The English globe being a stabil and immobil one, performing what the ordinary globes do, and much more / invented and described by the Right Honorable, the Earl of Castlemaine ; and now publish't by Joseph Moxon ...

SECT. II. Of the Operations that concern Geo∣graphy.

HAving given you a short account of the Operations imme∣diately relating to the Sun, without reflecting upon any part of the Earth, but that, on which we then stand, wee'l now descend to those that concern Geography, where you may have a view not only of all Countries, as to their Situations, Extent and the like, but see at one glance when you please, several other things appertaining to them worth the knowing, as, What a Clock it is in any place imaginable; what People are Rising, who are going to Bed, and who to Dinner: as also, where it is they have no Night, where no Day, with divers particulars of the same nature, which were thought by many formerly not performable without Magic.

That our Instrument is Geographical, no body will (I dare say) doubt, it being the Terrestrial Globe, and consequently the Epitome of the very Earth it self; and besides its many other Operations) it may be perchance useful in this, that all Coun∣tries are here more obvious, and consequently more easily found out than in any common Universal Map or Globe. Nor do's it a little contribute to it, and fix the Position and Order of the said Countries in our Memory, that not only the Divi∣sions and Subdivisions of the Earth are (by our present Dire∣ctions) clear and distinct, as far as this small bulk can afford, but freed also from the usual crowd of Towns and Places, very often neither of Note nor Use, unless for Distraction. For

the business of a Terrestrial Globe, is to represent the situation of famous Regions and Provinces, and how they are distant each from the other; to show us also where the late Discoveries are; where more may chance to be made; what proportion any Place bears to the known Parts, or they to the whole Terraqueous Mass. These (I say) and the like, are what a Globe is properly to represent; for small and inconsiderable Places ought not to be there, as being the chief Object of Chorographical and Topo∣graphical Charts, to which the curious are to recur upon occa∣sion.

As for the first or grand Devision of this Globe, to wit, the four Quarters, their names are in the midst of them in re∣markable Capital Letters; nor is there any trouble about their Bounds, after that that joyns Europe and Asia is consider'd; for bating the little Isthmus made by the Mediterranean and Marerubrum (which contains the limits of Asia and Africa) there is no part of the said Quarters, which is not surrounded by the Sea. For the separation then or Boundary between Europe and Asia, it is a fine black line, that beginning at the mouth of the Tanais, runs up the Stream to Tuia (situated on its most Easterly F••exure,) and thence going to the nearest Banks of the River Oby, accompanies it till it falls into the Northern Ocean. This I say is the separation drawn by me, and not from Tuia to the mouth of Duina at Arch-angel; for since there are (as to the Question in hand) different and various Opinions among Geographers, I follow the rather this Devision than any other, since it contains almost all the vast Dominions of the Russian Emperor, and so makes him as it were an intire Europaean Monarc.

The Devision of each modern Country from the other (which have all their Names on them in small Capital Letters) is also a black pric't line, and that you may have a glimps al∣so of Antient Geography, I have exprest some of the most considerable old Nations and Empires, by Prick Lines of several colours (as the directions on the Globe it self shews you) to amplify or contract their Bounds, when they agree not with the present Limits; but as for Cities and Towns, there are (as I said) but very few of any sort set down, for in all the Island of Great Britain, we mention but London and Edinburgh, be∣sides a Port or two, in which proportion we proceed all along.

Thus having acquainted you with these few Preliminaries, wee'l now, after you have a little consider'd the Names of each Coun∣try, and how they all lye from your Zenith, where you are e∣ver to suppose the Country or Place to be, which the Globe is made for; I say, we will now, after you have a little conside∣red these things, fall upon the Operations, an Employment com∣monly much more diverting and pleasant than Speculation.

OPERATION I. How to find the Distance between any two places.

IF the Question be (for Example) between Constantinople, and the Place you dwell at, (which we shall for the Future suppose still to be at London) Draw your String from the Zenith streight over Constantinople, and having mounted your Bead thither, bring it to the Meridian, or Quadrant of Altitude, and it will lye (counting from the Zenith to it) on the 24 Degree, or thereabouts, which multiply by 60 (the number of Miles contained according to the Common Account in each Degree) shews you that the Distance required is some 1440 Miles. But if it be demanded how far it is from Constantino∣ple to Tangier, i. e. from any other two Places, when neither lye under your Zenith, then take a pair of Compasses, and placing one Foot on the first Town, and the other Foot on the second, find (in the Meridian, Aequator, Horizon, or any other divided great Circle) the Number of Degrees between the Feet, which making about 31. amounts to near 1860 miles. Or if you have no Compasses, fix the loose or Plummet end of your String with your Finger on Tangier, and drawing the rest of it streight over Constantinople, place there the Bead; and if you measure that distance in any of the said devided Circles 'twill give you the above mentioned Degrees and Miles.

And here be pleased to remember that to free you from Mul∣tiplication in Relation to Miles, I have ordered a little Table to be plac't in the vacant part of the Globe towards the Southern Ocean, where you may find from 1. Degree to 20. how many Miles any number of Degrees give; but if your Question con∣tains

more Degrees than are set down, as for Example 31. you are only to add 660. (which you will see in the Table is the vallue of 11. Degrees) to 1200 (the value of 20.) and the Sum Total makes 1860. Miles for the required distance. In this manner you must operate in other cases.

The Table of Reduction is to be in the following manner.

1	60	11	660
2	120	12	720
3	180	13	780
4	240	14	840
5	300	15	900
6	360	16	960
7	420	17	1020
8	480	18	1080
9	540	19	1140
10	600	20	1200

OPERATION II. How to find the Latitude and Longitude of any Place.

THe Latitude of a Place is its nearest distance from the Ae∣quator; If therefore you would know the Latitude of, (suppose) Constantinople, draw the String from the Pole over the said City, and placing thereon the Bead, bring it to the gra∣dual devision of the Colurus Aequinoctiorum, or 6 a clock Hour Circle, and it will lye on the 43 Degrees, and about 5 minutes more, for the Latitude required.

The Longitude of a Place is the number of Degrees (reckon'd Eastwardly in the Aequator) from the grand Meridian to the Hour Circle, or particular Meridian that passes through the Place required.

As for the said Grand or General Meridian, 'tis that from whence we begin our Reckoning; and since it matters not (as you will plainly see in the Memorandum of the third or follow∣ing Operation) where we commence, to wit whether from the

Meridian that runs thro' London, or that thro' Paris, Rome or any other place, if people be acquainted with it before hand; I say, since this is so, what wonder is it, (there being by reason of some accidental Proprieties and Causes infinit fit Places) if Geographers and other Learned men quarrel in the Affair, and earnestly strive to have the Prerogative granted that Countrey, which they are pleased to propose.

