The history of Appian of Alexandria in two parts : the first consisting of the Punick, Syrian, Parthian, Mithridatick, Illyrian, Spanish, & Hannibalick wars, the second containing five books of the civil wars of Rome / made English by J.D.

PART I.

The Argument of this Book.

I. THe Foundation of the City of Carthage. II. A brief Recital of the Roman Wars against the Carthaginians. III. The first Punick War where Attilius was defeated by Xantippus. IV. War of the Carthagini∣ans against all the People of Lybia. V. The cause of the second Punick War. VI. Scipio obtains Commission for this War, makes preparation

and advances into Sicily. VII. The Carthaginians prepare for defence. VIII. The occasion of Masanissa's discontent against Syphax, and the Car∣thagini••n••. IX. S••••pio lands in Afri••a. X. ••a••anissa lays an ambush for Ha••••o, XI. Scipio besieg••s, and ta••es Locha. XII. Five thousand Africans defeated by Scipio. XIII. Scipio besieges Utica, where Syphax to gain time proposes Conditions of ••eace. XIV. Asdrubal and Syphax design to surprize Scipio. XV. Scipio calls a Council, where he resolves to pre••ent 〈◊〉〈◊〉 E••emies. XVI. Scipio ass••••lts A••dr••bal's Camp by Night, takes it, p••llage•• it, and ki••s 30000 Men. XVII. Asdrubal upon 〈◊〉〈◊〉 de∣feat is condemned to death by the Carthaginians; but yet rallies his forces. XVIII. A Sea-Fight between the Romans and Carthaginians. XIX. Bat∣tel between Syphax and Masanissa, where Syphax is defeated, and taken Prisoner. XX. Sophonisba, Syphax's Wife, sends her excuses to Masa∣nissa, who receives her, and then poisons her, to avoid the delivering her up to Scipio. XXI. Han••o suborns People to set fire an Scipio's Camp, they are discovered, and put to death. XXII. Scipio wasting the Country, the Carthaginians consult about the re-calling of Hannibal, yet send their. Am∣bassadors to Rome, to treat of Peace, which is concluded between the two Estates. XXIII. Hannibal returned to Africa, prepares for War, and the Carthaginians break the Peace by pillaging the Roman Ships. XXIV. Han∣nibal undertakes the Charge of the Army is hardly put to it by Scipio, where∣upon he su•••• for Peace, which is gran••ed him; but the Peo••le will not con∣sent. XXV. Hannibal confers with Scipio, who forces him at length to give Battel. XXVI. The two Generals draw up their Armies in Battalia, and make their Orations to their Souldiers. XXVII. The Battel between Hannibal and Scipio, where Hannibal is defeated. XXVIII. Scipio ap∣proache•• Carthage, the Citizens sue for Peace, which is granted on Condition the Senate ratifie it. XXIX. The Poeple oppose the Peace; yet send d••••••ties to Rome, ••here at an Assembly of the Senate, the Peace is ra∣tified. Scipio's Triu••••h. XXXI. Difference betwixt Masanissa and the Carthaginians, in which the Romans concern themselves. XXXII. The great Battel between Masanissa, and the Carthaginians, with the siege of their Camp by that King, who makes them pass under the Yoke. XXXIII. The Romans laying hold on the occasion, it is decreed in the Senate to make War upon Carthage, and that that City be rased. XXXIV. The Consuls advance into Sicily, whither the Carthaginians bring them three hundred of their children for Hostages. XXXV. From Sicily they pass to Utica, where the Carthaginians yield up their Arms. XXXVI. The Consuls declare to the Deputies, the Senates resolution, touching the demolishing of Carthage. XXXVII. Hanno's Oration to the Consuls to move them to compassion. XXXVIII. Censorinus Answer. XXXIX. The Carthaginians hearing the News, in desperation prepare for War. XL. Description of the City of Carthage. XLI. The beginning of the siege. XLII. Anoble Act of Sci∣pio's, yet but Tribune. XLIII. Death of Masanissa, whose Goods are di∣vided among his Children by Scipio, the Executor of his Will. XLIV. Scipio draws Phameas to the Roman Party, they go both to Rome, and are magnificently received. XLV. Calphurnius Piso, and L. Mancinus, come to command the Army, who spend the Summer without doing any thing. XLVI. The Carthaginians take heart and contemn the Romans. XLVII. Scipio chosen Consul, he comes to Utica, where he finds Mancinus, and the Army in great danger, from which he dis-engages them. XLVIII. He re∣establishes Discipline in the Army. XLIX. He takes the place of Megara L. He seizes on the Neck of the Peninsula, where he fortifies himself, and

by that means brings a Famine into the City. LI. He blocks up the Port of Carthage with a dam, and the Carthaginians open another passage on the other side, at which they issue out with a great number of ships. LII. A Sea-fight with almost equal loss. LIII. Scipio siezes on the great Plat-form, or Bulwark before the Walls. LIV. He takes and pillages the Camp before Nephere, and makes himself Master of all the Plain-country of Lybia. LV. He takes the City, and those in the Citadel submit, save only the Run∣aways with Asdrubals Wife. LVI. He sends the News to Rome, and after having given all necessary Orders in Africa, returns to Rome, which be enters in triumph.

THe Phenicians built Carthage in Africa, fifty years before [ I] the sack of Troy. It was Founded by Xorus, and Carche∣don, or as the Romans, and indeed the Carthaginians themselves, will have it, by a Tyrian Lady called Dido, who (her Husband being privily murdered by Pygma∣leon Tyrant of Tyre, which was revealed to her in a Dream) conveyed aboard all the Treasure she could, and shipping her self with some Tyrians that fled from the Tyranny, came to Lybia, to that place where now Carthage stands; and upon the people of that Countries refusal to receive them they demanded for their Habitation only so much Land as they could compass with an Oxe-hide. This proposition seemed ridiculous to the Africans, and they thought it a shame to refuse Strangers a thing of so small consequence; besides they could not imagine how any Habitation could be built in so small a patch of ground, and therefore that they might have the pleasure to discover the Phenicians subtilty, they granted their request. Whereupon the Tyrians taking an Oxe-hide, cut it round about, and made so fine a Thong, that they therewith encompassed the place where they afterwards built the Citadel of Carthage, which from thence was called Byrsa. Soon after by little and little ex∣tending their limits, and becoming stronger then their Neighbours, as they were much more cunning, they caused Ships to be built to traffick on the Sea after the manner of the Phenicians, by which means they built a City adjoyning to their Citadel. Their power thus encreasing, they became Masters of Lybia, and the circumadjacent Sea; and at last making War upon Sicily, Sardinia, and all the Islands of that Sea, and even in Spain in self, they sent thither Colonies, till at length from so small a beginning, they formed an Estate compa∣rable in Power to that of the Greeks, and in Riches to that of the Persians.

But about seven hundred years after the Foundation of Carthage, the [ II] Romans won Sicily from the Carthaginians, and after that Sardinia, and at length in the second Punick War, Spain it self. After which these Nations being in continual War, the Carthaginians under the command of Han∣nibal wasted Italy for sixteen years together, till such time as the Romans commanded by Cornelius Scipio the Elder, deprived them of their power, taking from them their Ships, and Elephants, and forcing them to pay Tri∣bute; whereupon a second Peace was concluded between these two People. This lasted fifty years, after which began the third and last Punick War, in which the young Scipio being General of the Romans, Carthage was utterly ruined, and strict prohibition made of Rebuilding it. Howe∣ver,

the Romans founded another Town in a place near adjacent, which they made choice of for the greater conveniency of keeping the Africans in subjection. Now because in our History of Sicily, we have already set down all the memorable acts of the Carthaginians there, and in that of Spain, what passed in that Country, as likewise in that of Hannibal, all the actions of that Captain in Italy, we have resolved in this Book to write only what was done in Lybia, ••fter the beginning of that War which suc∣ceeded that of Sicily.

When therefore the War of Sicily was ended, the Romans armed [ III] three hundred and fifty Ships, with which they made a descent into Lybia; where after having reduced some Cities under their obedien••e, they le••t Attilius Regulus to command the Army. This General gained the Romans two hundred Cities more, which surrendred to him, being weary of the Government of Carthage; and pressing forward his Conquests, he spoiled their Territories, even to their very Gates. After all these losses, which the Carthaginians believed happen••ed to them only for want of good Generals, they demanded one from the Lacedemonians, who sent to them Xantippus. Attilius was now encamped near the Fens of Lybia, from whence upon Intelligence of this Captain's arrival, he advanced towards the Enemy; but having taken his march along the Edge of the Marshes, and in the greatest heats of Summer, his Souldiers were grievously incommoded by the weight of their Arms, by thirst, heat, labour, and the darts thrown on them, from the Mountains; yet though they marched in this condition all the day, coming towards the Evening to a River, which now only separated the two Armies; he forthwith made his Men pass over, believing it would strike a terrour into Xantippus his Army. The Lacedemonian on the other side, judging it would be no hard matter to overcome people harassed in that manner, besides that he had the night to favour him, presently drew up his Army in order and advanced to charge Attilius. In which he was not deceived, for of thirty thousand Men that composed the Roman Army, a few only saved themselves in the City of Aspides, all the rest were slain or taken Prisoners, and the General himself fell into the Enemies hand. Yet this advantage obstructed not the Carthaginians, tyred with the War, from sending Ambassadors to Rome to demand Peace, and Attilius himself went upon Parol, to return himself a Prisoner if he obtained it not. And yet this Captain when he came to confer with the prime Men of Rome, was so far from inclining them to Peace, that he perswaded them to continue the War; and without doing ought else returned to Carthage, re∣solved to suffer the utmost of their torments, and indeed the Carthaginians shut him up in a Cask driven full of sharp Nails, where he ended his Life most miserably. However, this good success was the cause of Xantippus his death, for the Carthaginians fearing lest all the honour of the Victory would be attributed to the Lacedemonians, feigned a gratification of their General, making him magnificent Presents, and sending him back in Gal∣leys of their own, but with orders to the Commanders of them, that as soon as they came into the open Sea, they should throw Xantippus and the Lacedemonians over-board; so unhappy a recompence did this valiant Man receive for so brave an Action. And this is all that was done considerable in the first Punick Wars till such time as the Carthaginians quitted to the Romans all their Rights in Sicily; Now we have in our Sicilian History set down in what manner this Treaty was made, therefore shall say no more

here. It will be sufficient to understand that by this means Peace was concluded between the People of Rome and Carthage.

Afterwards the Africans who were subject to the Carthaginians and [ IV] assisted them against Sicily, and the Celtes who served under their pay in that War, complaining that the promises made them had not been per∣formed, declared War against them, which obliged those of Carthage to de∣mand aid from the Romans as their friends, from whom notwithstanding they could obtain no more, save a permission to levy Souldiers in Italy at their own Charge: for and indeed by the Articles of the Treaty they could not require so much as that favour; how be it the Romans sent deputyes into Africa to determine the difference, and make Peace between these people. But the Africans would by no means hearken to it, offering rather to submit themselves to their government if they desired it, which how∣ever they would not accept: this was the reason that made the Carthagi∣nians fit out so powerful a Fleet to revenge themselves on these Revolters, that the Sea being no longer left open to the Lybians; by which they might fetch in Provisions, and the land being left untill'd by reason of the Wars, they were reduced to such great scarcity, as inforced them to return under the Carthaginians obedience.

This mighty Fleet not only pillaged the Lybians but even all they met [ V] with, and the Romans themselves, whom they threw over-board after they had rifled them, that it might not come to be known at Rome, and indeed it was a long time ere these crimes were discovered, and when they were, the Carthaginians seemed very averse to the giving satisfaction, till such time that War being by the Romans declared against them they quitted Sardinia in reparation of this injury. And this Article was added to the first treaty of Peace. Sometime after the Carthaginians sent an Army into Spain to reduce it under their obedience, and because they assailed those People separately, they had already well advanced their Conquests: When the Saguntines had recourse to the Romans for aid: Hereupon the Cartha∣ginians made a second Treaty, by which they were bound not to Act any Hostilities beyond the River Iberus, but this Treaty was soon broken, for Hannibal past that River, and leaving the Forces in Spain under the Com∣mand of other Captains came thundring into Italy with a Mighty Army. The Romans had at this time in Spain, Publius Scipio and his brother Cneus Cornelius, who after having gained sundry Victories, were slain by the Enemy. Those who succeeded them had no better success, until Scipio the Son of that Publius who was kill'd in Spain being commanded thither with an Army, all the world looked upon him as a man sent by the Order of Heaven, and guided by a Divine Spirit, so great and glorious were his Actions. At last having gain'd much Honour and Renown, he deli∣vered up the Army into their hands whom the Senate had appointed to succeed him.

Being returned to Rome he demanded Commission to pass into [ VI] Africa with an Army, promising himself both to oblige Hannibal to quit Italy, and to force reason from the Carthaginians in their own Country. Many who had the highest charges in the Commonwealth disliked the project, alleging there was little appearance of doing any good by sending an Army into Africa, and quitting Italy, already by the Wars reduced al∣most to extremity, whilst Hannibal raged with Fire and Sword, and Hanno

was coming to fall on them with great multitudes of Ligurians and Celtes, But the opposite party argued that it might well be believed that the Car∣thaginians who attempted not the Conquest of Italy, but because they feared nothing at Home, would soon recal Hannibal when they saw War at their own Doors, this opinion prevailed, but upon condition that Scipio should make no levies in Italy so long as Hannibal was in Arms, but if any Volunteers presented themselves he might make use of them as likewise of the Army of Sicily; they likewise permitted him to take for his passage ten of their Gallies ready fitted, with all those that he could find in Sicily, yet without furnishing him with any Mony, but what himself could raise among his private friends, so mean opinion had they of this enterprise which afterwards proved of such mighty importance. But Scipio who seem'd carried to Carthage by some Divine Power, transported him∣self into Sicily with only about seven thousand Horse and Foot, out of all which he chose three hundred of the most strong and comely youth for a guard to his Person; he would not arrive them in Italy, but as soon as he arrived in Sicily he commanded a like number of the richest of the Island to appear at a certain place with the fairest Arms and best Horses they could procure; And as soon as they were come gave them leave to put other Persons in their places, which being accepted by the Sicilians he pre∣sented to them his three hundred young men commanding them, to give them their Arms and their Horses, which they willingly consented to, thus, instead of three hundred Sicilians, Scipio mounted and armed his three hundred Italians, who could not but give him thanks for such a favor and indeed did afterwards serve him Excellently well in many occasions.

[ VII] As soon as the Carthaginians understood these things they gave Commission to Asdrubal the son of Gisco to assemble Elephants and sent to Mago who was then raising Forces in Liguria, six thousand Foot, eight hundred Horse and seven Elephants with Orders forthwith to enter Hetruria with all the force he could make, hoping to oblige Scipio to quit his design on Lybia. Mago was not over-quick, in the Execution of these Orders, whether it were that he could not joyn with Hannibal, who was far distant, or that he foresaw a troublesome event of the Enterprise. Asdrubal upon his return from the Chase of the Elephants, levies upon the Lands of the Carthaginians and Lybians, six thousand Foot and eight hundred Horse, he buys likewise five thousand slaves for the Gallies, and the Numidians furnished him with two thou∣sand Horse, besides some Foreign Mercenary Troops, so that having assembled an Army composed of sundry Nations, he brought them about two hundred Furlongs from the City and there exercised and trained them.

[ VIII] There were at present in N••midia divers Kings whose Estates were separate, among whom Syphax held the first degree. Massanissa Son to the King of the Massesulians a Warlike People, was likewise very con∣siderable, and was withal so comely of person and active of mind that Asdrubal the son of Gisco one of the principal men of Carthage desired him for his son in law though he were a Numidian. As soon as the Marriage was agreed upon, that young Prince went to make War in Spain; but Syphax who was in love with the Lady, mad that she was engaged to ano∣ther, with an Army invades the Carthaginians Lands, and promises Scipio

(who came out of Spain to confer with him) that if he would assault Carthage he would joyn Arms with him; which was the reason that the Carthaginians, who knew well of what importance Syphax would be to them in this War, gave him Masanissa's Mistress in Marriage without ei∣ther his or Asdrubals own knowledg; for they were both together in Spain. That young Prince receiving advice of the affront done him, so much re∣sented it, that to revenge himself he entered into a secret alliance with Scipio, which yet could not be kept so private but it came to Asdrubals knowledge, who though he were much troubled at the injury done to this Lover and his Mistress, yet he believed he was bound to prefer the publick good to his private resentment, and therefore to make away Masanissa. To which end, when this Prince was upon return from Spain to take pos∣session of his Fathers Kingdom, lately dead, he gave him some Horse to accompany him, with Orders to destroy him, in what manner soever it were; but the King suspecting their design, withdrew himself privily out of their hands, and went to seise upon his Fathers Kingdom, which after he had got possession of, he drew together a flying wing of people accu∣stomed to fight by night as well as by day and to charge and retreat in a marvelous manner: for so they make war in Numidia, where the men easily endure hunger, live on herbs instead of bread, and drink only water, and where the Horses never eat Oats but feed only on Straw and Grass, and drink but seldom. Masanissa's Army was composed of twenty thousand men of this temper, with whom he made strange incursions, spoiling the Neighboring Provinces out of design to keep his men in Exercise. These preparations made both the Carthaginians and Syphax, who had been com∣plices in the affront put upon the young Prince, believe they were made only to serve against them, wherefore they resolved to prevent him, ma∣king account that after they had defeated him, they would go meet the Romans. They had a far greater Army then he, & carried along with them great quantities of Baggage and Waggons, loaden not only with things necessary but voluptuous, on the contrary Masanissa was in all labor an Example to his Souldiers; Among all his Cavalry there was no loads either of Provison or Baggage, so that having nothing to hinder them, sometimes they made a retreat, sometimes they charged the Enemy, and then again retired into places strong by Situation. If sometimes he per∣ceived himself pressed too hard upon, he gave order to his people to save themselves as they best could, and in the mean time kept himself conceal∣ed only with a few, till such time as all returning by day or by night, they were again assembled at the place by him appointed for their Ren∣dezvouz. Nay sometimes it hapned, that he hid himself only with two horsemen in a Cave, about which the enemy lay encamped, and that with∣out being discovered. And it was indeed his principal care that the ene∣my should not know the place of his retreat, that they might never be able to assail him, but alwaies be forced to stand upon their own defence, As for provision he gave himself not much trouble, still furnishing himself by nightly surprises and whether it were Village, Town or City, he plundered all, dividing the Prey among his Companions. For which rea∣son many Numidians stocked to him, not for pay, for he had none establi∣shed, but for booty which was more worth then pay.

Whilst, Masanissa thus made war against the Carthaginians, Scipio [ IX] had perfected his preparations in Sicily, so that having sacrificed to Iupiter and Neptune, he set sayl for Affrica with two and fifty long Ships, four

hundred Ships of burthen, and a great number of Barks and Shallops: his forces were composed of Sixteen thousand foot and Six hundred horse, and with them he brought great store of Arms and Engines of War. Syphax and the Carthaginians having advice of his coming resolved to make a dissembled peace with Masanissa, and to patch up things with him until such time as they had defeated Scipio. But well he knew their design, and that he might pay them in their own Coyn, (having first sent advice to Scipio) he comes to find out Asdrubal with his whole body of horse as if he had been indeed reconciled. It was near unto Utica that Asdrubal, Syphax and Masanissa were incamped separately, and Scipio having been driven by the winds on that Coast, was likewise encamped near unto As∣drubal, who had twenty thousand foot, seven thousand horse, and twenty seven Elephants. Whether Syphax were afraid, or that he had a mind to betray all parties, he feigned that his Neighbors had invaded his Kingdom, and under pretence to go and defend it, left the others.

