor could there be many in the beginning by reason of the small extent of the known parts of the World; For tho' Ptolemy reckons a∣bout 10, that is to say 21 Parallels, as making them to reach as far as Thule; yet Homer, Ovid and other Poets, so possess'd men with the Fancy, that from the Cimerians Northward, there was nothing by reason of the hideous vapours and ex∣halations, but a dubious and creperous light, that even Pliny, and after him the Arabians insisted only on seven, looking on all Countries that lay farther as not worth perchance the taking no∣tice of.

As for the seven in vogue with them▪ and mention'd also very particularly by our Countryman Sacro-bosco (whose credit and great Repute has perchance not a little kept up their Fame among the Moderns) they were, Dia-Meroes, Dia-Syenes, Dia-Alexandrias, Dia-Rhodou, Dia-Romes, Dia-Boristhe∣neos, and Dia-Riphoeon, being all names made by the Additi∣on of the Greek Preposition 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 (i. e. per) to some remarkable Town, River, or Place, thro' which the middle of each Clime past; so that the middle of the first went thro' Meroe, an E∣thiopian City on the Nile, where (according to some) Queen Candace Reigned; the second thro' Syene in Egypt, lying just under the Tropic, the third thro' Alexandria; the fourth thro' the Isle of Rhodes; the fifth thro' Rome; the sixth thro' the mouth of Boristhenes, now called Nieper by the Cossacks and the other Inhabitants; and the seventh and last thro' the Riphoean Hills, part of which lay according to their account in

or about, the Latitude of 50 Degrees, and consequently cor∣responded with the Cimerians.

'Twas here then that Alfraganus and other Arabians ended Northwards, who besides several smal particulars, err'd not a little in making Rome and the Boristhenes only a Clime asun∣der, when as their longest days differ at least an hour. And as for the Southern Climes (to wit those on the other side of the Aequinoctial) they thought fit to consider them, but not knowing what to call them, as being ignorant (for the most part) of the Places they went through, they added 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 (i. e. Contra) to the former Denominations, so that making Anti∣dia Meroes serve for the first Clime, Anti-dia Sienes for the second, they proceeded in the same order with the Rest.

But now before I end, I shall endeavour to solve a difficulty which startles not a few, viz. how it comes to pass (seeing the Climes are assigned (as we mentioned) by the Antients, to know the length of the Summer Solstitial day in every Country) that the middle of the first Clime (which in rigour should lye no fur∣ther from the Aequator, than to encrease the day a quarter of an hour) runs over Meroe, where the Excess is at least an hour. I answer, the Antients, deeming it more equal that the mid∣dle of the Clime, and not the end of it should be the Point where the half hourly increment was to begin, fixt the Terme à quo, not in the Aequator, but a quarter of an hour further, and therefore Taprobane (which some now think Sumatra) was the place where Ptolemy commences all his Climes, making thereby the middle of his first to pass per Sinum Avalitum or (Mouth of the Red Sea) and the middle of his second per Meroen; But the Arabians, thinking that for several Degrees from the Ae∣quator all was either Sea, or (by reason of the Heats) scarce Habitable, or else judging it for their Honour, to have their own Country▪ in the first Clime, began half an hour beyond Ta∣probane, and so Dia Meroes, (tho the Days are there 13 hours long) leads the Van in their Catalogue.

These few things premis'd, I shall now shew you the way I take therein, which I think in all respects clear and ready. First, I make the primary Circle of Longitude to be the Circle particularly appropriated to this use, being devided and mark't according to the true distance of each Clime from the other; and as to the place where they commence on our Globe, I rather

follow Ptolomies Astronomical than Geographical Method; for (besides the aforementioned excess of the Arabians) should we begin but a quarter of an hour from the Aequator, it makes a great space of the Earth, viz. from Taprobane to the Aequator, to be in no Clime at all; and which is more, it causes a little con∣fusion, when the length of the day is greater in every Clime, than what the said Clime can justly challenge, according to its Rank and Number; I say, as for the place where the Climes commence, I rather follow Ptolomies Astronomical than Geo∣graphical way; and therefore beginning at the very Aequator, my first Parallel (or middle of my first Clime) is supposed to run over the places that enjoy 12. hours and a quarter of Day, and the end of it (noted on the primary Circle of Longitude or 2 a Clock Hour Circle with the Figure I.) over the places that have 12. and 1/2; and thus we proceed to the Polar Circles, to wit, where the 24th. Clime, or 48th. Parallel terminates, so that from thence we come to the Devisions on the said Circle of Longitude, which show where the days are as long as an ordinary Week, where as long as a Month, and where as two, arriving at last at the Poles themselves, where there is a constant half year of light, and as much of Darkness. And to give you a Remembrance of the Names of the aforesaid old Climes, and that you may also see without Calculation or Trouble where the Ancients plac'd them, I have set down the first Syllable of their names (as Mer. Sy. Al. &c.) according to their respective Latitudes.