Of all places, the Hesperides, Azores and Canaries, (by rea∣son of their Westerly Site, or the pretended non-variation of the Needle in some of them) have had the most vogue; but since each of the said Places make not one but many Isles, they afforded new occasion of Dispute; for among the Hesperides, or Isles of Cape Verd, some would have Fuego to carry away the Bell, some St. Nicholas, but others St. Vincent, as appears by Hondius's Globe. Now Langrenius, in his, begins from St. Mary and St. Michael in the Azores; Johnsonius in his Uni∣versal Map, counts from Corvo and Flores, whereas the Learn∣ed Dudley (the late Titular Duke of Northumberland) gives the honour to Pico, and has as much reason for it as the rest. Nor is there less do about the Canaries, for the French fix it at Ferro, several of the Hollanders at Teneriffa, and many other Nations at Palma, which is the Place I would willingly choose, (since the great Ptolomy thought fit at last to assign it there) were it as convenient for my present purpose as St. Vincent.

'Tis St. Vincent then I here pitch upon for this Meridian to pase throu', because it differs in Longitude from London within less than 20 Minutes of just 30 Degrees, or 2 Hours, so that the 2 a Clock Circle will represent it (within almost a Minute in time) without need of drawing a Particular one, and the said Meridi∣an is (as I told you in the beginning) distinguished from the rest by Pricks, which being distant from each other a quarter of a De∣gree, are useful on several occasions.

Having thus fixt our Grand Meridian, or first Longitude, that of other Places follow's with ease; for if you would know the Longitude of Constantinople, draw but your String from the Pole over it, and it will cut the Aequator neer the 62. De∣gree for the Longitude required, as you may readily percieve by the lower little Aequinoctial Figures.

OPERATION III. How to find out any Place, the Longitude and Latitude be∣ing given.

THis Operation is not only usefull for the finding out of Towns express'd on the Globe, when you cannot guess whereabout they are situated, but also for the placing them truly in case they should chance not to be set down. Sup∣pose then Constantinople were the Town sought for, and that you found its Latitude to be 43 g. 5′. and Longitude 61 g. 46′. in some book or Geographical Table; I say supposing this, you have nothing to do, after having mounted your Bead (by the help of the devided Colurus) 43 g. 5′. above the Aequator, but to move your String on its Noose from the Pole to 61. 46. in the said Aequator, and Constantinople will be just under your Bead; and if (in case of Omission) it should not, you may then if you please marke it out your self, for that is its ex∣act place.

But by the way, if the Geographical Tables agree not with the Longitude of your Globe as telling you that (v. g.) Constan∣tinople has but 54 g. 36′, you are then to look from whence the said Tables begin, and finding their Commencement, suppose at Palma, and that Palma (according to the former Operation) has by your Globe 7 g. 10′. of Longitude, you must add this num∣ber to your Tables, and then you will agree.

OPERATION IV. To find the situation of any Place according to the Angle of Position, or Points of the Compass.

DRaw the String from the Zenith over, v. g. Constantinople, and 'twill cut the Horizon about 5 Degrees beyond E b S East∣ward, for the true situation of the said Town from your Habita∣tion▪ according to the Points of the Compass.

OPERATION. V. To find in what Clime or Parallel any Place lies.

BEfore we can here well come to Operation, there are some few Particulars to be consider'd; and first what a Clime is; which is no hard thing to conceive, since most know that after the Vernal Equinox our Days not only exceed 12 houres, but that every neerer Countrey to the Pole has days of greater Length than the Remoter: Nor are there many ignorant, that when our Days (that live on this side of the Line) increase, theirs on the other side decrease proportionably, and when theirs encrease ours decrease; so that no People are at a Constancy, but they that dwell exactly between both Poles, to wit under the Aequator. This Diversity was thought by the Ancients a thing so fit to be known, that they invented the Devision of the Earth into Climes, so that as soon they heard a Countrey named, they presently (besides the fond Reflections concerning the Temperament of the Air, Ingeniety of men, &c.) knew the length of its longest Day, and consequently how much any other Place exceeded or came short of that length.

For suppose the first Northern-Clime were to pass over all the Places on this side of the Aequator, whose longest Day is 12 hours and 1/2; and the second Clime those of 13 hours, and so on towards the Pole by a half hourly Increment, what difficul∣ty could there be to resolve immediately the Question, when we once know the Clime, or having the length of the longest Day to find out the very Clime it self.

I Wonder therefore, that so ingenious a man as 〈◊〉〈◊〉, should seem to assert, that this Devision is useless, it being as easy to find the longest Day as the Clime; whereas, were Climes in esteem and fashion, the Memory would as soon conceive and remember in which of them any Countrey lay, as now it does it's Bounds, the manner of its situation, and the like; and if so, one may quickly judge whether they are useless, and whether it be possible that the length aforesaid can be known by any other means so universally, and at so easy a rate.

A Clime then (generally speaking) is a space contained be∣tween two Circles Parallel to the Aequator, having the Places thro' which they pass differing (as to the length of their longest Days) half an hour; and this space takes the name of Clime from 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 Inclinare vel Deflectere; for the greater our De∣flection is from the Aequator or Right Sphere, the longer our Summer Solstitial Day will be. Nor were the Antients con∣tent with this large Devision of the Earth, but subdevided it in∣to Parallels, so that Places differing a quarter of an Hour, were reckon'd to be under such and such Parallels, which some call Artificial (from their relation to the Artificial Day) to distin∣guish them from all others that occur.

As for the Antiquity of Climes, 'tis immemorial; nor could there be many in the beginning by reason of the small extent of the known parts of the World; For tho' Ptolemy reckons a∣bout 10, that is to say 21 Parallels, as making them to reach as far as Thule; yet Homer, Ovid and other Poets, so possess'd men with the Fancy, that from the Cimerians Northward, there was nothing by reason of the hideous vapours and ex∣halations, but a dubious and creperous light, that even Pliny, and after him the Arabians insisted only on seven, looking on all Countries that lay farther as not worth perchance the taking no∣tice of.