[ X] Scipio in the mean while having reduced some Cities under his obedience, sent daily out some of his people to skirmish, that he might draw Asdrubal to a battel, which yet he despaired to do, when Masanissa by night comes secretly to his Camp, where after some Civilities passed on either side, he advises him to place the next morning five thousand men in Ambush, about thirty furlongs from Utica, near the tower of Agathocles, formerly Tyrant of Syracusa; And about break of day he perswades As∣drubal, to send Hanno who commanded the horse, to take a view of the Roman forces and throw himself into Utica, lest the enemy lying so near, those inhabitants should revolt, offering himself to follow and second him, if Asdrubal thought it convenient. Hanno hereupon took the field with a thousand chosen Carthaginian horse, and some Lybians, Masanissa with his Numidians followed: But when they were on the right hand of the Tower, Hanno with a few of his people having already taken the way towards Utica, a part of those who lay in Ambush appeared, which gave opportunity to Masanissa to advise him, whom Hanno had left to com∣mand the Carthaginian horse to charge, as if the Enemy had been but an inconsiderable number, and he himself followed under pretence of second∣ing him. The Africans hereupon advancing, the rest of the Ambush ap∣peared, and now were these unfortunate people enclosed on all sides, and as well by the Romans as by Masanissa himself cut all in pieces, save only four hundred which were taken Prisoners. After this defeat he posts af∣ter Hanno, and coming up him as if he had been his friend, arrests him and carries him prisoner into Scipio's Camp, and afterwards exchanged him for his Mother who was in Asdrubal's hands.

[ XI] After that Scipio and Masanissa were joyned together, they pil∣laged the whole Country, and delivered from bondage those Romans which they found in Fetters, destined to toyl and slavery, and who had been sent thither by Hannibal from Spain, Sicily and even from Italy it self. Afterwards they laid Siege before a great City called Locha, where they found great difficulties; yet at length it hapned that as they were bringing the Ladders to the Walls, resolved to take it by Storm, the inha∣bitants by a Herauld demanded that they might have permission to march out of the Town, with their Arms and Baggage; whereupon Scipio cau∣sed the Retreat to be founded. But the Souldiers angred at the miseries they had undergone in the siege, would not obey, but scaled the walls, kil∣ling

all they met with and sparing neither sex nor age; The General sent away without ransom all that were saved, and as a punishment of their disobedience, he took away all the plunder from the Souldiers, and caused those Officers, were the cause of it, to cast Lots for their lives, in the sight of the whole Army, of whom three only he condemned to death, to whom fortune was not favorable.

Being returned again to wast the Country, Asdrubal laid a plot [ XII] to surprize him, and to effect it, gave Order to Mago who Commanded his horse, to charge him in the Front, whilst he another way fell in upon the Rear. The Romans finding themselves thus engaged in the midst of their Enemies, divided their Army, likewise into two parts, and Scipio and Masanissa commanding each their body, cut in pieces five thousand Afri∣cans, took eighteen hundred Prisoners and pursued the rest so close, that many of them tumbled headlong down the steep Rocks.

Some days after Scipio besieged Utica by Sea and by Land, and [ XIII] having joyned two Gallies together, built Towers upon them, from whence he cast into the City Darts and Stones. Thus he did some damage to the inhabitants; but he received likewise by the loss of some ships. Mean while in the Siege by land they raised great platforms near the walls on which they planted batteries and with great hooks strove to pull down the rampire. The inhabitants on the other side undermined the be∣siegers works by passages under ground, tumbling them down as fast as they raised them; they twined aside the hooks with Ropes, so that they could take no effect; they opposed to the Rams great Timbers or Booms which received the blow without endamaging the walls, and when the wind blew towards the Engines they darted out fire-brands to burn them. Insomuch that Scipio out of hopes to take the City by this way of fighting, resolved to carry it by assault, when Syphax having intel∣ligence of his design advances his Army, and encamps near Asdrubal. He declares himself a friend to both parties; But it was only to gain so much time, till those other Ships then building for the Carthaginians were in a readiness, and the Souldiers raised in Gaul and Liguria ar∣rived. He would likewise have become a Mediator between the two Estates and proposed a Treaty, the Conditions of which were, that the Carthaginian Army should return out of Italy, and the Romans depart out of Lybia and for the rest that Sicily, Sardinia and the other Isles that had belonged to the Carthaginians, together with Spain, should remain entire to the people of Rome making his protesta∣tion that if either of the parties refused to consent to these propositions he would joyn with the other; In the mean time he used his utmost endea∣vours to gain Masanissa, promising to secure to him the Kingdom of the Massesuliens, and to give him in Marriage which of his three daughters he desired. His agent that came to Masanissa with these offers brought store of money along with him, to the end that if he could obtain nothing from him he might c••rrupt some of his Domesticks to Murder him, and accord∣ingly not being able to gain him, before his return, he gave Mony to one of that Princes followers, who promised him to execute the treason; but when he had received the summ discovered it to his Master who punished the suborner. Whereupon Syphax ••eeing all his Artifices fail declared him∣self openly for the Carthaginians, and having by means of a Traytor ta∣ken a City in the plain Country called T••olon, where the Romans had great

stores of Ammunition and Provision, he put to the Sword all the Garrison who refused to yield to him.

[ XIV] A great recruit of Numidians being come and the Gaules and Ligurian Souldiers arrived with those ships the Carthaginians had fitted out, they resolved to fight. Syphax returned to the siege of Utica. As∣drubal encamped near to Scipio, and the Carthaginian fleet came to An∣chor directly against the other, to the end they might fall on all at a time, and so that the Romans being much fewer in number and separate the one from the other, might not be able to sustain the power of their enemies. Masanissa having advice of this design from some Numidians, went and communicated it to Scipio, who without any delay (judging that if his Army were thus divided they would not be strong enough to stand the shock) the same night assembled the Council, and when he saw they lost time without resolving any thing, he thus spoke to his Captains.

[ XV] Certainly Gentlemen, there is a necessity in this occasion both of great Courage and Diligence, and we must resolve to fight like desperate men. We must strive how to prevent our enemies, and behold now the advantage we shall gain by it. This unexpected assault will strike a terror into them, and since we are the fewer in number, by charging them with all our forces joyned together, we shall not have to deal with all our enemies, but only with those we shall first attempt, since their Camps are separate one from the other•• thus we shall be equal in number and surpass them in good fortune and bravery. If God give us victory over the first we will scorn the other. If therefore you ap∣prove my opinion I will tell you in a few words which of three Armies we shall first assault, in what manner we are to act, and when to begin. As soon as they had all given their approbation of this advice. It is time, said he, to put in Execution our d••sign as soon as we have made an end of this conference. Whilst it is night and dark, the fight will seem more dreadful to our enemies, and we shall find them less prepared; b••sides the obscurity will hinder them from being able to succour one another, and in this manner we shall prevent this de∣sign they have of assailing us to morrow. Now as they are three Armies, that at Sea is distant, and it is not possible to assault ships by night; Asdrubal and Syphax are not encamped far from each other, Asdrubal is the Principal Chief, and Syphax barbarous, effeminate and fearful as he is, will never un∣dertake any thing in the dark; Wherefore let us make an attempt upon As∣drubal with all our Forces, and place Masanissa in Ambush against Syphax, if by chance and contrary to our b••lief he should come to assist the other. Let us march with our foot directly to Asdrubal's Camp and storm it couragiously on all sides, till we have forced his trenches. As for the Horse since they are not fit for this night service, We will place th••m on the Avenues of the enemies Camp, that if by misfortune we be repulsed they may supp••rt and favour our Retreat, and if we gain the advantage they may p••rsue and destroy the flyers. Having finished this discourse he gave order to his Captains forthwith to draw their Souldiers to Arms, whilst he sacrificed to Courage and Fear, that none might in the night be terrified, but on the Contrary the whole Army bear themselves couragiously in the Enterprise.

[ XVI] About the third watch the Trumpets sounded a dead march and all the Army advanced towards Asdrubal's Camp without making the least noise till such time as the Horse had seized the Aven••es, and the foot were upon the Ditch. Then was there raised among them a terrible noise of

confused voices mixed with Trumpets, the more to affright the enemy, and therewith falling on, they beat back the guards, fill'd up the trench, pull'd down the Palisadoes, and some of the boldest pressing forwards be∣gan to set fire on the Tents. The Africans full of con••usion take their Arms between sleep and waking, and endeavor to draw into a battel, but the tumult was so great they could not hear the voices of them that Com∣manded, and their General himself knew not the cause of the Alarm. The Romans thronged in among these people whom they found in disor∣der and ill Armed, setting all before them on fire, and putting all they met with to the Sword; Their shouts, the sight of them, and their fierceness, stroke terror into these miserable people, and the night and the incertainty of the danger increased it, so that believing all their Camp was absolutely taken, fearing to be involved in the general ruine they thronged in crouds towards the plain, where they thought they might be in more security, and every one taking his own way they fell into the hands of the horsemen, who made a most dreadful slaughter, Syphax heard this great noise in the night and saw the flames, but stirred not out of his Camp, only sent some Troops of Horse to assist Asdrubal who falling into Masanissa's Ambush were all cut of; When at break of day Syphax understood that Asdrubal was fled, that all his Army were either slain, taken, or ran away, that his Camp with all his munition of war was in the Romans possession, he deserted all, retiring farther up into the Conti∣tinent, out of fear lest Scipio returning from the Chase of Asdrubal should turn his Arms against him, leaving his Camp and all it's furniture as a prey to Masanissa. Thus at one stroke in less then a night the Romans took two Camps and routed two Armies beyond comparison greater than theirs. The vanquishers lost about one hundred Souldiers, and the van∣quished about thirty thousand, besides two thousand four hundred that were taken Prisoners, and six hundred Horse that came to submit them∣selves to Scipio upon his return from the Victory, as for the Elephants they were all either wounded or killed, Scipio having gained in this battel great quantity of Arms, Gold, Silver, Ivory and Horses, as well Numidian as others, and beholding the Carthaginian forces ruined by this great victory, distributed part of the booty among his Souldiers, sent whatever was most precious to Rome, and began to Exercise his Army in Labor and Travel, ex∣pecting Hannibal, who was ere long to return from Italy, as was likewise Hanno from Liguria.

Asdrubal General of the Carthaginians having been wounded [ XVII] in this nights battel, saved himself with five hundred Horse at Anda, where he rallyed some Mercenaries, and some fled Numidians, and gave liberty to all slaves that would bears Arms, and at length understanding that his Citizens had condemned him to death for his ill Conduct in this War, and that they had made Hanno the Son of Bomilcar his Successor, he took a resolution to keep himself with this Army, which consisted of three thousand Horse and eight thousand Foot, besides a great Number of Crimi∣nals that resorted to him, with which he marched through all places where he had any hopes to get provisions, inuring them to hardship, having prepared himself to perish if he could not overcome, which was a long time unknown as well to the Romans as Carthaginians.

Mean while Scipio marched at the head of his Army to the very [ XVIII] Walls of Carthage, where he presented battel to the Citizens, but they

would not accept it. But Amilcar their Admiral went with one hundred Ships to the Port where Scipio's Fleet lay, believing that before Scipio could return he should easily defeat twenty Roman Gallies with his hundred Ships. But Scipio having intelligence of his Design sent his Orders before to block up the Ports mouth with Ships of burthen, which they ranged before it at Anchor, in such manner that there were passages left for the Roman Gallies to Sally out when they saw an advantage, and yet these great Ships were fastned together by the Yard-arms, and served as a wall against the enemies. The work was not quite finished at his arrival, but he soon brought it to perfection. The Carthaginian Ships then coming to assault the Romans were beaten off by flights of Arrows and Stones, as well from those in the ships as on shore, and from the walls of the Port, in∣somuch that most of them being battered and the Souldiers quite tyred they retired in the Evening without doing any thing. As they made their retreat the Roman Gallies sallied by the passages which we spoke of be∣fore; and when they found they could execute nothing, they retreated into the Port by the same passages. At length they brought to Scipio one of the enemies ships, but not a man in her. After these encounters, it being now winter, each party retired to their Garrisons.

[ XIX] The Romans caused provision to be brought for themselves by Sea, but those of Utica and Carthage being in great necessity plundred those which brought them, till a recruit of shipping being come to Scipio he opposed the enemy in such manner that they not daring longer to cruise as they were wont, those Cities were miserably afflicted with famine. During this same winter Syphax not being far distant, Masanissa desired of Scipio a third part of the Roman Army, which being arrived un∣der the Command of Lelius and joyned with that Kings Forces, they to∣gether pursued Syphax, who still retreated before them, till such time as coming to the Banks of a certain River he was forced to fight. The Nu∣midians according to their Custom cast at first charge showers of Darts at each other, whilst the Romans covering themselves with their shields still advanced forward. Syphax seeing Masanissa in the heat of the Battel, transported with rage makes directly towards him, and Masanissa joyfully runs to meet him: After they had generously fought as well on one side as the other, at length Syphax party was routed, and as he was passing the river to save himself his horse wounded by some accidental stroke, reared and came backward with his Master into the water. Whereupon Masa∣nissa pressing in, took him and one of his sons prisoners, both which he sent to Scipio. There were in this fight about two thousand men slain, on Syphax his party; the Romans lost seventy five, and Masanissa three hundred, there were likewise four thousand of Syphax men taken prisoners, of which two thousand five hundred were Massesuliens that had deserted Masanissa to take part with Syphax, these Masanissa demanded of Lelius, and having obtained his request caused them to be all cut in pieces.

[ XX] After this they entred into the Territories of the Massesuliens, and of Syphax, to re-establish Masanissa in his Kingdom by receiving those who submitted, and forcing those to obey who refused. The inhabitants of Cirtha sent deputies unto them with Orders to offer them the Royal Palace, and in particular there came others to Masanissa from Sophonisba wife of the Prisoner King, to excuse her of that Marriage to which she

had been forced. He easily accepted of her Excuses, but when he returned back to Scipio, left her still at Cirtha, foreseeing what would happen. When Syphax was brought to Scipio, he was ask't by him what evil Genius had perverted his spirit, to the violation of his faith, and despising of those Gods that were witnesses, by deceving the Romans in taking up arms against them, and following the part of the Carthaginians their common enemy, after having intreated him as a friend to come into Africa. To which he answered, It was Sophonisba the daughter of Asdrubal, with whom, says he, to my ruine I fell in love, she is passionately affected to her Country, and there's no man can withstand what she desires, though I was your friend, her Charms made me the friend of her Country, and from that happiness in which I lived, has precipitated me into this misery, since therefore I am now at your dispose, and being lost to Sophonisba, ought to fix my self to your interests; I give you ad∣vice to be careful left that woman draw Masanissa from you, for there is no hopes she should ever favor the Romans such a lover she is of her Country. These things he said either because they were indeed true, or out of jea∣lousie to prejudice Masanissa. After this Scipio having an esteem of Sy∣phax prudence, and because he knew the Country, called him to the Council of War and asked his advice, as Cyrus had formerly done with Croesus King of Lydia. Lelius being come and assuring him of what had been before told him concerning Sophonisba, Scipio required Masanissa to deliver her into his hands, which he seeming averse to do, declaring what had passed between him and that woman, Scipio urged it with more ri∣gor, telling him he should not think to withhold by force any part of that spoil which belonged to the people of Rome, that he ought first to pre∣sent her, and afterwards request her back if he thought convenient. Whereupon he departed with some Romans to deliver Sophonisba into their hands, but first he posted to her himself alone, and giving her a cup of poison, told her there was but this choice, either to drink that, or be car∣ried Captive to Rome, and without saying word more remounted his horse and returned: She having shewed the Cup to her Nurse and intreated her not to mourn her death, since thus she died gloriously, presently drunk up the poison. The Romans being come Masanissa exposed the body to their view, and after having given it a funeral worthy a Queen, he returned to wait on Scipio, who highly praised him, and to comfort him for the loss of an evil woman, crowned him for the Victory gained over Syphax, and made him most Magnificent presents. As for Syphax he being carried to Rome, some were of opinion they ought to pardon a man, had served them so well in Spain, others judged that he ought to be punished the ra∣ther, for having revolted from his friends, but whilst these things were in debate he died of a distemper occasioned by grief.

When Asdrubal had well excercised his Army, he sent a Messen∣ger [ XXI] to Hanno General of the Carthaginians Army to entreat him to accept him as a Companion in that charge, and withal to tell him that there were some Spaniards in Scipio's Army, who might be corrupted by mony and promises to set on fire the Roman Camp, and there he would not fail to be ready at the time appointed, if the General thought it convenient: Hanno having received this advice, though he designed to deceive Asdrubal, yet resolved to make use of it, and to that end sent one of his people into Scipio's Camp with good quantity of Silver; This man shelters himself there as a Runaway and not being suspected by any one, corrupted many, and after they had set a day for putting their design in execution, he returns

to Hanno, who presently sends him to Asdrubal, but as Scipio sacrificed the Aruspices having advertised him to beware of fire, he gave order to one of his Domesticks to take care to see the fires put out in all places, where such an accident might be feared. He continued for some days the same sacrifices, and still the entrails threatned him with the same mis∣fortune, which troubled him much and made him resolve to discamp, but the plot was in this manner discovered. A Certain Roman Knight had a Spanish slave who suspecting his companions had some mischievous de∣sign, feign'd himself of the party, and by that means having gain'd knowledge of the whole enterprize, discovered it to his Master, his Master brought him to Scipio, who causing the guilty wretches to be siezed on, put them all to death, and made their bodies be thrown out of the Camp. Hanno who was not far off having news of it, came not to the place ap∣pointed. Asdrubal who knew nothing of it, came, but seeing there so many dead bodies, suspecting what had happened, retired. Hanno took hence an occasion to criminate him, and to beget an ill opinion of him in the minds of the Souldiery, giving out that he was come expresly to sur∣render himself to Scipio, but that he refusing to accept him he was re∣treated, and by this Calumny much increased the hatred the Carthaginians bore him.

[ XXII] About the same time Amilcar made an assault upon the Roman Fleet, took a Galley and six ships of burthen; but Hanno having made an attempt upon those that besieged Utica was repulsed and forced to a swift retreat. Scipio however tyred with the length of that siege raised it without more ado, and caused his Engins to be carried before Hypone, where find∣ing no better success he burnt them as useless, and took the field drawing thereby some Countries to his party, and pillaging others. Insomuch that the Carthaginians astonished at so many losses and disasters, chose Hanni∣bal General, and sent away ships for him, that he might make all the hast he could for Africa, and in the mean time they sent deputies to Scipio to treat of peace, hoping either to obtain it, or at least gain time enough for Hannibals return. Scipio grants them truce, and having caused sufficient victuals to be provided for his Army, gives them leave to send Ambas∣sadors to Rome to treat the peace with the Senate and people of Rome. When they came thither they were received as enemies, for they lodged them without the City, and when they had audience, no other proposition was made to them but to crave pardon. One part of the Senators de∣claimed against the perfidiousness of the Carthaginians, the breach of so many treaties, the mischiefs Hannibal had done to the people of Rome and their allies as well in Italy as Spain. But others remonstrated that the Romans had more need of peace then the Carthaginians, seeing Italy was almost ruined by so many Wars, besides there was much reason to fear so many Fleets & Armies being ready to pour upon Scypio at one instant, Han∣nibal going out of Italy; Mago out of Liguria, and Hanno being already at Carthage. Upon all which the Senate not coming to any agreement: sent the two opinions to Scipio to examine, with full Authority to act whatever he thought most advantagious for the good of the Common∣wealth: he concluded a peace of which the Articles were, That the Car∣thaginians should recal Mago out of Liguria, that for the future they should entertain no foreign Souldiers under their pay, That they should have no more then thirty long ships, That they should not extend their Dominions farther then the place called the Punick ditch. That they

should deliver up all Captives and Runaways, and that within a limited time they should bring sixteen hundred Talents into the publick Treasure. To Masanissa likewise they granted by this Treaty, that he should enjoy not only the Country of the Massesuliens, but likewise all he had Conquered of Syphax his Dominions. These Articles being agreed upon, Deputies from Carthage went to Rome, to swear before the Consuls to keep them inviol∣able, and Commissioners went from Rome to Carthage to receive the Oath of the Carthaginian Magistrates. This peace thus sworn, the people of Rome gave Masanissa as an acknowledgment of his fidelity, and the services he had done them, a Crown of Gold, a Cup of Gold, a Chariot of Ivory, a Cloak of Purple, a Robe after the Roman Fashion, a Horse trapped with Gold, and a compleat Suit of Armor.