To find then in what Clime any place is (v. g. Constantinople) you are only to draw your String from the Pole over that City, and mounting up the Bead thither, to move it to the said Pri∣mary Circle of Longitude, and 'twill lye on the Clime or Paralel required. But if you would know what places are (suppose) under the 4th. Clime, throu'out the World, i. e. what places have their longest day just 14. hours; Fix the Bead▪ on the 4th. Clime and moving it on its Noose from the Pole round the Globe, you may conclude that every place it passes over, has the Sun exact∣ly so long above the Horizon, when the days are at the longest; and in the same manner you must proceed on the South of the Aequator, to find the Countrys that lye under the 4th. Southern Clime. In short, here we have, besides (what has been already said) a view not onely of the strange inequallity of the Climes, (especially between the first and last) but also of their exact di∣stance

in Degrees, and consequently in Miles, by help of our Table of Reduction, mentioned in the first Operation of this Section.

But seeing we are a little fallen into Speculation, 'twill not be, perchance, improper to proceed yet further, and to consider here, as in a natural and fit place the Bounds and Terms of the five Zones, so called from 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 Cingulum, as enclosing the whole World within their respective Districts: 'Tis with the Torrid one we'l then begin, whose Bounds are the two Tropics, so that the Diurnal Parallels not only remarkably distinguish it from the other Zones, but shew why the several Inhabitants within this space were called by the Ancients AMPHISCII, i. e. Ʋtrinque umbrati, or men that had two shadows, from 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 utrinque & 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 Ʋmbra; nay, by the said Parallels you may find when the shade will change and be different; For, since by these Paths or Traces the Sun (as we often hinted) passes from Tropic to Tropic, 'tis evident that sometimes he must be on the Northside and sometimes on the Southside, of all that live here, which must then needs alter the shadow. And as for knowing the time of this change, we are only to consult the days of the Month on each Parallel; for that which passes over the Heads of the propos'd Inhabitants, shews that from that time to the 11. of June (or the Sun's coming to Cancer) and so till he comes again to be Vertical, their shade will be full South at noon: whereas from his said Vertical station to the 11. of December (when that he enters into Capricorn) and so till he comes again to them, their shadow will be directly North.

From this Torrid and hot Residence; we'l now run to the o∣ther Extream, viz. to the two Frozen Zones, which lying from each Polar Circle to the very Poles themselves, are sufficiently distinguish'd from the rest.

Now since the longest day within these Limits is at least 24. hours in length (as we show'd you even now in treating of the Climes) and since the Sun in this space of time, compasses the World, it must follow that here he runs round the Inhabitants, which gave the name of PERISCII to them, that is to say Circum Ʋmbrati, or surrounded with their shadow, from 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 Circum & 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 Ʋmbra.

As for the two remaining Zones, they are the Temperate ones, bounded by the Tropic's and Polar Circles: Nor do the In∣habitants

of this moderate and more excellent position want an appellation from the property of their shadow also; for never having the Sun but on one side of them (as still setting before he gets round) and unable to pass, as he could in the Torrid Zone over their Heads, by reason he has no excursion beyond the Tropics) it must needs follow that their shade who live in the Northern Zone, will ever fall North, and theirs in the Southern, South; so that they were called HETEROSCII, i. e. Habentes alteram solum Ʋmbram, or People having but one kind of shadow, from 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 alter & 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 Ʋmbra.

So much then for the Climes and Zones, together with their various inhabitants, and now we will proceed to the Operations that follow.

Notes

• A prelimina∣ry Discourse of Climes.
• What a Clime is.
• What a Paral∣lel is.
• Of the Anti∣quity and number of Climes.
• Of the 7 com∣mon Northern Climes.
• Of the 7 Sou∣thern Climes.
• Why the mid∣dle of the first Clime has 13. hours of day.
• How the first Circle of Lon∣gitude is di∣vided as to the Climes.
• To find in what Clime any Place lies.
• Of the ine∣quality of the Climes.
• pag. 23.
• Of the 5 Zones.
• Of the bounds of the Torrid Zone, which contains the Amphiscii,
• To find when the shade changes side here.
• Of the bounds of the frozen Zones which con∣tain the Pe∣riscii.
• Of the bounds of the Temperate Zones which contain the Heteroscij.