As for the seven in vogue with them▪ and mention'd also very particularly by our Countryman Sacro-bosco (whose credit and great Repute has perchance not a little kept up their Fame among the Moderns) they were, Dia-Meroes, Dia-Syenes, Dia-Alexandrias, Dia-Rhodou, Dia-Romes, Dia-Boristhe∣neos, and Dia-Riphoeon, being all names made by the Additi∣on of the Greek Preposition 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 (i. e. per) to some remarkable Town, River, or Place, thro' which the middle of each Clime past; so that the middle of the first went thro' Meroe, an E∣thiopian City on the Nile, where (according to some) Queen Candace Reigned; the second thro' Syene in Egypt, lying just under the Tropic, the third thro' Alexandria; the fourth thro' the Isle of Rhodes; the fifth thro' Rome; the sixth thro' the mouth of Boristhenes, now called Nieper by the Cossacks and the other Inhabitants; and the seventh and last thro' the Riphoean Hills, part of which lay according to their account in

or about, the Latitude of 50 Degrees, and consequently cor∣responded with the Cimerians.

'Twas here then that Alfraganus and other Arabians ended Northwards, who besides several smal particulars, err'd not a little in making Rome and the Boristhenes only a Clime asun∣der, when as their longest days differ at least an hour. And as for the Southern Climes (to wit those on the other side of the Aequinoctial) they thought fit to consider them, but not knowing what to call them, as being ignorant (for the most part) of the Places they went through, they added 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 (i. e. Contra) to the former Denominations, so that making Anti∣dia Meroes serve for the first Clime, Anti-dia Sienes for the second, they proceeded in the same order with the Rest.

But now before I end, I shall endeavour to solve a difficulty which startles not a few, viz. how it comes to pass (seeing the Climes are assigned (as we mentioned) by the Antients, to know the length of the Summer Solstitial day in every Country) that the middle of the first Clime (which in rigour should lye no fur∣ther from the Aequator, than to encrease the day a quarter of an hour) runs over Meroe, where the Excess is at least an hour. I answer, the Antients, deeming it more equal that the mid∣dle of the Clime, and not the end of it should be the Point where the half hourly increment was to begin, fixt the Terme à quo, not in the Aequator, but a quarter of an hour further, and therefore Taprobane (which some now think Sumatra) was the place where Ptolemy commences all his Climes, making thereby the middle of his first to pass per Sinum Avalitum or (Mouth of the Red Sea) and the middle of his second per Meroen; But the Arabians, thinking that for several Degrees from the Ae∣quator all was either Sea, or (by reason of the Heats) scarce Habitable, or else judging it for their Honour, to have their own Country▪ in the first Clime, began half an hour beyond Ta∣probane, and so Dia Meroes, (tho the Days are there 13 hours long) leads the Van in their Catalogue.

These few things premis'd, I shall now shew you the way I take therein, which I think in all respects clear and ready. First, I make the primary Circle of Longitude to be the Circle particularly appropriated to this use, being devided and mark't according to the true distance of each Clime from the other; and as to the place where they commence on our Globe, I rather

follow Ptolomies Astronomical than Geographical Method; for (besides the aforementioned excess of the Arabians) should we begin but a quarter of an hour from the Aequator, it makes a great space of the Earth, viz. from Taprobane to the Aequator, to be in no Clime at all; and which is more, it causes a little con∣fusion, when the length of the day is greater in every Clime, than what the said Clime can justly challenge, according to its Rank and Number; I say, as for the place where the Climes commence, I rather follow Ptolomies Astronomical than Geo∣graphical way; and therefore beginning at the very Aequator, my first Parallel (or middle of my first Clime) is supposed to run over the places that enjoy 12. hours and a quarter of Day, and the end of it (noted on the primary Circle of Longitude or 2 a Clock Hour Circle with the Figure I.) over the places that have 12. and 1/2; and thus we proceed to the Polar Circles, to wit, where the 24th. Clime, or 48th. Parallel terminates, so that from thence we come to the Devisions on the said Circle of Longitude, which show where the days are as long as an ordinary Week, where as long as a Month, and where as two, arriving at last at the Poles themselves, where there is a constant half year of light, and as much of Darkness. And to give you a Remembrance of the Names of the aforesaid old Climes, and that you may also see without Calculation or Trouble where the Ancients plac'd them, I have set down the first Syllable of their names (as Mer. Sy. Al. &c.) according to their respective Latitudes.

To find then in what Clime any place is (v. g. Constantinople) you are only to draw your String from the Pole over that City, and mounting up the Bead thither, to move it to the said Pri∣mary Circle of Longitude, and 'twill lye on the Clime or Paralel required. But if you would know what places are (suppose) under the 4th. Clime, throu'out the World, i. e. what places have their longest day just 14. hours; Fix the Bead▪ on the 4th. Clime and moving it on its Noose from the Pole round the Globe, you may conclude that every place it passes over, has the Sun exact∣ly so long above the Horizon, when the days are at the longest; and in the same manner you must proceed on the South of the Aequator, to find the Countrys that lye under the 4th. Southern Clime. In short, here we have, besides (what has been already said) a view not onely of the strange inequallity of the Climes, (especially between the first and last) but also of their exact di∣stance

in Degrees, and consequently in Miles, by help of our Table of Reduction, mentioned in the first Operation of this Section.

But seeing we are a little fallen into Speculation, 'twill not be, perchance, improper to proceed yet further, and to consider here, as in a natural and fit place the Bounds and Terms of the five Zones, so called from 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 Cingulum, as enclosing the whole World within their respective Districts: 'Tis with the Torrid one we'l then begin, whose Bounds are the two Tropics, so that the Diurnal Parallels not only remarkably distinguish it from the other Zones, but shew why the several Inhabitants within this space were called by the Ancients AMPHISCII, i. e. Ʋtrinque umbrati, or men that had two shadows, from 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 utrinque & 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 Ʋmbra; nay, by the said Parallels you may find when the shade will change and be different; For, since by these Paths or Traces the Sun (as we often hinted) passes from Tropic to Tropic, 'tis evident that sometimes he must be on the Northside and sometimes on the Southside, of all that live here, which must then needs alter the shadow. And as for knowing the time of this change, we are only to consult the days of the Month on each Parallel; for that which passes over the Heads of the propos'd Inhabitants, shews that from that time to the 11. of June (or the Sun's coming to Cancer) and so till he comes again to be Vertical, their shade will be full South at noon: whereas from his said Vertical station to the 11. of December (when that he enters into Capricorn) and so till he comes again to them, their shadow will be directly North.

From this Torrid and hot Residence; we'l now run to the o∣ther Extream, viz. to the two Frozen Zones, which lying from each Polar Circle to the very Poles themselves, are sufficiently distinguish'd from the rest.