In the mean time Hanniba•• sets sail for Carthage, much against [ XXIII] his own inclination: for he had no confidence in the people of Carthage, whom he knew distrustful of their Magistrates, and headlong in their Counsels, and believing the peace not yet concluded, or that if it were it would not last long, he lands at Adrumetum. As soon as he was on shore he sends all about to seek for Corn, gives Order to buy horses, Allies him∣self with the Prince of the Areacides who are a Nation of Numidia. He cau∣ses to be shot to death with Arrows, four thousand Horsemen that had formerly served Syphax, afterwards Masanissa, and now at last came to of∣fer themselves to him, because he had a suspition of them, but their Hor∣ses he divided among his own people. Another Prince named Mesetulus came likewise to joyn with him with Vermina one of the Sons of Syphax, who yet held a great part of his fathers Kingdom; Moreover he siezed on some of the Cities belonging to Masanissa partly by surrender, and part∣ly by force, and Nar••e he took by surprize in this manner: being in want of provisions he sent to them as to his friends till having found an opportunity he caused a great many of his people to enter Armed only with Daggers under their Coats, with Orders not to offer any affront to the Merchants till they heard the noise of the Trumpet, but then to kill all they met, and make themselves Masters of the Gates, thus was this City taken; On the other side, though the peace was so lately made, Scipio yet upon the place, and the Carthaginians Deputies not gone from Rome, yet some ships laden with provision for the Romans (having by storm been driven into the Port of Carthage) the Common People pillaged them and put the Mariners in Irons, notwithstanding all the threats of the Senate against this seditious rabble, and all the prohibition made against violating a Peace they had so lately sworn. They cryed out to excuse themselves, that the treaty was not just, and that they were more apprehensive of famine then of any danger could arrive by the breach of the peace. Though Scipio were much offended at this action; yet he would not revive the war, ha∣ving once made peace: only he sent to demand satisfaction by the way of Justice as of friends that had forgot their duty, but the people would needs have arrested those who came on the behalf of the Romans, till such time as their deputies were returned from Rome. But Hanno the Great and Asdrubal Surnamed the Great rescued them out of the hands of the peo∣ple, and sent them back on two Gallies which they fitted out, of which some gave notice to Asdrubal Admiral of the Fleet, who then rode at An∣chor near the Promontory of Apollo, perswading him to watch the passage of those Gallies, and set upon them, which he so violently performed that two of the Roman deputies were slain with arrows, and the others almost

overpressed with showers of Darts, with much difficulty saved themselves in the Port where their ships lay, and had they not nimbly leapt from one of the Gallies which was already grapled with by the enemy, they had without doubt been taken prisoners. When news of this came to Rome the Deputies of Carthage, who were still in that City to compleat the treaty, were Commanded by the Senate to depart immediately out of Italy as enemies of the Republick, whereupon they took ship to return to Car∣thage, but were driven by storm to the place where Scipio lay encamped. his Admiral took them, and sent to him to know what should be done with them, Nothing, said he, of what the Carthaginians have done, and so without any more ado they were sent home. The Ancients of Carthage (that is to say a body of the most prudent and honest men) hearing of this Excellent goodness of Scipio's and comparing the injury they had done to the Romans with the favor they had received, began to declaim against the rashness of their fellow Citizens, and to Counsel them they would yet observe the treaty, which might still be done if they ask'd Scipio pardon for their fault, and submitted to pay a fine, but the people already anima∣ted against the Senate by reason of the miseries of the war which they imputed to the ill Conduct of that Noble body, and set on likewise by some seditious spirits suffered themselves to be transported with vain hopes, and caused Hannibal to advance with his Army.

[ XXIV] That Captain considering the importance of this war perswaded the Carthaginians to call Asdrubal with those forces he had to their assist∣ance. Whereupon Asdrubal was by the Senate absolved of those crimes he stood charged with, having first consigned over his Army to Hannibal. Yet he durst not publickly show himself in the City for fear of the people, but kept concealed in the house of one of his friends. Mean while Scipio caused his Fleet to lie before Carthage that he might hinder all provision coming by Sea, and the in-land could furnish no great quantity, by reason that during the war they could not till the ground. About the same time happened a fight near Zama between Hannibal and Scipio's horse, in which the Romans had the advantage. After which happened several skirmishes for some days together, but of little consequence, till such time as Scipio understanding that Hannibal wanted provisions, and that he expected a supply, caused a Tribune called Thermus to march in the Night to intercept them, who having taken an advantagious post, upon an eminence near unto a strait, they must of necessity pass, slew four thousand Africans, took as many Prisoners and brought the Conway to Scipio. In so much that Hannibal beholding himself reduced to an extream necessity, and consi∣dering what he should do in such a conjuncture, resolved to send messengers to Masanissa to represent to him that he had been bred in Carthage, and had there passed a considerable part of his life, entreating him to labor a peace between Scipio and him by beseeching him to believe that if any thing of ill had happened, the fault was to be imputed to the people, or to some particular men more foolish then the people, Masanissa remembring that he had indeed been bred and brought up in that City whose Majesty he still reverenced, and where he likewise had a great many particular friends, besought Scipio with so good a grace that he consented the Treaty should be renewed, on condition that the people of Carthage would re∣store to the Romans the ship, men, and provisions, they had taken, or pay for what could not be restored at the price, whereas Scipio should value them, and for a fine deposite one thousand talents. These Conditions be∣ing

agreed on, a Truce was granted till such time as the Articles should be carried to Carthage. Thus Hannibal saved himself beyond his own hopes. When the Senate of Carthage saw this agreement they approved it, and intreated the people to give their consent by representing to them the long train of miseries would else ensue, and the deep necessities they were in of men, mony, and provisions. But the Populacy (as it is the Custom of the Vulgar) believed that the Chiefs in making this peace labored only their private interest, that being fortified with the friendship of the Romans they might become more powerful in the Country. That Hannibal had now done the same thing Asdrubal did before, who having first by night betrayed his Army would afterwards have surrendred himself to Scipio, having for that end approached his Camp, and lay now concealed in the City. These discourses raised a Tumult among the people with terrible crys and Exclamations, and many of them leaving the assembly ran presently to find out Asdrubal, who a little before was reti∣red into the Sepulchre of his Father, having first poisoned himself. But they drew him thence dead as he was, cut off his head, and setting it on a Pike carried it through the City. Thus was Asdrubal first banished with∣out having deserved it, afterwards Hanno accused him falsely, and at last his own Citizens forced him to become his own Murderer, and when he was dead exposed his body to a thousand indignities.

After having treated Asdrubal in this manner they forthwith [ XXV] sent to Hannibal to break the truce and make war with Scipio, ordering him to give him battel as soon as he could, because of the scarcity they were in. As soon as the truce was broke, Scipio presently took a great City called Partha, and that done went and encamped near Hanni∣bal, who immediately discamped: He had three several times sent spies into the Roman Camp, who being discovered and taken, Scipio would not put them to death, according to the Law's of war, but made them be car∣ried through the whole Camp, that they might view his Stores, his En∣gines of War, and his Army imbattelled, and so without doing them any injury sent them back to Hannibal to give him an account of what they had seen. The Carthaginians surprized at this manner of proceeding, de∣manded a conference, which being granted, he told Scipio; That the people of Carthage could not perform that treaty because of the too great sum of mo∣ney demanded of them, but if he would please to remit any thing of that de∣mand, and that the people of Rome would content themselves with Sicily, Spain, and the Islands they now held, the peace would become both firm and last∣ing. To which Scipio answered, That Hannibal would be fully re∣compensed for having by flight quitted Italy, if those propositions were agreed to, adding not a word more, but the forbidding him to send any further Messages. So after some threats on one part and the other, each retired to his Camp. There was not far distant a City called Cilla, near which was a rising ground, very proper to encamp in, Hannibal having designed to lodge himself there, sends his vanguard before to possess it, whilst he followed with the rest of the Army. But finding Scipio had first siesed it, he was forced to pass away all that night in the midst of a dry plain, sorely pestered to sink wells, where after all the Army had wrought hard, and thrown up mountains of sand, their mighty pains was recom∣pensed with the finding but of one well, and that of troubled water, of which the Souldiers drank greedily, without eating, or any other con∣veniency. There were likewise many of them stood in Arms all night.

Scipio, who knew all this well enough, was not wanting to assail them next morning harrassed as they were with marching, thirst and want of sleep. It grieved Hannibal to the heart to see himself forced to fight thus unseasonably, yet he saw plainly that if he staid there, he should be intol∣lerably straitned for want of water, and if he drew off, his retreat would increase the enemies courage, who would certainly fall on in his rear, for these reasons therefore he resolved to fight, and presently drew into Bat∣talia fifty thousand men and fourscore Elephants.

[ XXVI] Those mighty creatures he disposed in Equal distances in the Front of the battel, to strike fear into the Romans. Then he composed his vanguard of Gauls and Ligurians, and among them intermixed his bowmen and slingers, who were Moors and people of the Isles Baleares. In his main body he placed the Carthaginians and Africans, and in his rear those Italians that had followed his fortune, in whom he had great confi∣dence because they dreaded to be overcome. His Cavalry made his two Wings. As for Scipio he had three and twenty thousand foot, and fifteen hundred horse as well Italians as Romans; be••ides Masanissa had a stout body of Numidian horse; and another Prince of that Country, called Dachamas, had six hundred auxiliary horse. He divided his Army into three battalia's, Vanguard, Main-body and Rear-guard, as Hannibal had done his, save only he kept his battalia's at a more open Order, that the horse upon occasion might have passage between. In the front of every battalia he placed men with stakes the most part Armed with Iron at the ends, and about two Cubits long, that they might better repulse the Elephants by striking them at hand with these sort of Truncheons, giving Order to the foot to avoid the shock of those great beasts by opening to the right and left, when they made at them, and to pursue them incessantly when they were past with darts and arrows, or hamstring them with their Swords, if they could get so near them. Having thus ordered his foot, he disposed the Numidian Cavalry on his two wings, because the Numidian horses are accustomed to the smell and sight of Elephants; wherefore fearful lest the Italian horses should be frightned, he placed them in the Rear-guard that they might charge between the bodies, and support the infantry whilst they fought against the Elephants, and to every horseman he gave a light Armed Soul∣dier, and great quantity of darts, wherewith to chase away those Monsters if they came upon them. His Cavalry being thus disposed, ••e gave the Command of the right wing to Lelius, of the left to Octavius, and himself took Charge of the main battel. Hannibal did the same, and as if these two great Captains had acted by the same Spirit, they each kept near their persons a strong body of horse, ready to move on all sides to the re∣lief of those, stood in need. Hannibal's party consisted of four thousand horse. Scipio's only of two thousand, besides those three hundred Ita∣lians to whom he had given Arms in Sicily. Both Armies thus drawn up for battel, each General went through the Ranks to incourage his people. Scipio publickly invoked the Gods who having been witnesses of their Treaties, had been affronted by the Carthaginians as often as they had violated them, exhorting his Souldiers not so much to consider the Num∣ber of their enemies as their own proper Vertue, which had already made them Victorious over the same enemies in the same province, re∣monstrating to them that though their having always overcome, should not clear all their doubts of the success of this battel; Yet the Africans

having been always beaten would make them despair. Thus did Scipio hearten up his men encouraging them not to think of the smal∣ness of their Number. Hannibal on the other side desired his to re∣member those brave acts they had done, and the noble victories they had gained not only against the Numidians, but throughout all Italy, setting forth at the same time the inconsiderable number of their enemies, and exhorting them so to act that the greater number might not be beaten by the less, nor the natural inhabitants of the Country shamefully for∣ced to yield to strangers. In short both Generals set forth with the most pressing arguments they could invent, the consequences of that battel. Hannibal told his men that they now disputed whether Carthage and with it all Africa should command, or be for ever hereafter inslaved. And Scipio let the Roman Souldiers know that if they suffered them∣selves to be vanquished they had no place of retreat, but if they gained the victory the advantages reaped by it would be increase of the Roman Empire, the end of their labors, the so much desired leave of returning into their Country, and with all immortal glory.

These Orations ended, the Carthaginian Trumpets sounded a charge, and [ XXVII] the Roman soon did the like. The battel was begun by the Elephants which came furiously on, being sharply pricked forward by those mounted on them; Those which assailed the wings were stopt by the Numidian horse with showers of Darts, and being wounded turned against their own party, so that their governors no longer able to rule them were forced to draw them out of the battel, both wings had alike advantage, but those which charged on the main body put the Romans hard to it, who were not accustomed to this manner of fight, and could not easily by reason of the weight of their arms move either to shun or assail them, till such time as Scipio caused the Rear guard of Italian horse, and the Souldiers lightly armed to advance to the relief of his foot. And because the horse were fearful of those beasts, he commanded his horsemen to alight, and with their darts charge the Elephants, who had caused a great disorder, and to oblige them by his own Example, himself alighted first and wounded an Elephant that came towards him, which so heartned the Romans, that discharging their darts on all sides they so wounded those creatures that they forced them to retreat like the others. These beasts thus driven out of the battel they had nothing now to encounter but men and horses. The right wing Commanded by Lelius had put to flight the Numidians that op∣posed them, after that Masanissa had wounded their Prince Macinta, but Hannibal coming speedily to their assistance renewed the fight. In the left wing where Octavius had to do with Gauls and Ligurians, they fought with equal fortune. Scipio sent thither the Tribune Therinus with some chosen troops; but Hannibal having reinforced his left wing speeds away to the relief of the Gauls and Ligurians, taking with him all his Carthaginians and Africans, which Scipio perceiving was forced to do the like, and made his main battel advance. And now these two mighty Captains fighting in person, the Souldiers encouraged by the sight of them did acts incredible. All feared to yield, all fought with a wonderful alacrity, exhorting, exciting and encouraging one another. At length victory having long hung in equal Ballance, the Generals moved with compassion to see their Souldiers out of breath, fiercely charged each other, the sooner to put an end to the battel; at the same instant both discharged their darts, Scipio's stuck in Hannibal's buckler, and Hannibal's hurt Scipio's horse, who feeling him∣self

wounded overthrew his Master to the ground. But Scipio nimbly re∣mounting on another, discharges a second dart at Hannibal, which took no better effect then the former, save only it wounded a horseman that sat near his Captain. Mean while Masanissa having notice comes in, and the Roman Souldiers seeing their General perform not only the part of a Cap∣tain but of a Private Souldier, fighting for them, gave so home a Charge that they put the enemy to flight. As they followed the pursuit, Hannibal gained the front of his own men, endeavouring all he could to stop them and lead them back to fight, but in vain. At last since from them he could obtain nothing, he has recourse to those Italians he had brought with him, who yet kept firm in their Post, and makes them advance towards the ene∣my, hoping whilst the Romans were eager in pursuit of the flyers he might the easier put them in disorder, but they perceiving his design stopt as if a retreat had been sounded and drew up into order. The horse had now left them and their darts were spent, so they were forced to close with the enemy and come to Swords point. And now was a terrible slaughter nothing to be heard but the groans of dying men and the shouts of those that slew them, till such time as the enemy were totally routed, the victory no lon∣ger doubted of, and Hannibal, had betaken himself to flight. As he fled he perceived some Numidian horse still in a body, to them he goes and begs them not to forsake him, and as soon as they had given him their word turns upon his pursuers with great hopes of defeating them. They were by chance Massesuliens, so that Masanissa and Hannibal came to fight hand to hand. In this Combat Hannibal received a blow on his buckler, and at the same instant slew his enemies horse. Masanissa getting up and seeking for Hannibal. on foot slew with a dart a horseman that encoun∣tred him, and received in his buckler, which was of Elephants skin, seve∣ral darts, one of which he snatches out and throws at Hannibal, but by misfortune another horseman received the stroke and lost his life, and as he strove to pull out another he was wounded in the arm, and forced for a while to retire out of the fight. Scipio hearing of this rancounter was in fear for Masanissa, but as he was going to relieve him, he found that ha∣ving bound up his wound he was returning to the fight mounted on a fresh horse, so the battel being renewed, they fought couragiously on either side, when Hannibal perceiving on a little hill, a squadron of Spaniards and Gauls, spurred towards them to bring them into his assistance, which gave occasion to the others unacquainted with the reason of his departure, and believing he fled, to become quite heartless, and betake themselves to a disorderly flight, not after Hannibal, but every one where fortune led him. The Romans seeing the Enemy thus dispersed thought themselves assured of the victory, and began without any order to follow the chase; for they knew not Hannibal's design, who presently returning to the Charge at the head of those Spaniards and Gauls, Scipio was forced to re∣cal his men again from the pursuit, and speedily put them in order to re∣ceive the Enemy, whom they had no great difficulty to overcome, being a far greater number then those descended from the hill. Hannibal seeing this last push had no better success then the former, and that all was ab∣solutely lost, fled likewise, pursued by many, and among others by Masa∣nissa, who notwithstanding the pain & inconveniency of his wound followed him close at the heels, out of the passionate desire he had to take him pri∣soner and present him to Scipio, but by the favor of the night which came on he escaped his hands, and at last accompained only with twenty horse, which were all could follow him, gained as far as a City called Tunis,

where he met several horsemen as well Brutians as Spaniards who had there saved themselves after the defeat, but knowing the Spaniards to be rash and Barbarous, and the Brutians to be Italians of the same Country with Scipio, he was fearful left to obtain pardon for the fault, they had committed in bearing arms against their Country, they should deliver him up to his enemy, and so departed secretly by night, accompanied only with one horseman in whom he had confidence, so that having rode in two days and two nights almost three thousand furlongs he arrived at Adrumetum which is a Sea-town where finding some troops he had left as guards to his stores of Corn, and drawing together forces from the cir∣cumadjacent places, and rallying all those had escaped from the battel, he began again to make preparation of Arms and Engines of War. But Scipio having gained this noble victory, burnt with his own hands, accord∣ing to the Custom of the Roman Generals, those spoils of the enemy that were of small moment, sending the choicest and most precious to Rome, ten talents of Gold, two thousand five hundred talents of Silver, many moveables of Ivory, whole Ships loading of Prisoners, the most part Gentlemen, with Lelius to carry the new's. The remainder he sold, di∣stributing the mony among the Souldiers, giving Military rewards to such as had served him well, particularly a Crown to Masanissa; and now be∣ing become absolute Master of the field he made himself Master of the Ci∣ties. Such was the success of this battel fought in Africa between Hanni∣bal and Scipio, who never before had dealings with each other. The Ro∣mans lost two thousand five hundred men, Masanissa somewhat more, there died of the enemies five and twenty thousand, besides eight thou∣sand eight hundred taken prisoners, three hundred Spaniards that yielded to Scipio, and eight hundred Numidians to Masanissa.

Now before the News of this Victory was brought either to Rome or [ XXVIII] Carthage, the Carthaginians had writ to Mago, who was then raising forces in Gaul with Orders to make an irruption into Italy if it were possible, or else to come over into Africa with such power as he might have raised, but these Letters being intercepted and brought to Rome, were the occasion of the Senates sending recruits of foot and horse, with Ships and Mony to Scipio, who after this defeat made Octavius March with his Army to∣wards Carthage, whither he designed to follow with his Fleet. But when the Carthaginians understood that Hannibal was defeated, they sent their Deputies to meet Scipio, the chief of which were Hanno the great, and Asdrubal furnamed the Goat, they went in a passage Boat, on the Prow of which they planted a Caduceus, and at their arrival stretched forth their hands joyned towards the Conqueror, like people imploring mercy. Scipio ordered them to meet him at the Camp, where being seated in the Tribunal he caused them to be brought to his presence, whither being come they cast themselves on their knees weeping, till being raised up by the Ushers, and having permission to speak, Asdrubal began in this manner.

Most certain it is Sirs, that neither Hanno whom you see here, nor my self, nor any person of wisdom in all Cart••age, are guilty of those crimes wherewith you charge us, for when our unhappy Citizens op∣pressed by famine injured those sent from you, we opposed our selves, and sent them back to you. Nor ought the people of Carthage, in gene∣ral to be accused, who sent their deputies, and of whom the most part signed the Articles with joy, but as the Populacy suffer themselves to be easily seduced to their own ruine, whatever is pleasing to the multi∣tude

is usually preferred before that which is most profitable. We our selves have had experience of it, for what ever propositions we have made, some private calumniators, who never had the boldness to discover their thoughts in our presence, have hindred us from being believed. Wherefore Sirs, Judge not of our affairs, by what is practised in Rome, for your discipline in your Counsels is extreamly different from ours, and if by chance our crime seem to some greater then the calamity that constrained it, let him consider that hunger is a pinching necessity, and that that was the principal cause of our misfortunes: for had we not been pressed by it, it is not to be believed that the same people who had but newly demanded peace, offered so much mony, parted with the greatest patt of their Dominion, sworn to observe the Articles of Peace, and sent to that purpose deputies to your Senate, should be violently hur∣ried on to offend you, without expecting the return of those they had sent. But we must attribute this accident to the anger of some God, and to the tempest which cast your provisions into our Port; in a time when almost all Carthage was ready to perish with hunger, hunger that per∣nicious counsellor against anothers goods, especially in the brests of peo∣ple wanting all things, 'twould be certainly a piece of injustice to punish with severity what this miserable multitude have done. Yet if you will impute this fault rather to our malice then our misery, we confess it, we crave pardon for it. Were we innocent, we would endeavor to justifie our selves, but being criminals we supplicate for grace, hoping that you who are in the top of prosperity will the easier grant it, if you consider that humane affairs are subject to strange reverses, and that those who were yesterday in a condition to do injuries, are to day under a ne∣cessity of imploring mercy. You may behold, Sirs, a fresh example in the unhappy City of Carthage, she that for seven hundred years toge∣has been the greatest and most powerful City of all Africa, powerful in Ships, in Silver, in Elephants, in Foot, in Horse, She whose Dominion extended over the Lybians, and over many Cities and Isles by Sea and Land, in short She that has so long been the Rival of your Empire, Now no more places her hope in her Ports, nor in her Ships, nor in her Horse, nor in her Elephants, nor in her Provinces, which she has quit∣ted to you, but she expects her safety from your mercy, You that she has heretofore so ill treated. You will do an Action worthy of your selves, if considering the deplorable Estate to which we are reduced, you will receive a moderation in the midst of your prosperity, and ha∣ving regard as well to your own accustomed generosity, as to the ancient felicity of Carthage, you will in our misery make such a use of the favors of fortune, as may not displease the immortal Gods, but that by your clemency you will acquire a glorious name, that can never die whilst there is memory among men. Nor need you hereafter more fear the perfidiousness of Carthage, the chastisement they receive for their past faults will be an eternal warning to them: and as the good Counsel they had given them, but despised, had kept them in bounds of duty, so now they have been faulty, repentance joyned with the pu∣nishment inflicted on them, will prevent their falling again, and whilst you inveigh against the cruelty and injustice of the Carthaginians, you should be careful lest you fall into the same crimes, for as poverty of∣ten occasions men to sin, those who are in prosperity have opportunity to exercise their humanity and goodness, thus it is of concern both to the honor, and the advantage of your Commonwealth, rather to pre∣serve

so great a City, than to destroy it; but you may act as you please: for our parts we have but two things to oppose in our defence, the An∣tient Dignity of the Carthaginian Empire, and that Noble Moderation you have used to the rest of the World, which joyned with your Valour, hath raised you to so high a Soveraignty: And for what concerns the conditions of the Treaty, we only desire Peace; for Terms we have none to propose, leaving them wholly to your Discretion.

Asdrubal finish'd his Oration with tears: upon which Scipio causing the Deputies to retire, held a Council about this important Affair with the principal Officers of the Army; and after a long deliberation, caused the Carthaginians to return, to whom he spake in this manner:

You are not worthy of pardon, after having so often violated your Faith, and having, as a complement of all, so evilly treated our Deputies: A truth so manifest, that by your own confession, there is no punishment whatsoever, which you deserve not, for the expiation of your crimes: but it is needless to reproach you with faults your selves confess. And now you have recourse to prayers: you, that had you gain'd the Victory, would have rooted out even the Roman Name. We have not treated you at the like rate, but sent back your Agents from our City, at the same time you had injured ours, and violated the Treaty: and those very A∣gents being by the Sea cast into our Camp, and War already declared, I sent back to you without offering them the least wrong. Therefore in the condition your affairs are reduced to, you cannot believe we will or∣der you any thing advantageous. I will therefore tell you my thoughts, if the Senate approve them, if they think it convenient, we will yet grant you peace, on condition you surrender into the hands of the peo∣ple of Rome all your Ships of War, save only ten, and all your Elephants: That you restore all you have taken from us, or the value of what can∣not be found; in the estimation of which, if any difference arise, I will be Judge: That you likewise deliver up all the Captives and Fugitives, and all those Italian Souldiers, who followed Hannibal into Africa, which must be performed within a month after the day of publication of the Peace: That within two months you cause Mago to return out of ••i∣guria: That you withdraw all Garrisons out of such Cities as are beyond the Punick Ditch, and send them back their Hostages: That besides all this you pay us yearly for fifty years, two hundred and fifty Euboick Ta∣lents: That for the future you entertain no Soldiers into your pay, either out of Gaul or Liguria: That you make not any war upon Masanissa, or any of our Allies, nor permit any Carthaginian to bear Arms against them; then shall your City and Territory remain free to you within the Punick Ditch, limited by the same bounds you possessed when I entred Africa, provided you put a just value on the friendship of the people of Rome; and if occasion requires, assist them with your Forces by Sea and Land. If the Senate of Rome approve these propositions, the Roman Ar∣my shall depart out of Lybia, within fifty days after the ratification; to perfect which, if you will send Deputies to Rome, I will in the mean time grant you Truce, and you shall deliver me in Hostage one hundred and fifty of such of your Children as I shall chuse, and pay me a thousand Talents for the Armies entertainment; besides such Provisions as you shall furnish. As for the Hostages I will return them so soon as the Peace is ratified.

The Deputies carried back this answer to Carthage, where after many [ XXIX]

deliberations, the principal Men of the City advised the accepting of these Conditions, left whilst they made a difficulty of quitting part of what they possessed, they should run in danger of loosing all. But the multitude, who ordinarily consider more what is taken from them, than what is left them, opposing it, thinking it mighty strange that the Elders of Carthage should in a publick famine, chuse rather to send Provisions to the Roman Sol∣diers, than to their own Citizens; and in effect, they went to seek out eve∣ry particular Senator, threatning them all to plunder and fire their Houses. At last it was agreed on to send for Hannibal into the Council, who having gathered together six thousand Foot, and five hundred Horse, was retired into the City of Marthame. He comes, and though the most moderate men were fearful lest that warlike Men should absolutely pervert the peo∣ple; yet by a grave Discourse he made, he perswaded to Peace; but the Populacy incensed, and insolent railed no less at him than they had done at others, and continued their threatnings, till such time as all the Nobility despairing of the affairs of the City, left it; one part returning to Masa∣nissa, and the other to the Roman Army. Now the remainder of the peo∣ple having intelligence that Hannibal had stored up great quantities of Corn in a certain place—

—

That is unjust, and looks like a malicious emulation, and it seems in effect, Scipio himself doubted of it; when opening his thoughts to us, he adds, That he would grant peace to the Carthaginians, even though we should refuse it: And indeed, there is reason to believe, that being upon the place he should see clearer, and have a more exact knowledge of affairs than we possibly can. In short, if we slight his advice, we af∣front that great Captain, who out of his passionate love to his Country, always counselled the carrying of the War into Africa; and when he could not obtain an Army from us, raised one at his own expence, and has succeeded more happily than we could hope: So that it strangely a∣mazes me, to see you now so obstinate, and with such violence to press forward this War to extremity, which in the beginning you undertook with so much coldness and negligence. If any of the opposers of Peace grant all this, and shall only found their advice upon a fear, left the Car∣thaginians should now again, as they have done formerly, violate the Treaty in question. I answer, that there is more reason to believe, that having had experience of the miseries their infidelity has involved them in, and being perswaded, as they are, that all these misfortunes have fallen upon them, only for having violated the Religion of their Oaths, they will for the future keep sacred that Faith they shall swear to. And to me it appears an evident contradiction to say, that the Carthaginians are contemptible, because they have no more power, and at the same time to fear that they are in a capacity of revolting. Besides, it is much easier for us to hinder the growth of power, than totally to ruine them; for if we press them to extremities, we shall have to deal with people, whom despair will make capable of any thing: but if you grant them Peace, the fear of falling into the like danger, will preserve them with∣in the bounds of Duty: but besides all this, they will have persecutors enough, though we concern not our selves; for not any of their Neigh∣bours, but remembring the Pride and Tyranny of their Empire, will main∣tain against them an irreconcileable War: after all this, we have Masanissa (who has been our most faithful friend in all adventures) still upon the place, who will continually cast an eye on their actions, and be always ready to oppose whatever they dare attempt. But if any one not considering

all these reasons, has regard only to the glorious success of Scipio's Arms, and promises himself the like in the continuance of this War: let him remember the inconstancy of Fortune, and that no man living can assure himself to have it at all times favourable. But granting we take the City of Carthage, what shall we do with it? shall we utterly ruine and raze it, because they took some of our Corn and Shipping, which they are ready to pay for with interest? Certainly we shall not, lest we incurr the indignation of Gods and Men. Shall we give it to Masanissa? No, for though he be our friend, we must not raise him above measure: Much better may we make use of those contracts he shall have with the Carthaginians, to the advantage of the Commonwealth. Perhaps we might draw some Treasure thence, but the Armies that must be main∣tained will waste it: for who can doubt but there must be great Forces kept up for the guard of a Country encompassed with so many barba∣rous Nations. We may likewise send thither a Colony of Italians; but upon terms to hold eternal War with the people of Numidia, or if those we send shall in process of time make themselves Masters of all these Nations, it may happen that having conquered so great a Country, without comparison more excellent than ours, their power may render them not only suspected, but even terrible to our selves. And this in my opinion, was Scipio's judgement, when he advised us to grant the Carthaginians the effect of their demands. Let us not therefore, Gentle∣men, refuse them, as well because we now behold them our humble sup∣plyants, as because our General desires it.

To this Cornelius Lentulus, kinsman to Cneus, now Consul, who hoped to suceed Scipio in this War, answered in this manner:

Gentlemen, it is ordinary in War to consider only advantage; where∣fore since we all agree, that this City may yet be able to do mischief, we ought to take heed of that Infidelity is accompanied with Power: And we cannot assure our selves against its Perfidy. I am of opinion we ought, before all other things, to deprive it utterly of the means to do hurt: We can never have a more favourable opportunity, and since they are weak and poor, we should commit a great errour to stay till they have recovered Force and Riches; not that I would argue we ought not likewise have regard to that which is just. But who can accuse the Roman people of injustice, or think they use with too much severity the Victory they have gained over the Carthaginians, a people who in pro∣sperity are unjust and violent to all the World, who in adversity submit and humble themselves; and as soon as they have obtained Peace and Pardon, violate that Peace they have sworn to? They have no respect for Oaths, they believe not that there are Gods; yet he that spoke before me says, we ought to spare them to avoid the indignation of Men and Gods: For my part I believe those very Gods have reduced Carthage to this very state, to punish the impieties of people, who besides the violation of so many Treaties of Peace made in Sicily, Spain, Italy and Africa, have by a thousand wrongs provoked the whole World. I will give some forreign Examples before I speak of those concern us. Saguntum, one of the fairest Cities of all Spain, was entred into Alliance with us, nay more∣over, was a friend to the people of Rome, and yet without any occasion of complaint given they took it, sack'd it, and put all to the Sword, with∣out sparing Sex or Age. The City of Nucera, which depended upon us, surrendred to them upon composition, after they had sworn that the Inha∣bitants should be permitted to pass freely, with two Suits of Apparel each,

yet, to the prejudice of their Oath, they shut up the Senators of that un∣happy City in Stoves, where they smothered them to death, and slew all the people with Darts, as they passed out. After having engaged their Faith to the Senators of Acerra, they threw them into Wells, and buried them alive under the Earth they cast down upon them. They deceived M. Cornelius our Consul, whom by force of Oaths they prevailed with to go see their General, who feigned himself sick; and from Sicily, where they were, carried him prisoner into Africa, with two and twenty of our Ships. They likewise cruelly put to death our General Regulus, who that he might not violate his Oath, returned to Carthage. In short, Hannibal has committed so many cruelties, during the War, by Surprise and by Treachery, both against us and against his own Allies, plundring their Cities, and putting to death those engaged in his Service, that it is not possible to express it; let me only say in a few words, that he has sack'd four hundred of our Cities; that he hath made Bridges over Rivers of the Bodies of Roman Prisoners, and filled Ditches with them as with Fagots, whereon to pass his men over: Sometimes he has trampled them under the feet of his Elephants; otherwhiles exposed them as a specta∣cle, making them like Gladiators fight Brother against Brother, and Son against Father. They sent us but very lately, Deputies of theirs to conclude a Peace, which they swore to; and yet before they were gone from our City, rob'd our Ships, and put our Mariners in Irons. These are the works of their cruelty; now what commiseration or kindness is there due to those, who have never used moderation or clemency to any person, and who would (as Scipio told them) have abolished the very Roman Name, had they overcome us. Perhaps this time they will keep their Faith, but what Faith, what Treaties, what Oaths have they not violated? What Peace or what Favour have they not repaid with Inju∣ry? Some may say we are not to imitate them. Pray, wherein do we imitate them? We break not the Peace, since it is not yet agreed on: but you say, we ought not to imitate their cruelty. Would you then have these famous Inhumans for your Friends and Allies? It would be somewhat to the purpose, if, as they are vanquished, they would submit to discretion, as many others have done before them; then we would consult of it. And whatever we should leave them, the obligation would be on their part, nor could the favours they received, pass for an accom∣modation. And surely there is great difference 'twixt these two: For as long as we make Treaties with them, they will violate them as before, making it an occasion of Rupture, that the Conditions seem to them un∣just. For pretences will not be wanting, when they have a mind to break: But when they are submitted to discretion, that we have disarmed them, and reduced their bodies under our obedience, they will learn that they have nothing properly their own, and humbling themselves, will be con∣tent with those things we shall leave them, as if they had never apper∣tained to them. If Scipio be of another judgement, you may examine these two different opinions, and chuse the best; but if he be resolved to make Peace with the Carthaginians without you, there is no necessi∣ty of writing to him. For my part knowing well you are the Judges of our Council, I have given mine as I believed it most advantagious for the Commonwealth.

After Lentulus had argued in this manner, the Senate put it to Voices, where Scipio carried it by several Votes. Thus was a third Peace conclud∣ed between Rome and Carthage, of which Scipio was the principal cause,

whether for the reasons aforementioned, or because he thought it suffici∣ent that the people of Rome had weakned Carthage to such a degree. For there have been who affirmed, that to preserve the ancient discipline among the Romans, he would have that City left yet in some condition, least having nothing to fear, too great prosperity should make them in∣solent. If this were Scipio's thought he did not declare it, but Cato some∣time after said the same thing in open Senate in a grave discourse he made to the Fathers then incensed against the Rhodians.

Peace being concluded, Scipio caused all the African Army to repass in∣to [ XXX] Italy, and entred the City in Triumph, but with greater Pomp then ever any Captain had done. The manner of which I shall describe, be∣ing the same used now adays. All the whole people were crowned, the Trumpets marched before with the Chariots loaden with the Spoils of the enemy, after which were born the figures of the Cities taken, and Pi∣ctures wherein were delineated, all the glorious acts done in that War, then followed all the Silver as well coyned as in Ingots, and other preci∣ous things, and then followed those Crowns had been given to the Gene∣ral by the Cities, by the Allies, or by his own Army; After all this fol∣lowed white Oxen, then Elephants, and after them the Captive Cartha∣ginian and Numidian Captains. Before the General marched the Ushers in Purple Robes with a Chore of Musick, and Satyrs girt after the Tuscan manner, having on their heads crowns of Gold, who advanced in order singing and dancing. These Satyrs they called Ludions, by reason as I imagine that the Tuscans wore formerly the Lydian habit; In the midst of all these people was a certain man clad in a long purple Robe, adorned with Bracelets and Chains of Gold, who with ridiculous postures derided the enemies. After followed in train certain men with perfumes, and next appeared the General mounted on a Chariot richly carved, he had on his head a Crown of Gold set about with Precious Stones, his vesture was a purple robe, and in one hand he bore an Ivory Scepter, and in the other a branch of Laurel, which at Rome is the mark of victory. There were in the same Chariot with him divers Children and Maidens, and on Horses that drew it were mounted young men of his relations. All about it marched the guards, the Secretaries and Esquires, who were followed by the Soldiery, marching in order with abundance of Laurels, and those who had done any eminent Service, wearing the military Recompenses they had received. They have all free liberty in these occasions either to praise their Captains; pass their jests upon them, or if they please to con∣demn their actions, for a Triumph is a thing of absolute freedom, and men are priviledged to say any thing. In this manner Scipio ascended the Capitol, and the Pomp over, magnificently treated his Friends in the Tem∣ple according to custom.

Such was the end of the second Punick War, which began in Spain, and was finished in Africa by a Treaty concluded about that time, when the Greeks account the hundred forty fourth Olympiad.

Sometime after Masanissa (sworn Enemy to the Carthaginians) ha∣ving [ XXXI] siesed a part of their Territory, presuming as much on the Friend∣ship of the Romans, as any right he pretended to it, they sent deputies to Rome to supplicate the Senate to put a stop to the Enterprizes of that Prince: Commissioners were sent to determine the difference, but with Orders to advance that Kings interests as high as they could possibly.