Now since the longest day within these Limits is at least 24. hours in length (as we show'd you even now in treating of the Climes) and since the Sun in this space of time, compasses the World, it must follow that here he runs round the Inhabitants, which gave the name of PERISCII to them, that is to say Circum Ʋmbrati, or surrounded with their shadow, from 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 Circum & 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 Ʋmbra.

As for the two remaining Zones, they are the Temperate ones, bounded by the Tropic's and Polar Circles: Nor do the In∣habitants

of this moderate and more excellent position want an appellation from the property of their shadow also; for never having the Sun but on one side of them (as still setting before he gets round) and unable to pass, as he could in the Torrid Zone over their Heads, by reason he has no excursion beyond the Tropics) it must needs follow that their shade who live in the Northern Zone, will ever fall North, and theirs in the Southern, South; so that they were called HETEROSCII, i. e. Habentes alteram solum Ʋmbram, or People having but one kind of shadow, from 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 alter & 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 Ʋmbra.

So much then for the Climes and Zones, together with their various inhabitants, and now we will proceed to the Operations that follow.

OPERATION VI. To know what a Clock 'tis at any time, in any place of the World.

THere is no Operation perchance in the whole Treatise, more diverting and pleasant than this; nor scarce any more readily perform'd after a very little Reflection, even in the most difficult Cases. For having Compos'd your Globe, if it be then 12. a Clock with you, the standing Hour Circles or Me∣ridians already described, will (by the Common or little Figures which lye within or upon the Roman ones, that surround the Po∣lar Circles,) shew you exactly the Hour, wheresoever you cast your Eye; That is to say, that 'tis about 2. of the Clock at Con∣stantinople, 3 at Aleppo, &c. But now, if it be not 12. with you▪ but (v. g.) 3 in the afternoon, when you desire to know the then hour at Constantinople, add the said 3 a Clock to the Figure 2. (which you see lyes, as I now mention'd on the Meridian or Hour-Circle, that runs near that City) and 'twill tell you that 'tis about 5 a Clock there; and thus you must always do, un∣less the time of the Day with you, and the Figure that lies on the Meridian of the place in question make a greater number than 12; for then the Hour sought for, is what remains above 12; as for Example, if it be 11 with you, then this with 2, (i. e. the Figure near the Meridian of Constantinople) making

13, do but cast away 12, and you may conclude it there 1 in the Afternoon.

There are several other ways of performing this Operation; as finding the Difference of Longitude between you and the Place in Dispute, and so adding or substracting it (as need requires) from the true time of the Day, Or else by calling it always Mid day, there where the Hour Circle that shews your then true time of the Day (which by our Example is 3 in the Afternoon) crosses, for by counting from thence to the Me∣ridian of the Place in question, either forwards or backwards (as 1, 2, 3, 4, or 11, 10, 9, 8, &c.) according as the said Place lies East or West from 3, and all is done; I say there are several ways to perform this Operation, but seeing the first is the most clear and expedite, I solely insist on it: and now be∣cause you may be perchance running over with your Eye, the whole Globe, and considering how one Situation or Country differs from another in time, 'twill not be amiss to tell you that there are 3 Places, that have more particular Relation to your Dwelling or Habitation than any other.

The first is that, which lies opposite to you in your own Parallel, whose Inhabitants are called by the Antients PERIAECI, or Circumcolae, from 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 Circum & 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 habito, and though by the Word, all People are comprehended that dwell any where in the said Parallel, yet Geographers com∣monly mean those by it, that are thus Diametrically situated. These then live in the same Zone and in the same Clime, and cast the same kind of Shade with you: These enjoy your pro∣portion of Heat and Cold, your Seasons of the Year, your En∣crease of Days and Nights, and in short all things else of this kind, saving that your Hours are opposite; their six in the Evening being your six in the Morning; and your Noon their Midnight.

The Second Place lyes under your very Meridian, or 12 a Clock Hour Circle, which makes your Hours and theirs the same, but by being 51 g 30′. on the other side of the Aequator, it happens that tho you all agree in the Temperament of your Zones, number of Climes, in the Casting a Shadow on one side onely, and the like; yet their Zone and Clime are Southern, their Shade falls toward that Pole, their Summer is your Win∣ter; and your Spring their Autumn; so that from this con∣trariety

they are named ANTAECI or Adversicolae from 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 contra, & 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 Habito.

The Last is the Nadir or Point on which the Globe stands, whose Inhabitants are called ANTIPODES. i. e. opposita ha∣bentes vestigia, or men that walk Feet to Feet with you, from 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 Contra, & 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 Pedes. These imply (even by the vulgar acception of the word) the height of Opposition; and since they are the very Antaeci of our Periaeci, participating thereby of whatever was opposite to you in either of the former Pla∣ces, it is no wonder that you enjoy together neither Day nor Night, nor Season of the Year, nor any thing else of this Na∣ture.

OPERATION VII. To find where 'tis Day, and where 'tis Night, all the World over.

COmpose your Globe, and all People that live in the illumina∣ted Hemisphere, enjoy DAY at that Moment; and all that live in the Obscure One, NIGHT.

OPERATION VIII. To know where at that Moment of time the Inhabitants enjoy nothing but DAY, and where nothing but NIGHT; as also when the DAY and NIGHT will be thus perpetual in any place subject to this Alteration.

DEscribe with your Eye an Imaginary Circle about the Illuminated Pole, its Radius being the Distance from the said Pole to the nearest part of the shade of Extuberancy, and all places within that Circle will have then no Night, and all places within the dark Circle of the like Radius, round the ob∣scur'd or obumbrated Pole will have then no Day: Now if you desire to know, when 'twill be in this manner perpetual Day or Night, at any Place between the Poles and the Polar Circles,

(for you know 'tis never perpetual Day and Night any where else) you have nothing to do but to measure with your String, or Compasses the Distance between the Place requir'd and the next Pole, which now for Examples sake, we will suppose the Northern Pole; I say you have nothing to do, but to mea∣sure this Distance; for placing one end of your String, or one Foot of your Compasses on the Interfection of the Meridian and the Aequator, if you observe what Northern Parallel the other end of your String, or Foot of the Compasses (extended at the aforesaid Distance) touches, 'twill shew you by touching (v. g.) the Parallel mark't with the 10th. of April, and 12th. of July, that it begins to be on the said 10th. of April, perpetual Day there; and so continues until the 12th. of July. Now if you measure from the before mentioned Intersection towards the Southern Pole, and find the End of your String, or Foot of the Compasses to touch the 13th. of October, and 9th. of Ja∣nuary, 'tis certain that from the said Day in October to that of January 'twill be perpetual Night there, and consequently from the 12 of July to the 13th. of October, the Days and Nights succeed each other after the ordinary manner.