Thus Masanissa was maintained in the possession of what he had taken, and made likewise a peace with the Carthaginians which lasted about fifty years. During which, Carthage enjoying a solid peace, and being much improved in men and riches by reason of the fruitfulness of the soil, and commodiousness of the Harbors: The minds of men, as is usual, were transported with prosperity, and the City was divided into three Factions the Roman, the Popular, and the Royal. Each of which had for head the most considerable men of the Nobility both for dignity and virtue. Hanno▪ the Great stood for the interest of the Romans: Hannibal Opsar sided with Masanissa: And Amilcar called the Samnite, and with him Carthalon were heads of the Popular Faction. These last seeing the Romans engaged in a War in Celtiberia, and Masanissa hard put to it to defend himself against other Spaniards, obliged Carthalon, who then in quality of Lieute∣nant General was going his Circuit, to fall at unawares upon Masanissa's Camp, then pitched in that Country, about which they had been at dif∣ference; which he did, and having taken and slain some of the Kings Troops raised the Country of Lybia against the Numidians. There fol∣lowed some other skirmishes between the two parties, till such time as the Romans once more sent Commissioners to make Peace, with Orders like the former to do secretly all they could in favor of the King. Who made use of this cunning to confirm Masanissa in the possession of what he had before siesed upon. They gave no sentence, nor took so much as any cognizance of the difference, for fear lest Masanissa should seem to have lost his cause, they only placed themselves between the two Camps, part∣ed them, and gave order to both sides to lay down Arms. Some time af∣ter Masanissa renewed the War upon a pretence he had to a Country cal∣led Lysoa, where there were large Champians, and fifty good Towns. The Carthaginians had again recourse to the Senate, and people of Rome; they promised to send Deputies upon the place to determine this affair, but the Deputation was delay'd till such time as probable conjectures might be made that Masanissa had the advantage. Then Commissioners were dispatched, and among others Cato, who being arrived upon the places contended for, required the parties to give them full power to judge the difference as Arbitrators. To which Masanissa who found himself the stronger, and confided in the Romans, easily agreed, but the Carthaginians made a difficulty of it, and not without reason, for they remembred well that in former sentences they had not done them justice, and alleged that the accommodations made by the authority of Scipio needed no correctors, provided they were observed by one Party and the other. Whereupon the Commissioners who would not be Judges but by consent of parties, re∣turned without doing any thing. But observing in their journy how ex∣cellently the Land was cultivated, and that the Country abounded in all things, they were astonished, especially to see Carthage it self so soon re∣covered of those losses so lately sustained by Scipio's Victory; Insomuch that being returned to the City they declared it a fault in the people of Rome, not to have a more watchful eye upon Carthage, they had so anciently been jealous of, and which upon a sudden was so easily re∣stored to such power. Cato himself said the Liberty of the people of Rome could never be secured whilst Carthage subsisted. Which being proposed in the Senate, it was resolved to make War upon the Cartha∣ginians, but that the design should be kept secret till opportunity pre∣sented. 'Tis said that Cato hereafter ceased not in open Senate to declare the Necessity of demolishing Carthage, but Scipio Nasica quite contrary

argued that it was to be left in a condition, that the ancient Discipline, which began to decay, might be maintained in vigor by the fear they would still stand in of that City.

Mean while in Carthage the Popular Faction suppressed the Royal, con∣demning [ XXXII] to banishment about fifty of the Principal, and making the people swear never to admit their return, nor so much as suffer it to be spoke of. The Exiles made their retreat to Masanissa to oblige him to a War; He was before sufficiently inclined to it; wherefore he sent Gu∣lussa and Micipsa two of his sons to Carthage, to solicite the return of those who had for his sake been banished. But when they presented them∣selves at the Gates. Carthalon forbid their entrance, for fear lest the tears of the Exiles kindred should work upon the people, and besides Amil••ar the Samnite laid an ambush for Gulussa upon his return which ••lew some of his attendants and put him to flight. This gave occasion to Ma∣sanissa to besiege the City of Horoscopa, with the taking of which he had a mighty desire to begin the rupture. To it's relief went the Carthagini∣ans with twenty five thousand Foot, and four thousand Horse of the City, under the command of Asdrubal then General of their forces, to whom joyned Assasis and Suba, two of Masanissa's Major Generals who deserting the two young Princes, went over to the Carthaginian party with six thousand horse. Asdrubal with this additional force goes and encamps near the King, and had often and successful skirmishes. But Masanissa acting with the cunning of a Great Captain retired by little and little, as if he had given ground, till such time as he had drawn him into a great barren plain encompassed on all sides with Mountains, and deficient in all necessaries to subsist on; Here facing the enemy he encamped in the midst of the Plain, while Asdrubal siesed on the Eminencies, whereby he thought he had the greater advantage. On the morrow the battel was designed, when young Scipio who afterwards took Carthage, and who at present was only Lieutenant to Lucullus, who made War in Celtiberia, came to seek out Masanissa to demand some Elephants. The King who was desi∣rous that day to take some repose that he might go the fresher to the battel sent some horse to meet him, and gave orders to some of his sons to re∣ceive him. Day being come he drew up his Army in battel being now fourscore and eight years old, yet a strong and vigorous Souldier, who ac∣cording to the custom of the Country mounted on horse back, without saddle or other covering equally acting in the duty of General and Sol∣dier, for the Numidians are lustiest of all the people of Africa, and live longer then any others, which is perhaps occasioned because the Winter is not so sharp in this Country, nor the heats so violent as in India and Ethiopia, and for the same reasons are their Cattel stronger and greater. The men lie all abroad and harden themselves by continual labor, they drink little Wine, feed very sparingly and with much sobriety. Ma∣sanissa having drawn up his Army in Order, Asdrubal did the like, for to him there were joyned many people of the Country. Scipio being on the top of a Hill, as on a Theatre, saw all this Battel, and was after heard to say, that though he had been in an infinite number of fights, there was never any in which he took so much delight, for he had ne∣ver seen any other, wherein either his person was in security, or that there were a hundred and ten thousand Combatants: Or to express it more gloriously, he said that before him were never found but two Spectators in

a like occasion, which were in the time of the Trojan Wars, Iupiter on the top of Mount Ida, and Neptune on Samothracia. They fought from Morning till Night with great slaughter of men on both sides; however the advantage seem'd Masanissa's: Whom Scipio came to meet, as he re∣turned to his Camp, congratulating the happy success of his Arms; and for his part, he received Scipio as the Son of his Friend, with all possible de∣monstrations of kindness. The Carthaginians having notice of his coming, requested him to make peace between Masanissa and them, which he having yielded to, brought them to a Conference; the Articles of the Treaty were, that the Carthaginians should release to the King all the Country that lies about the Empories, and should promise him two hundred Talents ready money, and eight hundred more payable at a cer∣tain term: But when Masanissa, besides all this, demanded the Fugitives, they would not hear him speak of it; so they parted without doing any thing, and Scipio returned into Spain with the Elephants. Masanissa seeing his Enemies Camp seated on an Eminence, or round Hill, besieged them in such a manner, that no Provisions could be brought to them, nor was the bringing all, there was none to be had, and he himself procured them with much difficulty, and what he had was fetch'd from afar off, and in very small quantities. Asdrubal at first thought that with the Forces he had, he could disingage himself when he pleased, and open himself a pas∣sage through the midst of his Enemies. But because his Stores were bet∣ter furnish'd than theirs, he hoped Masanissa might be reduced to a ne∣cessity of demanding Peace; and besides, he was the less concerned, be∣cause he had heard that Deputies were coming from Rome to end their differences. This was true, but these Deputies had Orders to determine the Affairs, if Masanissa was overcharged, but to highten his courage, if they found•• him the stronger, which Orders they punctually executed. Mean while the Famine entred Asdrubal's Camp in such manner, that the Soldiers weaken'd with Hunger, were not able to repulse the Enemy; first they kill'd the Beasts of carriage, after that their Horses for service; and at last were reduced to such extreme necessity, that they boiled the very Reins of the Bridles for a sustenance. There supprised them likewise an infinite number of Diseases, increased by their bad Food, by the idleness of the Soldiers, and the season of the year, for there was a great number of men inclosed within a small compass of ground, during the greatest heats of Summer, which were excessive in Africa: And because through the want of Wood, even to dress their Food, they had been forced to burn their very Bucklers: Now not having the means to carry their dead Bodies out of the Camp, because of the strict Guard Masanissa kept, and destitute of Fuel to burn them, the Plague daily increased with the stink of the dead Carcases, in the midst of which they were forced to abide. Hunger had already consumed the greatest part, when the rest hopeless of safety were forced to deliver up the Fugitives to Masanissa, to oblige themselves to pay him yearly five thousand Talents of Silver for fifty years, and to cause those they had banished to return, notwithstanding their Oath to the contrary. It was likewise agreed, that the Soldiers which remained should march out only with one Coat, and pass under the Yoke: Which being executed, Gulussa remembring how a little before he had been affronted, sent the Numidian Horse after the Carthaginians, who not able to make resistance, disarmed, as they were, and not having strength enough to fly; of fifty eight thousand men very few recovered Carthage, of which number was Asdrubal, with some of the Nobility. This is what passed in

the War, between Masanissa and the Carthagians, which was soon after followed by the third and last Punick War.

The people of Carthage weakned by the losses they had sustained in this War, [ XXXIII] stood yet in fear of Masanissa, who was nigh with a great Army; and besides doubted not but the Romans, who had testified their disaffection to them upon all occasions, would lay hold of this, under pre∣tence that the Carthaginians had made War upon Masanissa, the Friend and Ally of the Roman people. And indeed their conjecture was not false; for as soon as it was known at Rome what had passed, the Senate com∣manded all the people of Italy to levy great numbers of Soldiers; not de∣claring for what service they designed them; but only giving Orders they should be in a readiness upon the first Command. Wherefore the Carthaginians to repair their fault, did by publick Edict declare Asdrubal their General against Masanissa, criminal, together with Carthalon his Lieutenant, and all those of their Faction, laying to their charge the cause of this War. They likewise sent them Deputies to Rome to complain of Masanissa, but more of their own Citizens already condemned, for that they had rashly, and with too much passion taken Arms against that King, and by that means put the City into hazard of falling afresh into evil terms with the people of Rome. Upon which a certain Senator asked them, why they had not, in the beginning of the War, condemned all those were the cause of it, without attending the ill success of the enterprize; adding that the Carthaginians had a long time designed a War against the people of Rome, and went only seeking an opportunity, wherefore the Senate could not receive this excuse. The Deputies surprized with this an∣swer, demanded in return what then they should do to expiate their crime, since they had adjudged them guilty: to which was replyed in a word, Content the people of Rome. It was brought into debate in the Senate of Carthage, what this Contentment could be, they desired of them, some thinking that the Romans would have some sums added to those ordained by Scipio, others that they must absolutely quit to Masanissa the possession of those Lands in difference. In this uncertainty they sent once more to beseech the Senate to prescribe them more expresly the means of contenting them; to which answer was given, the Carthaginians knew them well enough; and with this they were sent back: which begat a strange trouble, and general terrour throughout all Carthage. And to add to it, at the same time, the City of Utica, then the most considerable of all Africa, next to Carthage, having large and commodious Havens to receive a forreign Fleet, and not above sixty furlongs distant from that City, and so by consequence very proper to make the seat of the War against the Carthaginians; there having ever been a secret animosity between the two Cities: Utica taking this opportunity of the deplorable Estate, to which Carthage was now re∣duced, sends Deputies to Rome to yield up themselves and their City to the Roman people. The Senate, who had long before had an inclination to this War, and were now prepared for it, having at their devotion so strong and so commodious a City, discovered their intentions, and as∣sembling in the Capitol, where it is usual to debate Affairs of consequence, decreed a VVar with Carthage; and at the same time gave it in Order to the Consuls, with private Orders, never to give it over till Carthage were destroy'd.

M. Manlius had the command of the Army by Land, and L. Marcinus [ XXXIV]

Censorinus of the Fleet by Sea. After offering up the usual Sacrifices, they past into Sicily, that from thence they might set forward to Utica, carryed by fifty Quinqueremes, and a hundred Foists followed by many others, as well flat bottom'd Vessels, as great Barques and Ships of Burthen: Their Army consisted of fourscore thousand Foot, and about four thousand cho∣sen Horse. For both the Citizens and Allies manifested an equal ala∣crity to go upon this glorious expedition, the success of which was no way doubtful; nay, some were found that would engage in it, whether the Con∣suls would or no. Thus was War made and declared against Carthage at the same time, and he that carried them the Decree of the Senate, declared likewise that there was an Army at Sea ready to invade them. This news cast the whole City, not only into fear, but despair. They had lately lost all their Youth, they had neither Fleet, nor Allies, nor Soldiers in readi∣ness, no provision in the City to sustain a Siege; in short, no manner of preparations, as ordinarily happen to people surprized, with an un∣expected War, and which has not been declared. Besides, it was not pos∣sible for them to oppose the Romans and Masanissa together; wherefore they sent other Deputies to Rome, with full authority to accommodate the Affair at any rate whatsoever. The Senate made them answer, That, provided the Army were yet in Sicily, if within a month the Carthaginians would deliver up in Hostage three hundred Children of their best Families, and perform what they should ordain, the City of Carthage should remain free in the enjoyment of their Rights, and of the Territory they possessed in Africa. This Decree of the Senate they publickly gave to the Deputies to carry to the Consuls, whom privately they advertised not to recede from those orders they had received in the City. The Carthaginians were doubtful, that though they did deliver up their Hostages, they should not obtain assured Peace. However, in the extremity wherein they be∣held themselves, they placed all their hopes in obedience; and that they might work upon the Consuls, by a ready execution of their commands, they carried their Children into Sicily, before the time had been prescribed them. It's true, that their Parents and Friends parted not from them with∣out abundance of tears; especially the Mothers, who ecchoing fearful shrieks and crys, could hardly be pulled from the embraces of their Children, and when they were, hung upon the Ships, clasped hold upon the Anchors, and cut the Tackle to hinder the Seamen from putting forth; many tore their hair, and beat their breasts, as if they had been at a Fune∣ral, for they perceived that in appearance indeed they gave Hostages, but in reality and effect, they yielded up their City, since their Children were taken away, and no assured promise made them. And indeed ma∣ny of these Women shedding tears made this dire prediction, that the giving Hostages was but in vain. Thus were these Youth taken away from Carthage, to be delivered up in Sicily, where they were received by the Consuls, who sent them to Rome, and told the Carthaginians, they should know at Utica, what more was to be done, to deliver themselves from this VVar.

[ XXXIV] VVhen the Romans were passed over, the Army encamped in the same place, Scipio had before encamped in, and the Fleet rode in the Ports de∣pending on Utica. The Carthaginian Deputies came to attend the Con∣suls, who seated in the Tribunal, encompassed by all the Officers of the Army, had caused to be drawn off on both sides the way that the Cartha∣ginians were to pass, all their Forces magnificently armed, with Colours

flying, that the Carthaginians might judge of their vast numbers by what they saw. Then a Trumpet having commanded silence, by the Consuls or∣der a Herauld went to give notice to the Deputies, that they were ready to give them audience. They were led through the midst of all the Army, and when they drew near, stopt at the Rails, placed like a Bar before the Tribunal, from whence the Consuls commanded them to make their Proposals. They began then in a deplorable manner to recount the ancient Treaties had been between the two people, the antiquity of Carthage, the mul∣titudes of people in it, the power they had had, and the former great extent of their Dominions; adding that they spoke not this out of vanity (for it was no time to be vain, when they were miserable) but to the end, that the Example of a change so great and so sudden, might oblige the Romans to treat them with humanity and moderation, of which they could not give any more illustri∣ous evidence, than by having commiseration of the afflicted, besides those who exercise their power well in other mens misfortunes, may hope the like from their Conquerours, if they should fall into the same disgrace. It would be piety in you (said the Chief of the Deputies) to consider the miserable condition of our affairs, and unless we have indeed met with Enemies pitiless and inexorable, you should in all reason rest satisfied with our calamities; we have lost all the Dominion we had both by Sea and Land, we have delivered up our Ships to you, and have not sought to build others; we have forborn hunting of Ele∣phants; we have both formerly, and at present, delivered you good Hostages. We have paid you the Tribute we ought you at the time limited, we that use to receive from others. Certainly, Sirs, your Predecessors, after having van∣quished us, contented themselves with thus much, they received us into their al∣liance and friendship, on these conditions, which we have solemnly sworn to maintain on one part and the other. They faithfully kept the Peace they grant∣ed, after long Wars; and you, against whom we never took up Arms, what is it you complain of? what part of the Treaty has not been observed, that you so suddenly decreed this War, and bring it to our doors before you declare it? Have we not paid you your Tribute? have we any Ships? have we any Elephants? Do we not seem worthy of your compassion, after the so late loss of fifty thou∣sand men by famine? You will say we made War upon Masanissa: 'Tis true, but 'twas not till he had usurped our Lands, which we for a long time suffered with patience, till he setting no bounds to his avarice, committed a thousand cru∣elties in the Country about the Empories, where he was brought up and educated; and not content with that, he has attempted to snatch from us what we had re∣maining, and at last has gone so far, as to trouble the peace we had with you: But because we feared to displease you, that we might remove all pretence of making this War, we have by publick Edict declared even our own Defen∣ders Criminal; we have sent Deputies to Rome to make our excuses, and now again afresh sent other Deputies with full Authority to renew the Peace, on what conditions soever you should think fit: What need was there then of this Fleet, or this Army against people, who though innocent, submit themselves to whatsoever you shall ordain? You may easily judge we make not these offers to deceive you, and that you cannot impose upon us any penalty, we will not undergo, whilst we have surrendred up as Hostages to you, the most considerable of our Children, as you desired, without staying out the months time you gave us for the sending them: Besides, the Decree of the Senate declares, that pro∣vided we delivered those Hostages, Carthage should remain free in the enjoy∣ment of what we possess.

After the Deputy had thus spoken, Censorinus broke silence, and answered him in these terms. 'Tis needless to repeat to you the occasion of this War,

your Deputies have already heard it from the Senate themselves. But as to what you falsely object to us 'twill be easie to reply; for it is decreed by the Ordinance you speak of, and we told it you before in Sicily, when we received your Hostages, that at Utica should be proposed to you the farther intentions of the Senate. We cannot but praise you that you have sent your Hostages so readily and such chosen ones. But if you so passionately desire Peace, what need have you of Arms. Wherefore bring all you have as well belonging to the publick, as private persons, all your Darts, Crossbows and other Arms, and deliver them into our hands. The Deputies answered that they were willing to obey in this too, but then they could not tell how to hinder Asdrubal's entry into the City, whom they had condemned to death, and who was now at the head of twenty thousand men which he had new rai∣sed. However when the Consuls had replied that the Senate and people of Rome would take that into their care, they promised to surrender their Arms, and Scipio Nasica, and Cn. Cornelius Hispalus were sent to receive them. They had Arms for two hundred thousand men, an infinite Num∣ber of piles and darts, two thousand as well crossbows as other engins, for the lancing of javelins and casting of great stones. And it was a wonderful thing to see the carriages loaden with them conducted by the enemies themselves, who were followed by the Deputies, Senators, Officers, Priests and Nobility, hoping to move the Consuls either out of respect to their dignity or out of compassion to their misfortune.

When they were come before the Tribunal, each man habited accord∣ing to their degree, they all stood attentive, and Censorinus who was more eloquent then his colleague once more breaking silence spoke to them in this manner. Certainly we have good reason to applaud that ready obedience you have manifested in delivering your Hostages, and surrendring up your Arms; but it is fruitless to make long discourses where necessity presses. Hearken with patience to the remaining Orders of the Senate; withdraw your selves from the City of Carthage and transfer your habitation into whatever place you please of your Dominion, provided it be fourscore furlongs from the Sea, for we are resolved to rase it. The Consuls words were interrupted by the outcrys of the Carthaginians, who began to lift up their hands to heaven, calling the gods to witness of the treaties violated, railing, reviling and reproaching the Romans. Some desired death, others became furi∣ous, some provoked the Romans against the Deputies, others cast them∣selves on the ground, beating the pavement with their hands and face, and others in a rage tore not only their cloaths but their very flesh, but after this first agitation was past over, you might behold them overwhelmed with sorrow, standing still without speaking a word, as if they had been dead. The Romans were astonished at the spectacle, and the Consuls could not take it ill that this consternation, caused by an unexpected com∣mand, had raised such storms in the brests of the Carthaginians, till their heat of anger was over, for they considered that mighty calamities do on the sudden create a boldness in the heart of men, who cannot upon surprise digest the troublesome necessity of obeying, and becoming hereafter ser∣vants: but when after a long silence they grew more lively sensible of their misery, they forbore any farther revilings, and only set themselves to lament their unfortunate condition, calling by name, their Children, their Wives and their Country, as if they had heard their lamentations. The Priests likewise invoked the Gods as if they had been present, reproaching them with being the cause of their death. In short the mourning was so great, and the groans so confused, of those who deplored the publick and

private misfortune, and so worthy of compassion, that they drew tears from the eyes of their enemies. The Consuls themselves moved with pity, out of a consideration of the instability of humane things, expected with sad countenances the end of their deplorings, when after abundance of tears and groans, the Calm in some sort returning into their souls, they fell again into a profound silence, and considering that their City was disarmed and defenceless, that they had not one Ship, one Warlike Engine, one Dart, or one Sword left, that they had not within their walls men of war sufficient, having lately lost fifty thousand men, and that it was not possible for them to raise Soldiers elsewhere, having neither friends nor allies, besides that the shortness of the time would not permit it. That their Children, their Friends, and their Country were in the enemies power, their City besieged by Sea and Land, and that from the other side Masanissa their ancient enemy was ready to fall upon them, they put a stop to the Tumult, and extravagance, as of all things most useless in this occasion, and had a fresh recourse to prayers. Then Hanno surnamed Gilla the most considerable of all the Carthaginians there present, having first obatined permission to speak, began in this manner.

Sirs, If I may be admitted to add any thing to the Remonstrances [ XXXVI] we have made you, I must tell you, that we pretend not to act in this occasion, as if we pleaded our cause before you in quality of Judges; such proceeding is utterly unseasonable in our present condition; but I hope to make it appear by pertinent reasons, that we are not unworthy your mercy. We who have formerly been Lords of Africa, both by Sea and Land, and for a long time disputed Extent of Empire with you, at last yielded all to Scipio, when we delivered up all our Ships and our Elephants, we have likewise payd you the tributes imposed on us at the terms prescribed. We beg you therefore, by those gods, witnesses to the treaty, to pardon us, and not to violate the Oath of Scipio, who swore that from thence forward the people of Carthage should be friend and allie to the people of Rome. We have not swerved from any thing of that accommodation. We have neither ships, nor Elephants, you can demand no tribute of us, ••ay we have served you against three Kings, and be not offended if we put you in mind of it, when you de∣manded our Arms, since ordinarily miseries make men speak more then they ought; but now though the Religion of the Treaty should be suf∣ficient argument to perswade you, we have only recourse to our Pray∣ers, and indeed we have nothing else left, having already yielded up to you all that was in our power. This is all I can say to you touching the first▪ Treaty of Peace which was ratified by the Oath of Scipio your Con∣sul, but for what concerns our present Estate, you Sirs, are your selves witnesses of what we have done. You demanded Hostages, we have given you all the choicest of our youth. You desired our Arms, we have surrendred them all, which the inhabitants of a City taken never willingly did. We assured our selves upon the honesty of the Romans and upon their word, for the Senate gave us their letters, which we delivered unto you, and when you demanded Hostages from us, you pro∣mised that Carthage should (giving them) be at liberty to live accord∣ing to its Laws. And if having done what the letters of the Senate have ordered us, nay more than what they commanded, it would cer∣tainly appear very evil if after having promised liberty to our City,

upon delivery of Hostages, you should ordain it's destruction, after having received them, for if you demolish it, how can you leave it free as you pro∣mised. This is all we have to say touching the Treaties, as well old as new, and if this move you not, we will only have recourse to prayers and tears, the sole refuge of the miserable, and for which we have ample occasion in the innumerable calamities that overwhelm us. We beseech you therefore for an antient City, built by the command of the Gods. For the support of that immense glory it had acquired. For the preservation of that name it has born throughout the whole world, for its Temples, for its Gods, which are not capable of any crime. Chastise not them by a privation of those solemn sacrifices and continual adorations paid them by this City. Rob not the dead, who never offended you, of their Sepulchres, and those funeral Honors daily celebrated on their tombs. And if you have any pity for us, since you say 'tis out of compassion you permit us to chuse another habitation, spare our Altars, spare our houshold gods, spare our high places, spare the goddess guardian of Carthage. In short spare so many things that are both pleasant and precious in the eyes of the whole earth; for what can you fear from us? You have our ships, you have our arms, and all those great beasts which attracted on us the envy of such a world of people. You may say perhaps that it is comfort enough for us, that you suffer us to build another City. But it is impossible for men accustomed to get their livelyhood from the Sea, of whom we have an infinite number, to live or subsist in the Inland, yet how∣ever you will have this to be a favor, but pray be pleased that instead of it we offer you another condition which will fully satisfie us and (in our opinion) bring you more glory. Let the City that has not sinn'd stand, and put to death all the Carthaginians rather then command them to change habitation. Thus all the world will believe you animated against men, and not against Temples, Gods, Sepulchres and innocent walls. You have been accustomed to prefer glory and pitty before all things, and to make your moderation shine in the midst of your prospe∣rity, which hitherto you have practised towards all you have subdued, suffer your selves then to be moved by the prayers of Iupiter, and those gods which yet preside ore Carthage, and for their sake cease to hate us and our children, out of a remembrance of our past offences. Take heed lest we prove the first for whom you loose that high esteem in which you live, and ••ully not your reputation by the cruelty of this action, so horrible to speak of, much more to act, and of which never yet was heard an Example. The Greeks made many Wars upon the Barbarians, and you your selves have bore Arms against many other Nations; yet neither of you ever raz'd a City that yielded without fight, that had delivered up all they held most dear, their Children and their Arms, and are moreover ready to submit to whatever other punishment should be imposed, We therefore implore you by those gods, witnesses to our treaties, by the fortune of mankind, by those inward stings, they who are in prosperity ought to feel and fear, not to brand your success with so shameful a tyranny, nor extend our miseries to the utmost ex∣tremities. Or if for your parts you are resolved, yet give us leave to send once more to Rome, to present our request to the Senate. 'Tis but a short time we ask you, yet during which our torment and trou∣ble will increase through the incertainty of the event. You are in ample power to do with us what you please either at present or afterwards but pray remember to act nothing contrary to Piety and Mercy.

To all this Censorinus replyed;

There needs no farther repetition of the [ XXXVIII] Orders of the Senate, they have ordained, and it must be done, did we treat you like Enemies, we should only command, and then force you to it; but because the interest of our Commonwealth, and possible the advantage of your own requires it; I am content to make you apprehend the reasons, and to perswade rather than constrain you. As often as the sight of the Sea puts you in remembrance of your ancient Dominion, and past Greatness, it provokes your Arms, and begets you a thousand calamities. 'Twas this Sea gave the first occasion of your Assaults on Sicily, which since you have lost. 'Twas this Sea which made you in∣vade Spain, out of which you were soon after chased. 'Twas this Sea gave you the opportunity of robbing our Merchants, contrary to your faith given in our Leagues, and then to throw them over-board, the bet∣ter to conceal your crimes, till being surprised in it, you quitted Sardinia for reparation of that injury. Thus you lost Sardinia by means of that Sea which by its nature inclines all the world to covetousness, by reason of the yast profit it brings in, in a little time. By it formerly the Athe∣nians, skilful in Maritime Affairs, grew suddenly and mightily great; and by it were not long after as suddenly ruined; for the Sea is a kind of Merchandise by which riches flow in full springs, and suddenly ebbs as fast. You know well that those people I am speaking of, having extend∣ed their Dominion over all the Ionian Sea, and even unto Sicily, set no bounds to their avarice till they had lost all, till they were forced to sur∣render their Havens and their Ships into their Enemies hands, to receive a Garrison into their City, and demolish with their own hands their lofty Walls, so that they became almost a Plain, which for a long time proved the means of their preservation. And surely, Gentlemen of Carthage, there is more stability in a Country Life, and more assurance in Labour and Tillage; and though the profits are not so great as those reaped by the Sea, yet are they much more certain: and to tell you my thoughts, I am clearly of opinion, that a Maritime City is rather a Ship, than firm Land, so much is it tossed with variety of affairs, and subject to infinite Revolutions, whilst the Inland yields Fruits, may be gathered without danger; for this reason was it, that anciently Kings chose their Seats within Land, and that was it raised the Medes, Persians, Assyrians and many others to such a height of power; but to what purpose give I you the examples of Kings, let us speak of what concerns you. Cast your eyes throughout all Lybia, and chuse your selves a place where you may have Neighbours that you like, but whence you may no more see this object that at present tempts you. Thus you will rase out of your minds the memory of past miseries; and indeed how can you look upon the Sea, where now you have no Shipping without being tormented with the remembrance of those mighty Fleets which daily returned to your Ports loaden with booty or with the thoughts of the former Magnificence of your Ports, your Arsenals and your Havens. And when within your City you behold the Lodgings of the Soldiers unfur∣nished, your Stables without Horses, and your Stalls without Elephants: what can all this move you to, but grief, and desire to recover, if it were possible, the same power. 'Tis ordinary among men, that the me∣mory of past felicity creates a hope of its return; and on the contrary, there is no better remedy against calamity than oblivion, which can ne∣ver be attained to, but by distancing our selves from objects may keep it

fresh in our minds. An evident proof of this you may have in your selves, who after having sundry times obtained pardon for your faults, could never keep to constant Peace, nor continue long without violation of your Treaties. Wherefore if you have still thoughts of Dominion, and that preserving your animosities against us, you wait only a favou∣rable opportunity to shake off the yoke, you do well in endeavouring still to maintain your City, your Ports, your Honours, and those lofty Walls which seem only built for War: and we on our side should com∣mit a great crime to pardon people that will not pardon us, even then when fortune has submitted them to our power. But if in truth, and not in word only you yield the Dominion to us, and that content∣ing your selves with what you possess in Lybia, you will make a sincere peace with us, deal faithfully, and prove it by the effects, retire your selves into Africa, and willingly yield up to us that Empire of the Sea, which by right of War belongs to us. In vain, to move us to compassion, do you deplore your Temples, your Gods, your publick Places, and your Sepulchres; for we will not touch your Sepulchres, and you shall have liberty when you please to come and sacrifice, but all the rest must be demolished; for you sacrifice not to Havens, nor pay Funeral Ho∣nours to Walls; for your Hearths, your Altars, and publick Places, you may build them elsewhere, and soon establish your selves a Residence in the same manner as when you left Tyre you came into Africa, and gained this Seat which now you call the Seat of your Ancestors. To tell you all in a word, you may easily conceive what we now do is not out of malice, but for our own security, and to maintain publick concord: if you remember that Alba which was no Enemy City, inhabited not by Foes, but Friends that loved us, was transferred into our City for the publick good, which succeded to both peoples satisfaction. But we have, say you, multitudes of miserable people who gain their living by the Sea; this hath likewise been thought on, so far, that it will be easie for you still to trade by Sea, and to import and export your Commodi∣ties without very great trouble; for we have not ordained your retreat from the Sea above fourscore Furlongs; and we our selves are di∣stant at least a hundred. We permit you to chuse such a place as shall best like you, and live with all freedom in your new Habitations: and this is what we meant when we told you that the City of Carthage should remain free, if they obeyed us in this occasion; for speaking of the City, we believed not to be understood to have spoken of its Foundations, or its Walls, but its Citizens.

Here Censorinus stopped, but seeing the Carthaginians were likewise silent, he added, that What he had said, was only to perswade and comfort them: And now, said he, the Orders of the Se∣nate must be put in execution, and that out of hand, wherefore withdraw your selves; for as yet we consider you as Deputies. Upon hearing these words, the Ushers made them go forth; but they foreseeing the disorder this news would bring to Carthage, desired once more audience, and being again ad∣mitted, spake again in this manner. We see well, that we must obey, since you will not permit us to send to Rome; nor have we any hopes of ever return∣ing again to you; for our Citizens, before we shall have done speaking, will tear us in pieces; wherefore we beg you not for our concern (we have already set up our Rest) but for the interest of Carthage, to oblige them by terror to support the Calamity they groan under, that to that end you would cause your Fleet to approach the City, whilst we are on the way thither, to the intent, that they at once understanding your design, and seeing the danger whereupon they are

threatened, falling upon them, may suffer, if possible, the execution of your Command. Iudge you to what the injustice of our fortune has reduced us, when we are constrained to demand your Forces against our selves.

Having uttered these words, they departed, and Censorinus went to plant himself within view of Carthage with twenty Galleys, whilst one part of the Deputies took a quite different way from the City, and the rest went thitherward quite overwhelmed with sorrow and grief.

The Carthaginians stood upon their Walls to discover their return at a [ XXXIX] distance; and some tore their hairs out of impatience to see them coming, others ran out to meet them to hear the news; but when they beheld them quite cast down with sadness, they smote their Brests, demanding how things had passed; some in the general; others when they met a Friend or any one they knew, stopped them and enquired: but when they received no answer, they gave themselves over to tears, judging all was lost, those who from the Walls perceived it, wept likewise for company, without knowing wherefore, but out of an inward presage of some great misfor∣tune. The Deputies being come to the Gate, the people thronged so thick, that they were ready to stifle one another, and ready they were to have torn in pieces the Deputies, had they not told them that before they could answer them they must have conference with the Senate. Hereupon some gave place, and others made way for them, that they might the sooner know the truth. After they were entred the Palace, and the multitude were retired, the Senate took their Seats, and the people stood all about the Senate-House. And now the Deputies having told them the command they had received from the Consuls, there was raised a confused cry in the Assembly, which the people that were without answered by a dreadful noise. But when the Deputies continued their discourse, and declared the reasons they had used to move the Romans, they again kept a profound si∣lence, out of the desire every man had to know the event, which made the people quiet too; but when they understood that they were not suffered so much as to send to Rome, they burst forth into hideous groans and out∣cries; and the people forcing their Guards, entred confusedly into the Pa∣lace where now there was nothing but rage and fury. All the Rabble, like so many Bacchantes, possessed with different sorts of madness, fell some up∣on the Senators who had advised the giving of Hostages, tearing them in pieces, as if they had been the first cause of their surprise; others treat∣ed in the same manner those who had counselled the delivery of their Arms: some threw Stones at the Deputies, as the bringers of ill news; others ran like Furies up and down the Streets, and finding some Italians, who by chance had staid in the City, not dreaming of this unexpected misfortune, treated them with a thousand sorts of Indignities, telling them they would have revenge for the Hostages sent to Rome, and for the Arms taken from them. All the City was filled with tears and rage, with fear and threat∣enings; some running through the Streets called out to their Friends, o∣thers ran to the Temples, blaspheming the Gods that had not power to de∣fend their own Altars, some running to the Arsenals, wept for grief, to see them empty, others running to the Havens with tears, bemoaned their Ships delivered to faithless men, others again called their Elephants by name, as if they had still been with them, accusing and blaming both themselves and their Predecessors, and arguing that they ought never to have yielded up neither Elephants, nor Ships, nor Arms, nor consented to pay Tribute; for that it had been much more honourable to have died for

their Country with their Arms in their hands. But nothing more enflamed the anger of the people, than the Mothers of the Hostages, whom they might behold like Furies in a Tragedy, flie upon all they met with, reproach∣ing them that they had robbed them of their Children, and demanding satis∣faction. In conclusion, some more reserved than the rest, after having barricadoed up the Gates, gathered Stones, and carried them upon the Walls, to serve against the Enemy, instead of other Arms.

[ XL] The same day it was concluded in the Senate, that they should stand upon their Defence, and Proclamation was made for the general freedom of Slaves. They likewise nominated Generals, of which one was Asdrubal, whom they had condemned to death, and who had already twenty thousand Men in Arms, and to him they presently dispatched a Deputy to entreat him, that now in his Countries extremity he would not remember the offence he had received, which was only occasioned by the fear they had of the Romans. Him they appointed to keep the Field; and for the City they chose another Asdrubal, Grand-child to Masanissa, by one of his Daughters. This done, they dispatched once more to the Consuls, to demand only thirty days time, during which, their Deputies should go to Rome, which being refused, they took a resolution to suffer all extremities, rather than abandon their City. And now might be seen an universal change in mens minds; the Temples like∣wise, and the Palace, and other spacious places were changed into publick Shops, wherein men and women laboured night and day without respit, un∣less so much time as necessity and nature required for food and sleep; so that every day they made one hundred Bucklers, three hundred Swords, a thou∣sand Arrows for the Cross-bow; five hundred Darts and Javelins, and as ma∣ny Cross-bows as they could; and when they wanted strings to bend them with, the Women cut off their Hair to make Cords of. Whilst the Cartha∣ginians prepared for War with so much care and diligence, the Consuls were not so pressing, whether it troubled them to resolve upon doing a thing so ex∣traordinary, or that they thought they could, when ever they pleased, with ease take by force a disarmed City. Besides they imagined that necessity would soon take them off their courage, it being ordinary, that those who in the extremity of Affairs are at first furiously opposite, after having more closely considered the matter, grow fearful of displeasing those who have the power of destroying them, which happened in effect in Carthage, where a certain man perceiving his Fellow-Citizens already growing sensible of fear, came into the Assembly under another pretence, and told them, that of many evils the least was to be chosen, when they had not wherewithal to defend themselves. Mean while Masanissa was not well satisfied, that he having brought down the Power and Glory of the Carthaginians, the Romans should come and snatch the Victory out of his hands, and had crossed the Sea without first communicating their design to him, which they had used to do in former Wars. However, when the Consuls, to sound his intenti∣ons, demanded his assistance, he replyed, he would not be wanting, as soon as he knew they stood in need of it, and indeed sometime after he sent one to the Confuls, to know if they had any thing for him to do, but they not enduring his Pride, and mistrusting him as a person grown angry, made an∣swer, that when they stood in need of him, they would send him word, and yet were they at present in some straits for Provisions, which were only brought them from Adrumetum, Leptis, Saxa, Utica and Chella; for Asdrubal held all the rest of Lybia, from whence he sent what he could to Carthage.

Some days being passed, the two Consuls drew their Army near the City,

resolved to besiege it. It was situate in the great Golf of Africa, encom∣passed by the Sea, in form of a Peninsula, the Neck of which dividing it from the Continent, was about five and twenty Furlongs broad. Towards the West there stretched out a long Point of Land, about half a Furlong wide, which advancing into the Sea, divided it from the Marish, and was inclosed on all sides with Rocks, and with a single Wall. Towards the South and the Continent, where stood the Cittadal called Byrsa, it was inclosed with a triple Wall of thirty Cubits high, not accounting the height of the Parapets and Towers, which flanked it round in equal di∣stances, of about two Acres one from another. Their Foundations were about thirty Foot deep, and they were four Stories high, the Walls reach∣ing only to the second, but they were vaulted, and that so vastly, that un∣derground there were Stalls for three hundred Elephants, with all things necessary for their sustenance, and above Stables for four thousand Horse, and Lofts for their Provender: besides there were Lodgings for twenty thousand Footmen, and four thousand Horsemen; in short, all their or∣dinary preparations for War were lodged in their Walls only. There was but one place of the City, where the Walls were low and weak. This was a neglected Angle, which began at the Point of Land, we spoke of before, and reached to the Ports, for they had two Ports disposed in such manner, that a Ship might easily go from one to the other; and yet there was but one entrance through a passage of about sixty six Foot wide, se∣cured with Chains; the first was for Merchants, where were many, and divers sorts of Quarters for the Mariners; the other, which was the inner Port, was for the Men of War, in the midst of which stood an Island encom∣passed about, as well as the Port, with vast Keys, in which there were Places or Docks to put under covert two hundred and twenty Ships, and above Store-houses, where they wrought and made all things necessary for the Shipping; the Fronts of each place were upheld by two Pillars of Mar∣ble of Ionick workmanship, so that the whole round, as well of the Port as the Island, represented on both sides two magnificent Gallies. Within this Island stood the Admirals Palace, from whence the Trumpet gave the Signal of his Orders; from whence he published his Ordinances, and from whence he overlooked all things. The Island stood directly opposite to the mouth of the Port, extending it self a good way forward, so that from thence the Admiral could discern what passed at Sea a great distance off, but those at Sea could not perceive what passed within; nay, when the Merchants were entred into their Port, they could not see the Men of War, for their Port was separate from the inward Port by a double Wall, and for them there was an entrance from their Port by a Gate into the Ci∣ty, without passing into the other. Such was at this time the face of Carthage.