OPERATION IX. To find where the Sun is Rising, and where He is Setting, all the World over.

COmpose your Globe, and having consider'd the Confines or Extremity of the PRECEEDING and FOLLOWING Shades of Extuberancy, you may conclude that to all the In∣habitants under the first, the Sun is Rising, and to them under the Second, that He is then Setting.

OPERATION X. To find where the Sun is Vertical at any time, i. e. what People have him just over their Heads.

THE Sun is always Vertical to those that lye in the middle of the Illuminated part of the Globe, i. e. to those that dwell under his then present Place in his Parallel; therefore (as I show'd you in the first Section) if you Compose your Globe and hold up your String against the Sun from the Pole, till its Shade passes thro' the other, or from the Zenith, till it passes thro' the Nadir, 'twill cut the Parallel of the Day at the Suns true Place, and consequently show you who they are, that have him then just over their Heads; which happens (for Ex∣amples sake, on the 10th. of April, about our 6 in the Morning) to them that dwell about the middle of the Coast of Malabar.

OPERATION XI. To know where they are Rising, where they are at Dinner, where at Supper, and where going to Bed all over the World.

THis Operation depends on this Maxim, That it is the same Hour with all People that have the same Longitude, that is to say, that live under the same Semi-hour Circle, or Semi-Meridian, therefore as the drawing of your String from the Pole, over half the illuminated part of the Globe, i. e. over the Sun's present Place, shows you that 'tis Noon or Dinner-time with all that inhabit under the said String, so the drawing it over any Place distant 6 hours Westward (i. e. over so many hours towards the left hand from the Vertical point) shows where 'tis then all the World over 6 in the Morning, or Tunc to Rise; whereas had you drawn it six hours Eastward (i. e. to∣wards your Right-hand,) it would have shewn you where 'twas six in the Evening or Supper-time, and four hours further (i. e.

two hours short of Midnight, or the point opposite to Noon) where 'tis 10 of Clock, or Bed-time.

OPERATION XII. How much any People (if it be Day with them) are past Morning, or want of Evening; and (if it be Night with them) how much they are past Evening or want of Morn∣ing.

IF the Place you propose has a Diurnal Parallel that runs over it, then see what Point of the said Parallel the Pre∣ceding shade of Extuberancy cuts, and if you count the Hour Circles or distance in time between the said Point and the pro∣posed Place, 'twill give you (if it be there Night) how much it lack's of Morning; and the distance in time between the said Place and the Point made by the Following shade of Extube∣rancy gives you how much it is since Evening. On the other side, if it be Day there, the distance between the said Place, and Poynt made by the Preceding shade tells you how long 'tis since Morning, and the Following shade how long 'tis since Even∣ing. Now if there be no Parallel that run's over or neer your said proposed Place, mount your Bead to it, and moving your said Bead on the Noose from the Pole it will describe a Parallel, and then you may operate as before.

The Reason of the Operation is this; The shade of Extube∣rancy getting every hour in the Aequator (as you saw before) fifteen degrees, 'twill proceed in the same proportion on all Pa∣rallels over which it passes, therefore, if the Distance between any Point in the Aequator and the Following shade be the di∣stance in time of the said Point from Evening or Sun-set, and if the distance there between any Point and the Preceding shade be the distance of the said Point from Morning or Sun-rising, it follows that the distance between any Point in an Aequinocti∣al Parallel and these two shades of Extuberancy that cut it, must be also it's true measure or distance in time both from Morning and Evening.

OPERATION XIII. To find the Sun's height in any Place, where the Globe shews 'tis Day, or his Depression where it show's 'tis Night; as also what People throughout the World see the Sun, at the same Height.

SUppose on the 10 of April (Having compos'd your Globe, and found it about 6 in the morning with you) you should de∣sire to know how high the Sun is at Rome, as also all the Peo∣ple that then see him at that, or any other determin'd height, Measure by your String or Compasses, the nearest Distance be∣tween Rome and the shade of Extuberancy, and 'twill give you in any great Circle about 22 Degrees for his Height there at that moment. And the reason of it is, because when the Sun (i. e. the Place where he is Vertical) is distant 90 Degrees from Rome, then Rome sees him in his Horizon, and as soon as he gets above the Horizon (v. g.) 22 Degrees, his Rayes will illu∣minate beyond Rome 22 Degrees; for else there would not be always 90 Degrees from the Place where the Sun is Verticale to the Confines of the shade and Light, or utmost Extent of his Rayes; but the distance from Rome to the nearest part of the shade of Extuberancy, is the distance of his Illumination be∣yond Rome ergo 'tis his true Height.

In like manner if it be Night at any Place on your Globe, and you desire to know how much the Sun is there depress'd or under the Horizon: take the Distance (as before) between the said place, and the nearest Term of the shade of Extuberancy, and that (for the former reason) will be the required Depres∣sion.

As for the finding out of all Places, that have the Sun (sup∣pose 22 Degrees above their Horizon, you are only to lay the Plummet end of your String or Foot of your Compasses on the middle of the Coast of Malabar (where we now suppose the Sun to be Vertical) and making your Bead or the other Foot of your said Compasses to lye on Rome, describe an imaginary Circle; and then all People under the said Circle will have

the Sun 22 Degrees high, since they are all distant from him like Rome; and thus you must operate in all other Cases.

OPERATION XIV. To know what a Clock 'tis with you, the Italian, Babilonish, and Judaic way.

YOU are first to know that as England, France, Spain, Denmark, Sweden, most part of Germany, and many o∣ther Places follow the Astronomical account in their Diurnal Computation of time, with this only difference that the Astro∣nomers begin at Noon, and so go on from 1 to 24; whereas the aforesaid Nations begin at Mid-night, dividing the whole Na∣tural Day into twice twelve hours; I say, as these Nations begin their Account at Mid-Night, so the Italians do theirs at Sun-set, continuing to 24 without interruption, after the Athenian man∣ner of old, which is also now usually observed in Bohemia, Au∣stria, Silesia, &c. On the contrary some Places in Germany, and particularly Noremberg, still follows the antient Babilonian or Caldean Way, as commencing their 24 hours from Sun-ri∣sing: therefore the difficulty and seeming Confusion of coun∣ting by either of these 2 last wayes proceeds from the Sun's in∣constancy in its Rising and Setting; for when he is in the Ae∣quinoctial our Globe show's us the hour, as soon after their man∣ner as our own: As for example, if you would then know what hour 'tis with you, the Babilonian way, Hold up your String a∣gainst the Sun, and moove it on it's Noose from the Pole, till the shade fall on the contrary Pole, (i. e. look what a clock 'tis the second Way, and where the shade of the String cuts the Aequator, the Roman Figures there will give you the true Ba∣bilonish Hour. Or (which is all one) see what a clock 'tis by the shade of Extuberancy, or 3d way, and finding the said shade to fall, suppose, on the 9 a clock hour-circle in the Aequator as the then true hour after our English Fashion; do but cast your Eye on the Polar Circles, and the said 9 a clock hour-circle, will cut there at the Roman Figure 3. so that you may conclude it then 3 a clock the Babilonian way. Nor does the Italian manner

materially differ from this, for 'tis but adding 12 hours to the 3 found as before, and then 15 will be the true hour after that account.

Now if you would know the hour when the Sun is out of the Aequator (as for example, on the 10th. of April) consider the Parallel of the Day, which giving you at first sight about one hour for the Ascensional Difference, (as I show'd you in the for∣mer Section) do but add this hour to the three found, as we now show'd you, and 'twill give you four for the true Babilonian hour; whereas if you substract it from 3 (i. e. from the afore∣faid 15.) you have the true Italian hour; and thus you are to proceed in all other cases; Only remember that when the Sun is in his Southern Declension the Substraction of his Ascen∣tional Difference gives the Babilonian, and the Addition of it the Italian hour.

But if you would have yet an easier way of performing this, consult the 12th. Operation, and the distance in time there from Day gives you the Babilonian, and the distance from Night the Italian hour.

As for the Jews, they devided the day always into 12. equal parts, which they called hours, as appears by our Saviours de∣mand; Are there not 12 hours in the Day? therefore when the Sun is in the Aequator (as it happened about the time of the Passion) this and the Babilonish way are the same, for then the 3d. hour is 9 a Clock with us; and our 3 in the afternoon is their 9^th hour; so that at 6 our way, or at 12 theirs, the Sun Sets, and the Night begins, which they also devided into 12 equal parts; I say, this is the same as the Babilonish way, when the Sun is at or about the Aequator, and consequently easy; but afterwards, by reason of the strange inequallity of both Day and Night, the Computation must be troublesom, especially if we use Reduction (the common prescribed way on the Globe) for the Summer days with us contain above 16 of our hours, and the Winter ones not half so many, and yet both kind of Days are to be devided into 12▪ equal parts or hours; Nor were the Jews the only people that reckon'd thus, for the manner was in use among the Romans, as we see by Persius his Drunkards, who lay a Bed to digest their Wine—Quinta dum line a tangi∣tur Ʋmbra. Nay the Greeks followed it also, and had Machi∣nes or Clocks (as Achilles Tatius tell us) which could (notwith∣standing

the forementioned strange inequality of Dayes) mea∣sure their Time.

But this seemingly odd and exotic account, may very ex∣actly and expeditely be perform'd by our Globe; for, if the Globe-maker devides each diurnal Parallel by distinct specks or pricks into twenty four parts, that is to say; if he devides that part of each Parallel above the Horizon into 12 equal ones, and that below it into the like number, you have nothing to do but to hold up your String against the Sun, and if you move it from the Pole on its Noose, 'till its shade passes over the contrary Pole, then upon what prick soever the shade falls, that will be the requir'd hour; and in like manner if you know the Sun's Depression, draw but your String over his then Place, and it will cut the Parallel at the true Judaical time of the Night.

These Ʋnequal Hours were also called Planetary by the An∣cients, who allowed to each a Planet to govern it; so that the first hour (suppose) on Saturday, belonging to Saturn, if you go on still in the usual Coelestial Order, as 'tis exprest in the Margent, and consequently assign Jupiter to the second hour, Mars to the third, &c. the 25th (i. e. the first hour of Sunday) will happen to the Sun's Lot, and the first of Munday to the Moon's, and so forward: and thus you may see how it came to pass that the dayes of the week succeeded in the present order, and not according to that of the Planets in the Heavens, that is to say, why Dies Lunae (or Munday) and not Dies Veneris (or Fryday) immediately follows Sunday.

I shall now end this Discourse, after I have told you, that if we English-men think these Computations strange, they that use them, wonder as much at ours; nay, each man pretends some particular Convenience and Advantage by his Method; For first; an Italian says, that without breaking ones Brains no body can tell our way when the Day-ends, so that idle men, who usually hate computing do often couzen themselves, and take false measures in their Affairs▪ for (continues he) if they chance to get up at 8 of the Clock in Winter, they fancy a whole day (even St. Barnabas's) before them, when as this Hour or early rising to Him, is 16 of the Clock, which informs him at the ve∣ry instant, there are but 8 hours to Night.

The Caldean on the other side urges that Morning, being the most precious part of the Day, is fittest to be nicely known,

and tho' his Hour gives him not presently the Distance to the Evening, yet it so alarms him, as to what relates to the Morning, that he cannot make the least slip therein, without being at the same moment conscious of his failure.

Lastly, the Jew approving both Reasons highly, triumphs in his way; for he no sooner looks (he says) upon his Dial, but sees there not only what hours are past, but also what remain, and are yet behind.

But notwithstanding all these shews and pretences of Rea∣sons our Account is so far from coming short of any, that in reality it surpasses all▪ for we not only know exactly what we want every moment of Noon (a thing of mighty Concern) but can appoint positive hours all the Year long, for any Employment whether private or publick, whilst these other ways (by reason of the Suns inconstancy in Rising and Setting) have all orderly and set times (as when to Dine, when to Sup, when to Rise, when to go to Bed, &c.) still mutable and fleeting.

OPERATION XV. How to make the Globe Universal.

THis Operation is quite beyond both my Proposal and Design; for I really intend nothing but a Dial, (according to a De∣termin'd Elevation) fraught with several easy and natu∣ral Performances, as well divertising as useful; And if a man cannot be content with one for his Study or Garden, unless it may serve for Jerusalem also, he must not only quarrel with Mr. Oughtred's excellent Projection, and all particular Analems, Quadrants and the like, but with Stoffler's Astrolabe, an In∣strument received with mighty applause by all. Besides, 'tis forty to one (especially since there are, as we already see, so many Ʋniversal Operations performable▪ by our Globe, tho fixt for a particular Place,) if there chance a case in seven years that would move one to wish the Elevation changed; Yet least this might happen, the Instrument Maker will prepare a thin Brass Circle, gradually devided like the Horizon, and of the same bigness; therefore if the new Elevation were (sup∣pose) for Rome, open but your Compasses at 90 Degrees in

any of the great Circles▪ or, take the same distance with your String and Bead, and having designed by your said Compasses or String any two Points thus distant from Rome, clap over your new Horizon so, that its devided edge rests on the said two Points; or in short, let Rome be the Pole of the Brass Cir∣cle, and 'twill cut all the Equinoctial Parallels, as if the Globe had been made for that City, and consequently you will soon have there, the Suns Rising, Setting, Amplitude, Ascensional Difference, &c. Moreover the Circle being exactly made, will stick of it self, or, at least by the help of any scrap of Paper be∣tween, so that if at any time you set but the Plumet-end of your String on Rome, you may then hold it down with one Fin∣ger, and operate as you would do from your own Zenith.