The Consuls having each taken their quarter, began their assaults, Man∣lius to the Landside, with design to fill up the Ditch, and possess himself of the Rampire within it, that so he might afterwards attempt the high Walls; and Censorinus from the Sea causing Ladders to be planted both on the Shore, and in his Ships against that ill fortified Angle, which had been always neglected; they both despised their Enemy, believing him disarmed: but when they found new made Arms, and Men fully resolved to defend themselves, they were surprised as at a Prodigy and retreated, ac∣knowledging that from the very first they committed an errour, in be∣lieving they should carry the City without fighting. They made a second assault, which succeeding no better than the first, increased the courage of

the Carthaginians; and now the Consuls fearing Asdrubal, who lay en∣camped on the edge of the Marish, lodged their Forces apart; Censorinus, with his Naval Army in the Marish, against the Walls of the City, and Manlius on the neck of the Peninsula, towards the Continent. Being thus posted, Censorinus passed the Marish, to go in search of Materials for the building of Engines, where he lost five hundred Workmen; and great quantity of Arms having been encountred by Amilcar, sirnamed Phameas, Colonel of the Carthaginian Horse: yet forbore he not the bringing of Materials, with which having caused to be made Ladders, and other En∣gines, he with them returned to the a••••ault, but in vain. Manlius after some slight attempts, and beating down part of the first Wall, desparing of success, gave over the Enterprise: but Censorinus having filled up a part of the Marish near to the point of the Land to gain more room, raised two Rams of an extraordinary size, of which one was driven forward by six thou∣sand Foot, encouraged by the Orders and Presence of their Captains; and the other by the Gally-slaves, whose labour was over-seen by those who had the command of the Gallies. This begat subject of Emulation, so that the Commanders, as well as the others striving, who should out-do each other, a great part of the Wall was soon overthrown, and the City might plainly be seen into. The Carthaginians on their side did not sleep, but apply'd themselves to repair by night, what breaches the Rams had made by day; but because the night was not sufficient for so great a labour, fearful lest the Romans should easily beat down again what they had repaired, whilst it was yet moist and unsettled; they resolved upon a Sally, and some with Swords, and others with Torches in their Hands, so vigorously assaulted the Engines, that though they burnt them not quite, yet they rendred them useless, and retreated into the City in order. Day appearing, the Romans entertained a conceit of entring Carthage, by the breach which the Inhabitants could not quite repair, and they saw with∣in a spacious place very proper to fight in. The Carthaginians expected them, having placed in the Front all their Armed men, others with Stones and Clubs in the Rear, and all about in the neighbouring Houses, those who were any way capable of defending them. The Romans enraged that disarmed men thus despised them, entred in throngs into Carthage: but Scipio, to whom the taking of this City gave afterwards the sirname of Africanus, being yet but Tribune, took special care not to enter, contenting himself with drawing up his Regiment by Companies in Battel, near the Walls of the City; from whence, as much as in him lay, he hindred o∣thers from passing in, and sustained those whom the Carthaginians beat back, by favouring their retreat; and this was it, gave him his first re∣putation, and made him gain the Character, in all Letters that were wrote to Rome, of being wiser than the Consuls: At length Censorinus his Army becoming sorely afflicted with sickness, by reason of being posted among dead and stinking waters, and that the height of the Buildings hindred them from breathing the Sea Air, he resolved to put to Sea; but the Cartha∣ginians having observed, that the wind blew directly to the Roman Fleet, filled with Tow and dried Vine-twigs, a quantity of small Barques with∣in their Port, that the Enemy might know nothing of it; and having plaistred them over with Pitch and Brimstone, brought them out in sight of the Romans, and there hoisting sail, set fire to them; so that the wind, and the violence of the flames drove them into the midst of the Fleet, which were almost all burn'd.

After this, Censorinus being gone to Rome to be present at the Assembly, [ XLII] then to meet for Election of Magistrates; his departure gave such boldness to the Carthaginians, as to make an attempt upon Manlius his Camp. To this end they sallyed by night, some armed, and others who had no Arms carrying Bridges; and stormed the Ditch in that place next the Town, and were already pulling out the Palisades, when the Alarm being run through the whole Camp, by reason of the obscurity of the night, Scipio with his Horse marched out of the farther Gate, and going the round of the Camp without the Line, terrified the Carthaginians, and made them retreat again into their City; all the World gave Scipio the glory of having saved the Army in this nocturnal terrour by his Conduct; and Manlius determined to keep better Guards, and to fortifie himself, to which effect he caused a Wall to be built in the place, where there was but a Palisade, and built a Fort on the Sea, to receive those Ships that brought him Pro∣visions. That done, he took the Field with ten thousand Foot, and two thousand Horse, besides Hewers of Wood and Forragers, to gather in Har∣vest throughout all the level Country. Those who were employed in this Service, were commanded by Tribunes, who relieved one another accord∣ing to their turns, which gave occasion to Phameas, who commanded the African Horse to signalize himself; this young man diligent and handy, and who had with him small but swift Horses, which lived on Herbs when they had nothing else; and could endure hunger and thirst, if there were occasion, concealed himself among the Woods, or in the Valleys; and when he perceived the Enemy stood not upon their Guard, sallyed from his Co∣vert, and came thundring upon them like an Eagle; and after having charged the Romans, retreated into a place of security. But when Scipio commanded, he never appeared; for Scipio continually kept his Foot in order, and his Horse in a fighting posture; and when any Corn was to be cut, he never suffered the Reapers to go to work, till he had first gone the round of the Field they were to cut down, both with Horse and Foot in their Arms, himself guarding the out-skirts with some Squadrons; and if any of the labourers stragled from the others, or went out of the Circle, he punished them severely, wherefore Phameas never durst attempt him; and Scipio still continuing his vigilance, his glory increased from day to day; insomuch, that the other Tribunes, who envyed him, raised a report that there was an old Alliance between Scipio, and the Family of Phameas. It happened also that some Africans retiring themselves to some Towers or Castles, of which there are great number in that Country: the other Tri∣bunes, after having granted them Pass-ports, forbore not to lay Ambushes for them in the way▪ and rob them▪ But Scipio on the contrary, convey'd them to the very House; insomuch, that hereupon none afterwards would enter into a Treaty, but in his presence; so much the good opinion of his Virtue and Honesty was increased, not only in the thoughts of the Ro∣mans, but of the Enemies themselves. Manlius being returned to the Camp, after having gathered in Harvest, the Carthaginians by night as∣saulted the Fort on the Sea with great violence, and besides to strike ter∣rour into the Romans, the whole Multitude coming out of the City made a horrible noise. The Consul ignorant of the cause of this Tumult, kept within his Trenches: but Scipio having caused two Squadrons of Horse to mount, each with his Torch in his hand posted in, forbidding his people to engage, because of the night, and only giving them order to run to and fro, so that they might make the Enemy believe they were a greater force than

they were, and likewise strike an apprehension into them, that they were advancing to charge them, this succeeded; for the Carthaginians afraid of being charged on both sides, retreated into their City; and this was a farther addition to the brave exploits already performed by Scipio, it being now in every Mouth, he alone was worthy to have Paulus for his Father, and to be enrolled in the Family of the Scipio's, into which he had been a∣dopted. Some time after Manlius going to Nucera with design to as∣sault Asdrubal, the enterprise displeased Scipio, the more because he saw that in his March he was to pass through narrow ways among the Rocks, the tops of which were possessed by the Enemy. However he would go, but being come within three furlongs of that General, on the Banks of a River, which he must pass to fall on: Scipio did what he could to oblige the Consul to a retreat, telling him another time, and other means, were requisite to reach Asdrubal. Those who envyed him were not wanting to oppose his proposition, and to say, that it favoured more of cowardise than prudence to turn tail, after having seen the Enemy, and that it was to give them an opportunity to come and charge them in the Rear. He then pro∣posed another advice; to wit, that at least they should throw up Trenches on that side the River, that if they were repulsed, they might have a re∣treat; but they laughed at this, and one of them said, he would lay down his Sword, if he must obey the orders of Scipio, and not those of Manlius. Hereupon the Consul, who was not very expert in War, past the River; and was no sooner on the other side, but he engaged Asdrubal, where there happened a great slaughter on both sides; but because Asdrubal, had his Camp near, he retreated thither, from whence as from a place of security, he observed in what manner he might defeat the Romans, who already repenting themselves of their enterprize, regained the River in good or∣der, yet could they not very commodiously repass it, because there were but few Fords, and those very dangerous, so that they were forced to file off. Now Asdrubal taking his time, charged them with great fury, slay∣ing an infinite of those who sought rather to fly than defend themselves, of which number were three of the Tribunes, the principal of those, who had advised the General to give battel. Scipio presently rallyed all the Ca∣valry he could with three hundred Horse which he had, and dividing them into two Squadrons, caused them to march against the Enemy each of his side, with order not to charge at the same time, but make their discharge of their Darts, and then immediately retreat; then charging again, re∣treat in like manner. He was of opinion, that thus, having always one half of them fronting the Enemy, and stopping them with force of Darts, he should constrain him to close his Battalia's, which indeed happened; for after often renewing this kind of fight, and that the Africans saw they continually charged them with Darts which extremely vexed them, they turned all their Power against Scipio, giving by this means leisure to the rest of the Army to repass the River; and Scipio seeing the Romans on the other side, passed himself through all the showers of Darts, thrown at him by the Africans. Now at the beginning of this fight, four Roman Co∣horts, which the unexpected assault of the Enemy had hindred from gain∣ing the River, were retired to an Eminence, where Asdrubal besieged them. The Romans perceived nothing of it, till such time as they were about to encamp▪ and now they did know it, knew not what to resolve on; some were of advice to continue their march, and not to expose a great Ar∣my for a small Number. Whereupon Scipio remonstrated to them, that when the debate was about a matter of importance, mature deliberation,

'tis true, was requisite; but that now seeing so many brave men in an ex∣treme danger, nothing was to be left unattempted to releive them. In short, having taken with him Provision for two days, he set forward, leaving the Army in a great fear, lest he should not return himself. As soon as he came to the place, where the Enemy besieged the Romans, he immediate∣ly seised of an Eminence nigh to that, to which the Cohorts were retired to, and which was only divided from it by a very narrow Valley. His coming hindred not the Africans from continuing the siege, for they could not think that his men tired with travel could give any assistance to the besieged; but he seeing that the two Hills joyning themselves together at the foot, made but a very small Valley, advances that way, and posts him∣self above the Enemy; who startled at his courage and readiness, betook themselves to a disorderly flight. He would not pursue them, because they were the greater number, but contented himself with the saving of these four Cohorts, which were given over for absolutely lost, The Soldiers seeing him return contrary to their hopes, and that not only he himself was safe, but that he had likewise saved others; gave assurance of their inward rejoycing, by their outward acclamations and shouts of joy, conceiving an opinion of him, that he acted nothing but by the assistance of the same Divinity, which was believed to foretel things to his Ancestor Scipio. Manlius returned to his Camp near the City, after having suffered suffici∣ently, for not giving credit to Scipio, who would have disarmed him from the Expedition; and whereas many thought it strange, that they had left their Dead unburyed, especially three Tribunes; Scipio gave liberty to a Prisoner, and sent him to Asdrubal, to entreat him to give Funerals to the Tribunes. He caused them to be sought for among the Dead; and know∣ing them by the Rings of Gold they wore (for by them are the Chiefs a∣mong the Romans distinguished from the private Soldiers, who wear only Iron ones) he gave them honourable Funerals, whether moved to it out of humanity, or that in justice he ought it to the rule of War; or else already reverencing the Glory of Scipio, he was willing by this Office, to oblige that great man: To proceed, as the Romans who had had this bickering with Asdrubal, were on their return to Carthage, still frighted with their de∣feat, Phameas cruelly perplexed them, and on the other side the Carthagini∣ans came forth to meet them, so that they could not recover the Camp without the loss of some servants which those from the City cut off.

Mean while the Senate sent Commissioners to the Army to enquire into [ XLIII] the state of affairs, to whom both Manlius, and the Chief Officers, and likewise even those Tribunes, who had escaped from the Rout, gave an account very advantagious in favor of Scipio. For at last so many glorious successes had stopt the mouth of Envy; All the Army did the like, but above all his brave Actions spoke enough for themselves▪ Wherefore the Commissioners upon their return to Rome, published with one voice the admirable qualities of Scipio, and the great love the Souldiers bore him, which extreamly pleased the Senate. But now the Army being weakned by a great many disgraces, Ambassadors were sent to Masanissa, to de∣mand forces against the Carthaginians, who found him no longer among the living. That King finding himself oppressed with age and sickness, and having many illegitimate Children on whom he had bestowed great gifts, and three legitimate Sons, all of different minds and manners, he sent to entreat Scipio as his friend, by succession from his Ancestors, to come and see him, and to consult with him about dividing his Kingdom

among his Children; he immediately posted away, but ere he could arrive, Masanissa had given up the ghost, having laid his Commands on his children to obey Scipio, in what manner soever he should divide the succession amongst them. Those were the last words of this great man happy in all things, for by divine favor he reconquered his own King∣dom, which Syphax and the Carthaginians had seized on, and enlarged it in such manner, that from Mauritania which lies upon the Ocean he ex∣tended the bounds of his Dominion into the Continent, as far as Cyrene, giving Laws to an infinite number of people, and teaching them a sweeter manner of living (for before the Numidians lived only on herbs, and de∣spised tillage.) He left great store of Silver in his Coffers, and many war∣like Troops, whom himself had exercised in revenging himself of his ene∣mies. He took Syphax with his own hand, and brought the Carthaginians so low that the Romans had not afterwards so much difficulty to destroy them. He was tall of Stature, and very strong, so that though far ad∣vanced in years he would be present at all occasions so long as he lived, and ever mounted on horseback without a saddle, but the greatest sign of his vigorous constitution was that though he had many Children died before him, yet he never had less then then ten living at a time after once he had arrived that number, and being now fourscore and ten years old, he left his youngest only four years old. That great age had he advanced to, and bore it out well, but at length of force he must die. Scipio did with honor cause the liberality of their father to be given to the bastard Children; divided the mony among the legitimate Children, together with the Revenues, and willed that they should all bear the title of King: As for the charges of State he distributed them, to every one ac∣cording to their capacity and inclination. He gave as by priviledge of birth-right to Micipsa the Eldest who loved Peace the City of Cirtha the ancient residence of the Kings, to Gulussa the second, who was a Soldier, the Command of the Armies, and to Mastaball the third who was a Scholar, the charge of Justice. Having made this division of the Goods and Kingdom of Masanissa. Scipio forthwith brought Gulussa along with him to assistance of the Romans, who having presently discovered the place where Phameas concealed himself, and from whence he issued out to sur∣prise them, soon rid them of that inconvenience.

[ XLIV] One day Scipio and Phameas met in a place where there was only a water∣course between, that was impassible. Scipio who was doubtful of some am∣buscades, advanced only with three of his people, to make discovery, and Phameas came forward on the other side accompanied only with one, which made Scipio, judging he had a desire to speak with him, advance likewise only with one to attend him, when they were nigh enough to hear each other, he spake thus to the African, Why do not you labour for your particular safety, since you can do nothing for your Country? to which the other answered, and what safety can I expect, in the Estate to which Carthage is reduced, after having done you so much mischief. Assuredly replyed Scipio, if you believe I have any power, and that I am a man of Faith and Honor, I dare promise you in the name of the Romans not only grace and pardon but acknowledgements. The African thanked him that had more confidence in him than in all others, and told him, I will think of it, and if I believe it may be done I will give you notice, and with that they parted. Now Manlius to wipe away the stain of his first expedition to Nucera, re∣turned thither, and having taken provisions for fifteen days, encamped,

and fortified himself, as Scipio had counselled him to do the first time, but he was a long time without doing any thing, which blasted his fame the more, besides the hazard he ran the Army into of being beaten by Asdrubal upon their return to Carthage. Whilst he lay thus in an incertainty what to do, one of Gulussa's people brought a packet to Scipio, who keep∣ing it sealed till he came to the full Council of War, there broke it open and found writ in it, to this effect, Such a day I will come to such a place, meet me there with what force you please, and give Order to those who are upon the Guard, to receive me if I come by night. To this purpose were the contents of the Letters which had no name subscribed, but Scipio perceived well that it was an invention of Phameas. Though Manlius was fearful lest Scipio might be deceived by that politick man, yet seeing he had a good opinion of him, he permitted him to go to the place assigned, with Orders to receive an Oath of Fidelity from Phameas, without assuring him any set reward, but only promising that the Senate would recompence him, according to his deservings. But there was no need of these promi∣ses, for as soon as Phameas was come to the place appointed, he said that he put his own safety into the hands of Scipio, and for recompence he referred himself to the judgment of the Senate and people of Rome, and the morrow after having given his parol, he drew up all his Troops in battalia, and being advanced to the head of them with the Officers, as if he were about to consult of something of importance, he spoke to them in this manner.

If there remained any hopes to relieve our Country, I should be ready to die with you: but seeing it in the Condition in which you all know it, I am resolved to take Order for my own affairs: I have assurance given me for my self and those that will follow me: Now you are to think what you have to do.

Having thus spoken, the Captains and those who were under their com∣mand, to the Number of two thousand two hundred Horse, declared for the Romans, the rest stood firm by vertue of the authority and perswasion of Hanno surnamed the White. As Scipio returned to the Camp, accompanied with Phameas, all the Army came forth to meet him, receiving him with a general acclamation as in a Triumph. But Manlius above all expressed ex∣traordinary joy, and no longer fearing his retreat might be shame∣ful, because he believed Asdrubal, startled at the Revolt of Phameas, durst not follow him, he discamped for want of Provisions, not the fifteenth day after his departure, but the seventeenth. And because he had yet three days march through troublesome ways, Scipio took Phameas and Gulussa with their Horse, and made an inroad into the Country which the inhabitants of the place call the Great Abyss from whence they returned at night to their quarters, with a great booty, and good store of Provisions. Manlius having advice that Calphurnius Piso came to succeed him, sent Scipio be∣fore to Rome, together with Phameas, whom all the Army conducted to the very Ships, beseeching the Gods to grant them the favor, that they might see Scipio return into Africa in the quality of Consul, as if it had been decreed by the destinies, that Scipio only could take Carthage, and in truth many of the Army wrote as much to Rome. The Senate gave pub∣lick praises to Scipio, honored Phameas with the Purple-robe, and chain of Gold, presented him with a Horse barded with Gold, and a Suit of Arms of the same gave him, besides six thousand Sesterces; and one hundred and fifty Marks of wrought Silver, together with a Tent furnished with all

necessary moveables, and gave him hopes of much more if he applyed himself heartily to the service of the Republick: he promised it, and after∣wards returned into Africa, to joyn with the Roman Camp.

[ XLV] In the beginning of the Spring Calphurnius Piso Consul, and his Collegue L. Mancinus Admiral embarked for Africa, whither being come, they made no attempt at all neither against Carthage nor against Asdrubal, but contented themselves to make War upon the little Cities round about, they besieged Aspida by Sea and Land, but were forced to raise their Siege. 'Tis true Piso took another Town which he sack't, though the inhabitants com∣plained they had surrendred upon composition: From thence he passed to Hippone which is a great City, considerable for it's Walls, it's Castle, it's Gates, and it's Haven, and which had been thus fortified by Agathocles Tyrant of Sicily. It being Situate near to Utica and Carthage, the inhabi∣tants plundered the Convoys of Victuals that were carrying to the Ro∣mans, with which they were in some measure accommodated; where∣fore Calphurnius designed not only to chastise them, but likewise to make them restore the Prizes they had taken. He therefore laid siege to it, which continued all the Summer, but in vain, for the inhabitants made two ••allies, wherein being assisted by those of Carthage, they burnt all the besiegers Engines. Thus Summer being spent without doing any thing, the Consul went to take up his Winter quarters at Utica.