But since I am fallen upon this needless affair, and since the Operation is in effect the changing of the fixt and standing Site of our Globe, 'twill be perchance not amiss to inform you (if you are not already well verst in the Sphere) that there are three different and distinct Positions of it, which you will better comprehend, if you consider your self in these three Places.

[illustration]

Sch. 1

Suppose first, that you were under one of the Poles, and for Example sake, the Northern one, it must needs follow that that Pin on your Globe will not only be useful there, in relation to the several Operations that must (as we show'd you) be done from the Polar Pin, but from that of the Zenith also; because now 'tis the Zenith there, and therefore the South-Pole being the Nadir, all Circles must lye as they are represented in Scheme the first. Seeing then that the Horizon is a great Circle, and always 90 Degrees from both Zenith and Nadir, it will neces∣sarily happen that the Horizon and Aequator must concur, so that the Aequator describ'd on the Globe will serve for an Horizon in this Position of the Sphere, which is called by Geo∣graphers the Parallel one, because by reason of the concur∣rence aforesaid, all the Heavenly Bodies according to their Diurnal motion i. e. according to the motion of the Primum Mobile) parallel to the Horizon; so that the Sun cannot Set during the six Months of his Northern Declension, nor rise du∣ring the six of his Southern; for his Rising and Setting imply the cutting or intercepting of some part of his daily Road or Track by the Horizon. Nor want the Stars here their particular Properties also; for being carried daily on the Poles of the World, and consequently moving parallel to the Aequator, all that are above the Horizon cannot go under it, nor the others emerge, unless some, by their proper motion after a long series of time, change that Order. Having then in this Sphere the Zenith and Horizon, whatsoever is performable by your own Zenith and Horizon, may be here (mutatis mutandis) per∣form'd after the same manner.

Leave then but this Pole, and every step of it under any Meridian (as suppose the Solstitial Colure, or 12 a Clock Hour Circle) makes it no longer your Zenith▪ but to decline more and more towards your Horizon▪ so that by that time you get to the Aequator, both it and the opposite Pole will be 90 Degrees from your Zenith, and lie consequently just in the Horizon, as appears by the Second Scheme, which is called the Right Sphere, because the Horizon (which is here represent∣ed by the Aequinoctial Colure or 6 a Clock Circle) cuts the

[illustration]

Sch. 2.

Aequator and all Parallels to it at Right Angles, and in half; therefore it appears plainly now, that both the Sun, Stars, &c. are here to be just 12 hours above▪ & 12 below the Horizon. Besides as in a Barrel every Concentric Hoop or Circle whether small or great, turns just about as the Barrel does, having all corre∣spondent Points up and down at the same Instant▪ I say, as it hap∣pens thus in an ordinary Barrel so it must also happen here; for the Aequator and its Parallels do not a little represent such a Figure, and therefore the Sun must be as many Hours in his Journey round the Tropics as the Aequator it self; Nay, any Star rising with a Degree of the Aequator which is its Right Ascension, as we hinted in the last Section) must still accom∣pany each other, and having past under every hour Circle to∣gether) set at last in the same Order. To conclude, your String from the Zenith will be as useful as formerly; for your Bead will as well shew you what you here desire, as at your own Dwelling.

[illustration]

Sch. 3.

As for the oblique Sphere which is the third and last Position, and here express'd by the third Scheme, we are in it (you must know) our selves, and so are all other People and Places of the World that are in neither of the two former ones; for take any point not under the Poles or the Aequator for your Zenith, and 'twill be impossible to describe an Horizon or Circle 90 Degrees from it, which cuts not the Aequator and all its Parallels ob∣liquely. 'Tis this Obliquity then that gives name to the Positi∣on, and 'tis this that makes the great inequalities in days and nights; for if the Horizon has a greater portion of one Diurnal Parallel above it, than of another (as it must needs have by its slanting) 'twill follow, when the Sun is in such a Parallel, that the Day will be longer than when the portion was less, and conse∣quently (since more of one Parallel is under the Horizon than of another) that one Night is shorter than another; and seeing the nearer the Pole is to the Horizon, the more equally it cuts the said Parallels, and the further it is from it, the greater the inequality happens to be, 'tis no wonder that by how much the

greater the Elevation is, by so much the longer the Days are▪ and when the whole Horizon falls below some of the Parallels, that then (during the Sun's aboad there) the Inhabitants have no night at all; therefore it follows that if a Star be neerer the Pole than is the Latitude of a Place, it can never set in that Place. Yet notwithstanding this strange inequality and disproportion of Day and Night, all People in all Positions (by that time the Sun fi∣nishes his annual Course) make them even, and thereby enjoy an equal share of both, for if under the Pole the Sun be six months a∣bove the Horizon, he is as long under it, and if we and the Rest, that live in the Oblique Sphere, have Summer Days of a mighty length, our Winter Nights are of the same Dimension; there∣fore it follows, that at the long Run the Inhabitants under the Aequator, or in the Right Sphere (who have always 12 hours of Day and as much of Night) cannot boast of having more of the Suns Company than they that live in the two other, and consequently that the assertion is true.

'Tis in the Oblique Sphere then that the above-mentioned Brazen Horizon is chiefly intended; but as I said in the begin∣ning, 'tis forty to one (so many Universal Operations being per∣form'd by the Globe in its set Posture) that in 7 years a man lights on a Question, that could invite him to change it, were it moveable as other Globes are; so that having show'd you that (in case of Necessity) it may be in effect altered even without stirring it from its Pedestal. I shall proceed.

OPERATION. XVI. How to take the Elevation of the Pole in any place whatsoever.

SUppose you were in a strange Place, and that your Globe being one, that had bin fitted for London, you desire to know the present Elevation. Expose your Globe to the Sun on a Meridian Line with the Pin or Needle in the Hole on the Parallel of the 10 of April, or true day of the Moneth, and observing at 12 a clock (when the Sun comes into the Plain of the Globes Meridian) that the shade of the said Needle or Pin loses not it self as it would do were the Sun directly opposite to it, for so it had hapn'd at

London, or in any place in the Latitude of 51 e 30′. I say, ha∣ving thus expos'd your Globe, and observing this, move your Pin or Needle from Hole to Hole, or from one Degree of the Meridian to the other, 'till it's shade be wholly lost, and finding the said Needle or Pin on the Parallel (suppose) of June 11th. which is about 11. 30′ higher then it's proper place (to wit the Parallel of the 10th of April) you may conclude that your pre∣sent Elevation is 63 degrees, i. e. 11. 30′ higher than the Globe's; whereas had▪ you bin oblig'd to move your Needle or Pin so many Degrees lower than the 10^th of April, your Elevation had bin but 40.

The Demonstration is obvious, for since the Earth is round; as nothing perchance proves it better, than the Experience we have, that as so many miles (suppose 60) elevates or depresses the Pole one Degree, so just 60 Miles more elevates or depres∣ses it another: I say, since the World is round, and that the De∣grees of the Globe answer to its Degrees, it must follow that the difference between the Pins situation now on the Globe and where it would have stood on it at London is the true difference of the two Elevations.

OPERATION XVII. How to know in what Elevation the Sun Rises or Sets, an hour, or any other space of time, earlier or later than he do's in the Globes Elevation.

IF the Sun rising at London on the 10th. of April about 5, and setting about 7, you would know in what Elevation or La∣titude he then rises, (for examples sake) at 4 and sets at 8, take the distance of 90 Degrees with your String or Compasses in any great Circle, and placing one end of your String or one foot of your Compasses, where the Parallel of the day intersects with the Hour-Circle of either 4 in the morning, or 8 at night, ob∣serve where, or at what point the other end of your said String or other foot of your said Compasses touches in the Meridian, or 12 a Clock Circle of the Globe, and you will find it to be at, or about 8 Degrees and 30 Minutes, beyond the Zenith towards the North Pole, so that the Elevation required is greater than

your own by those 8 Degrees and 30 minutes, that is to say the Elevation is that of 60 or thereabout; where∣as had your String or Compasses touch't 8. ° 30 ′ on the other side of your Zenith, the required Elevation would have been less than your own so many Degrees, i. e. it would have been that of 43 Degrees or thereabout.

This appears true by placing your Brazen Horizon, or by describing an imaginary one over the two points made by the Intersection of the Parallel of the Day, and Hour-Circles of 4 in the morning and 8 in the evening; for in the Elevation belonging to such an Horizon, 'tis evident that the Sun rises at 4 and sets at 8. Now the Pole of every Circle being 90 De∣grees from it, and the Point in the Meridian being 90 De∣grees from the aforementioned Intersection, it follows that the said Point in the Meridian is the Zenith or Pole of this new Horizon, and consequently by being distant from the Aequator 60 Degrees, that so many Degrees is the Latitude or Eleva∣tion required.

The END of the second Section.

Notes

• Preliminary Considerations
• The grand Di∣visions of the Earth.
• The Bounda∣ry between Europ and Asia.
• The Division of each mo∣dern Country from the other
• The Ancient Limits of se∣veral Nations.
• A Table of re∣ducing De∣grees into Miles.
• What the La∣titude of a Place is, and how to find it.
• What the Lon∣gitude is.
• Of the Grand Meridian.
• Of the most noted Places where Au∣thor's have plac't the grand Meri∣dian.
• Where we fix our Grand Meridian.
• How to find the Longitude of any place.
• A Memoran∣dum:
• A prelimina∣ry Discourse of Climes.
• What a Clime is.
• What a Paral∣lel is.
• Of the Anti∣quity and number of Climes.
• Of the 7 com∣mon Northern Climes.
• Of the 7 Sou∣thern Climes.
• Why the mid∣dle of the first Clime has 13. hours of day.
• How the first Circle of Lon∣gitude is di∣vided as to the Climes.
• To find in what Clime any Place lies.
• Of the ine∣quality of the Climes.
• pag. 23.
• Of the 5 Zones.
• Of the bounds of the Torrid Zone, which contains the Amphiscii,
• To find when the shade changes side here.
• Of the bounds of the frozen Zones which con∣tain the Pe∣riscii.
• Of the bounds of the Temperate Zones which contain the Heteroscij.
• First way.
• Second way.
• Third way.
• Of the Periae∣ci.
• Of the Antae∣ci.
• Where they have no Night, and where no Day.
• When 'twill be perpetual Day or Night at any Place.
• Op. 6. pag. 11.
• Where 'tis Dinner-time all the World over.
• Where 'tis the time of Rising all the World over.
• Where 'tis Supper time all the World over.
• Where 'tis Bed-time all the World o∣ver.
• The Reason or Demonstrati∣on of the O∣peration.
• Oper. 10 sec. 1. pag. 14.
• To find the Sun's height in any place.
• The Reason of the Operation
• To find the Sun's Depres∣sion.
• To find all the Places, that have the Sun at the same height.
• How Astrono∣mers begin their Compu∣tation of Time
• How the Ita∣lians.
• How the Ba∣bilonians.
• To find the Ba∣bilonish and I∣talian hour when the sun is in the Ae∣quator.
• Op. 10. sec. 1. pag. 14.
• Op. 10. sec. 1. pag. 14.
• To find the I∣talian Hour when the Sun is in the Ae∣quator.
• To find the hour both the said ways at any time.
• Op. 18. p. 19
• A most ready way of find∣ing at any time the Ba∣bilonian and Italian Hour all the world over. Of the Judaic way of Compu∣ting time.
• A most ready way to find the Judaic Hour.
• Why the days of the Week being called by the Names of the Planets follow not each other af∣ter the order of the Planets
• ♄ Saturn. ♃ Jupiter. ♂ Mars. ☉ Sol, ♀ Ve∣nus, ☿ Mer∣cury, ☽ Luna.
• The Advan∣tage in reck∣oning the Ita∣lian way.
• The Advan∣tage in reck∣oning the Ba∣bylonian way.
• Of the Paral¦lel Sphere.
• Of the Right Sphere.
• Proprieties belonging to the Right Sphere.
• Op. 17. p. 47.
• Oblique Sphere.
• All Positions (taking the year round) enjoy an e∣qual share of the Sun's pre∣sence.
• Vid. Op. 3. sec. 1. pag. 8.
• The Demon∣stration.
• How the Earth is pro∣v'd Round.
• The Demon∣stration.