[ XLVI] But the Carthaginians, who had yet all Asdrubal's Army entire, proud of the success of Hippone, where they had beaten Piso, and strengthned besides with eight hundred Numidian Horse, which had revolted from Gulussa to them under the conduct of Bythias, enlarged their hopes, be∣sides they perceived that though Micypsa and Mavastabal, the other sons of Masanissa, promised Arms and Mony to the Romans, yet they only temporized in expectation to see what course these affairs would take. They began therefore to spread themselves throughout all Africa, and without fear to fortifie places in the Country, declaiming every where against the cowardise of the Romans, and to perswade the people, they loudly pro∣claimed the two expeditions of Nucera, which had redounded to their shame, the last occasion of Hippone, where they had been so ill handled, and at last having besieged Carthage it self though disarmed, though un∣provided of all things, yet they had been forced to raise the siege. They sent likewise to Micypsa, to Mavastabal, and to the free Moors, to advise them to take care left if the Romans took Carthage, they should after∣wards invade and subdue them. They deputed some likewise into Ma∣cedonia, where one who called himself the Son of Perseus made War against the Romans, to exhort him to continue it, with promises that Car∣thage would not let him want either Mony or Shipping. In short, now they saw themselves armed, they entertained no other but exalted thoughts, and their courage and their resolution daily increased, as they beheld themselves in a better condition of defence. Asdrubal their General abroad was no less resolute, after having twice successfully dealt with Manlius, which had raised his thoughts to that degree that he grew ambi∣tious of having likewise the command of the Forces within the City, which to compass he caused Asdrubal the Nephew of Gulussa, who at that time commanded, to be falsely accused in full Senate, of holding intelligence with his Uncle. At which he being so surprised that he could answer no∣thing for himself, was knockt on the head with stools.

But when the cowardise of Piso, and the preparations made by the [ XLVII] Carthaginians came to be known at Rome, the people were extreamly moved, out of an apprehension they had, left this War, undertaken against a neighboring Nation, and from all time enemy to the Roman name; should grow upon them. For they having been first deficient in their word, as to what they ordained the Carthaginians, there was no more hopes left of an accommodation. The memory of those Noble Actions done by Scipio, in Africa, whilst he was yet but Tribune, was yet very fresh, and the comparison of present affairs, with what he had done, rai∣sed so much the more the glory of his reputation, and as in all meetings every one told what was writ from the Army, all the world wish't his re∣turn in quality of Consul; the day of the Assembly for the Election of Ma∣gistrates drew nigh, but his not being of the age admitted by Law to pos∣sess that dignity forbid his pretending to it, for he demanded only the charge of Edile, when the people offered him the Consulate. The Con∣suls stood against it, and opposed the Law contrary to this Election, but the multitude persisted the more, alleaging that by the Laws of Tullus and Romulus, the people were Judges of the Assembly, and so it belonged to them to approve or cancel all Laws that concerned the Assembly. At last one of the Tribunes threatned the Consuls to take away their power of pre∣siding if they agreed not to the will of the people, whereupon they per∣mitted the Tribunes to abrogate that Law for a year, provided it were then re-established. The Lacedemonians it seems did the same, when be∣ing forced to make the Laws yield to necessity, to secure from infamy those taken Prisoners at Piles, they cryed out, Let us this day give the Laws leave to sleep. Thus Scipio demanding the Edility, obtained the Consulate, and when Drusus that was likewise named Consul, required that the Go∣vernment of the Provinces should be drawn by Lot, one of the Tribunes assembled the people and speaking of the War with Carthage, demanded to which of the Consuls they would give their Commission. So the people gave to Scipio the Government of that Province, permitting him to raise recruits to compleat the old Troops and to form new ones, to receive from the Allies all those volunteers would follow him, and to write in the name of the people of Rome, to what Kings and Cities he thought con∣venient, and indeed some Kings, and some Estates did assist him with forces.

Things thus disposed, he passed into Sicily, and from thence forthwith to Utica, mean while Piso besieged some Inland Towns, and Mancinus lay constantly before Carthage, where having observed a certain place in the wall neglected, because it was almost inaccessible by reason of the rocks that surrounded it, he thought he might secretly gain it, and having made provision of ladders prepared for the storm; some Soldiers mounted bravely, but the Carthaginians despising their slender Number opened a gate by the side of the rocks, and made a Sally upon the Romans, who so briskly repulsed them, that many Soldiers entred Pelmel with them into the City, and shouted amain, as if they had already been Masters of it. Mancinus ra∣vished with joy (rash and heady as he was) with all those that remained in the Ships came forth half Armed, and ran to the walls to second their companions, but night coming on forced the Admiral to lodge in a cer∣tain Post near the the Walls where he kept without doing any thing, and because he had neither Arms nor Victuals, he sent messengers to Piso to give him notice to come to his relief, and to the Magistrates of Utica, that

they should forthwith dispatch away Provisions; for he ran the hazard of being assaulted as soon as it was day, by the Carthaginians, and thrown headlong from the top of the Rocks. Scipio, who landed the same Even∣ing at Utica, having seen Mancinus his Letter, presently caused the Trum∣pets to sound, to give warning to those were already landed to get forth∣with aboard, giving orders to all the Youth of Utica to be in a readiness to follow him, and to the old men to bring Provisions on board the Gal∣leys, and releasing some Carthaginian Prisoners, he sent them unto the City to let them understand that Scipio was arrived with a mighty Fleet. He dispatched likewise several Messengers one after another to Piso, to command him to come to him with all speed. About the last Watch he went to Sea, giving order to the Soldiers, that as soon as they ap∣proached the Town, they should all stand upright on the Hatches, that the Enemy might believe them the greater number. Towards the Break of Day, Mancinus being charged on all sides by the Carthaginians, had form∣ed a round Battalia, encompassed by all the armed men he had, in the midst of which were inclosed above three thousand without Armour, but at last the Showers of Darts, and multitudes of Wounds had reduced them to the point of seeking their safety down the Precipices, when they saw Scipio's Ships appear full of Soldiers, which surprized not the Carthaginians, who had already received advice of it by their Prisoners, but saved the lives of the Romans, who were almost hopeless; for at the approach of this Fleet, the Carthaginians gave ground, and the Romans withdrawn from the dan∣ger wherein they were, got aboard their Ships.

[ XLVIII] Scipio sent back Mancinus to Rome (for Serranus his Successor was al∣ready come to command the Fleet) and went himself and encamped near Carthage. The Carthaginians on their part went and encamped directly opposite unto him, whither came to them Asdrubal that commanded the Field-Army, and Bythias Colonel of the Horse, with six thousand old Foot, and a thousand chosen Horse. But Scipio finding the Military Discipline much corrupted; that under Piso the Soldiers had been accustomed to I∣dleness, Rapine and Avarice; that in the Camp there was an infinite num∣ber of those Sutlers and Pedlars, whom only the hopes of prey made follow the Army, who debauched the best Soldiers to straggle with them, only to pillage and plunder, though by the Rules of War, he that went so far from the Camp, that he could not hear the Sound of the Trumpet, was to be proceeded against as a Run-away, and that all the mischief these peo∣ple did was imputed to the Army, and all the plunder taken begot only matter of quarrel and dissention; for it often happened, that for a trifle Comrades fell together by the ears, and killed one another. Scipio, I say, having observed this, and knowing well he should never compass his ends on the Enemy, unless he first made himself Master of his own Troops, as∣sembled his Army, and taking his Seat on the Tribunal, spoke in this manner:

The Oration of Scipio.

YOu are Witnesses, Fellow Soldiers, that whilst I bore Arms here under Manlius, I gave you an example of that Obedience which I desire you should pay me now, that I have a right to command: I could as well at this instant have punished your disobedience, but I thought it convenient first to advise you of

your duty. You know what actions you do, I am ashamed to tell you of them in full a••••embly. You live rather like Robbers than Soldiers, and are more used to Traffick, than to Assaults: you leave the Camp to scour the Country; and in the midst of War you are greedy after Delights, without labouring at all for Victo∣ry. This is the reason, why in that little time. I have been absent, the Cartha∣ginian Affairs are so well recovered: so that being now come to command you, I find that the reforming your evil orders will be the greatest part of trouble. If I certainly knew it were your own fault, I would not fail to punish you, but be∣cause I attribute it to another, I forget what's past. For my part I came not hi∣ther to plunder, but to conquer. I ask no Money from the Enemy before the Victory, and will patiently wait till they be fully defeated. 'Tis therefore my pleasure, that all those people in the Camp, who hear not Arms, depart, from this very day, except only some few whom I shall give leave to stay; and I forbid any, whoever he be, to return, unless it be to bring Provisions, and such Pro∣visions too as are proper for Soldiers. I will give the Victuallers a limited time to expose their Commodities in, on which my Quaestor and I will take care to set a reasonable price. So much for what concerns those who are not inlisted. For you my Fellow Soldiers, whatever we attempt, I have but one order to give you, that is, that you take example by me, whether it be for manners or diligence▪ and if you do it indeed, be assured, that your Endeavours will never want Success, nor your Actions Recompence: we must act now that the occasion requires it; let us adjourn profit and pleasure to their Season. This is what I demand from you, what I desire, Discipline: and then be assured, that as obedience shall be amply rewarded, so disobedience shall be severely punished.

After having spoken thus, he forthwith caused all useless persons to be [ XLIX] driven out of the Camp, and with them sent away all that was rather de∣licious than necessary. Having thus purged his Army, and disposed his Soldiers to obedience, he designed one night secretly to make an Assault by two several ways upon a certain great place against the Walls of the City, called Megara, and having sent those about, who were to make the Attaque on the one side, he took his march towards the other, causing to be brought along Axes, Croes and Ladders, he had already advanced a pretty way in the dark, without making any noise, when those that were upon the Wall perceived him, which they signified by their Cries, to which he answered first, and after him all the Assailants in like manner. There was likewise a great Cry raised on the other side, which gave the first terrour to the Car∣thaginians, astonished to be two several ways assaulted by so many Ene∣mies, and by night. Scipio however, notwithstanding all the endeavours he used, could not gain the Wall; but having observed, that on the out∣side, and near the Walls there was a void Tower of the same heighth, which belonged to a private person, he caused some resolute young men to mount up into it, who having with force of Darts made those who defended the Wall, dislodge, laid Planks and Joysts over, and so passed to the Parapet, and thence leaped down into the place, and having broken open the Gate, gave entrance to Scipio with four thousand Men, forcing the Inhabitants to retreat into the Fortress, as if all the rest of the City had been taken. In this Alarm and confused Tumult they took some Prisoners; and those who were encamped without, forsaking their Camp, fled hastily to shelter themselves with the rest in the Cittadel: but Scipio perceiving this place of Megara was full of Gardens planted with Fruit-trees, and consisted of many little Inclosures of Mud-walls, Quick-set Hedges, Bushes, and some little Streams, fearing left the Soldiers among so many Turnings and Wind∣ings

which they were unacquainted with, might pursue the Enemypunc; and so give them the opportunity of laying an ambush for them, caused the Retreat to be sounded. Day appearing, Asdrubal enraged at Scipio's boldness, caused all the Roman Prisoners he had to be brought upon the Wall, and be∣fore their Countrymen, with Pinchers or Hooks of Iron caused their Eyes or Tongues to be pulled out•• or their Nerves or Privy Members torn off, some had the Soles of their Feet cut off, and others their Fingers; some he caused to be flead alive; and then tumbled down those high Rocks. This he did to the end▪ that taking away from the Carthaginians all hopes of Peace with the Romans, and sharpening their courages to the utmost, they should expect no safety but from their Arms: yet his design succeeded quite otherwise; for the Carthaginians, who found themselves made Com∣plices of such horrible Crimes, became rather more timerous than hardy▪ and began to hate Asdrubal, who had cut off from them all hopes of par∣don, especially the Senators, who loudly declared, that such cruelty and insolence were unseasonable in the publick Calamities, by which discourse they incensed him to that degree, that he took some of them, and slew them with his own hands. Thus he made himself terrible, living hence∣forth more like a Tyrant than a Governour, and making his security consist in his being feared, believing that sufficient to warrant him against all at∣tempts might be made against his person.

[ L] Scipio ••et on fire that Camp the Carthaginians had de••erted the night be∣fore, when they ran to save themselves in the Cittadel, and being become absolute Master of the Peninsula, he caused a Trench to be dug from one Sea to the other, not above a Darts cast from the Enemies, who used their utmost endeavours to hinder the work, which made it extreme painful to the Soldiers: however, what by working, and what by fighting, they per∣fected it at length, though it were five and twenty Furlongs long. This being finished; he caused such another to be made towards the Inland, not far distant from the other, and after that two Traverses; so that it was a kind of a square Fortification, which he caused to be palisadoed with sharp Stakes, behind which he likewise caused a Ditch to be made; but that he might fortifie himself the better towards Carthage, he inclosed it with a Wall five and twenty Furlongs long, twelve Foot high, and six Foot broad, in which he placed Redoubts and Towers at equal distances. In the midst of the Fort he caused to be erected a very high Tower, on which he placed a square Platform, from whence he might discover all that was done in the City. These works having been finished in four and twenty days, and as many nights (by the continual labour of all the Soldiers, who by turns stood to their Arms, or wrought with their working Tools) Scipio lodg∣ed his Army. Yet he had not built this Fortification only for that use, but likewise to serve as a Circumvallation to hinder the bringing Provisions to the Besieged, which before came to them by land; for besides this Neck of the Peninsula which he now possessed, all the rest was encompas∣sed by the Sea. This therefore was the first and principal cause of the Be∣sieged's misery, which soon brought a Famine into the City; for an infi∣nte number of people being fled out of the Country into Carthage, durst not go out again for fear of the Besiegers; the Merchants came no more be∣cause of the War; there was no Corn brought by Sea from Lybia, but rarely, and then when it was calm; so that the greatest part of their Pro∣visions came ordinarily by land, and that passage being stopped, the City presently became afflicted with Famine. Bythias, who commanded the

Carthaginian Horse, was now abroad, whither he had been sent to make Provisions of Corn, but he durst not come near Scipio's Entrenchments; much less attempt to force them: so that now no Corn could come into Carth••ge, but by Ships which were laden afar•• off, and which hardly got in, because of the Roman Fleet which lay at Anchor not far from the Port. However, they being forced•• to keep at a good distance, because of the dan∣ger of the Shore, which lay open to all Storms; and likewise could not come nearer into the Port without being subject to inconveniencies from the Carthaginians Engines upon the Walls, or of being by the violence of the Wave•• dashed•• against the Rocks, which lie there very thick: some Ships of Burthen sent from Bythias▪ and some Merchant•• Ships that despised the danger, out of hopes of the gain, took their time when it blew a fresh gale into the Port, and with all Sails spread, made such way, that the Ro∣man Galleys could not reach them; but these opportunities offered but sel∣dom; and besides, that little Provision that came by Sea was at Asdrubal's dispose, who distributed it only to those thirty thousand Men he had cho∣sen for the War, and gave no part thereof to the rest of the people, though perishing for hunger.

Scipio having observed this, dontrived how to block up the Entrance of [ LI] the Port which opened to the West, very near to the Sea Shore; and to this purpose he caused to be raised along Dam, which advanced from ••hat point of Land that separated the Marish from the Sea very far into the Wa∣ter, towards the Mouth of the Port, which he did by casting in, and ce∣menting together mighty Stones▪ that the Waves might not remove them; it's Breadth was in the Super••icies four and twenty Foot, and four times as deep. The Carthaginians laughed at first, and mocked at the Underta∣king, as if in a long time, or perhaps never Scipio could have brought it to perfection; but the whole Army laboured in it with an emulation of each other, without resting day or night; insomuch, that at last the Be∣sieged affrighted, resolved to make another entrance on the farther side of the Port, where the Peninsula extends it self more into the Sea▪ where a Dam could not be made, both by reason of the depth of the Water, and violence of the Winds. All the people therefore set themselves to digging, so much as the very Women and Children, and beginning from within, and continuing their work without telling their design; and at the same time mustering up all the old Materials they had, they fell to make Galleys of divers sorts, following their business with much courage and diligence, but so secretly, that the Prisoners themselves could give no other account to Scipio, save that they continually heard a great noise in the Port, but knew not what it meant. Having at last completed every thing, they sud∣denly opened the Mouth of the Port, and about break of day came forth with fifty Galleys, and great quantity of Barques, Brigantines, and other smaller Vessels, in so good order, that they were very capable to strike. This new Mouth so unexpectedly opened, and the unthought of coming out of such a Fleet, so startled the Romans, that had the Carthaginians immediately fell upon their Fleet, unfurnished both of Mariners and Slaves, all hands being employed in the Works to advance the Siege, they might easily have made themselves Masters of it. But because it was decreed by the Destinies, that Carthage should be razed, they contented themselves with this vain Shew, and proud Bravado, retreating into their Port with∣out doing any thing else.

[ LII] Three days afterwards they came forth again to Sea, with design to engage the Romans in good earnest, whose Fleet being now in a readi∣ness set forward to meet them, they began the fight with great shouts on both sides, the Seamen, Souldiers and Commanders equally shewing their Courage, the one party fighting for their safety, the other to compleat their Victory, so that there was a furious fight on both parts, nothing be∣ing to be seen but wounds and death. In the fight the Carthaginian Bri∣gantines gliding along under the banks of the great Roman Galleys broke them, sometimes in the Poop, sometime struck of their Rudders, and sometime burst a sunder their Oars, so that they damaged them extreamly, and when they found themselves overcharged, they rowed off with a won∣derful Nimbleness, and as nimbly returned to the Charge. At last the two Fleets having fought till Sun setting with equal advantage▪ the Cartha∣ginians thought it convenient to retire, not that they confessed themselves overcome, but that they might next morning return to the fight in better order. In this retreat their smaller Vessels, being lighter and swifter, got the Van, and entring in a huddle into the Port, so stopt the entrance of the great Vessels, that they were forced to retire to a very spacious key built against the City-wall for the unlading of which they had during this War, raised a little rampart, for fear left the enemies should possess it. There they stood firm with their Prows twined towards their enemies, all the Soldiers standing in a fighting posture, some upon the Ships, others on the Key, and others on the Rampart. The Romans who followed them had no great difficulty to assail them, for tis not hard to fight with Ships that lie still; but when they were again to draw of, because of their length, not being able to turn nimbly, they received as much damage in the re∣treat as they had given in the Charge, for as they turned about, they were forced to receive all the blows of the shot from the Carthaginian Engines on their broad sides. At last five Ships which the City of Sidon, allies of the people of Rome, had sent to Scipio, went and dropt their Anchors out at Sea, at a good distance from the Carthaginian, and giving scope of Cable enough advanced by force of Oars, and after having gi∣ven their charge, warped back again by their Cables, which they had brought in at their poop, and then again returned to the Charge, and in like manner retreated. All the Fleet followed the Example of those of Sidon, whereby the Carthaginians were much damaged till such time as the fight having continued a good part of the night, the remainder of their Ships ••heltred themselves in the Haven.

[ LIII] Morning being come, Scipio attempted the Key, because he thought the gaining of it would make the mouth of the Port useless, he therefore cau∣sed Rams, and other batteries to be planted against the Rampart, with which he beat down a part of it. But the Carthaginians though oppres∣sed with hunger, and many other inconveniences, forbore not by night to assault the Roman Engines, not by Land, for there was no passage, nor upon Ships, for the Sea was too shallow, but naked and without light (for fear they should be discovered far of) they entred the Sea, where none kept guard, and passing, some wading with the water up to their brests, and others swimning till they came very near the batteries, where when they could no longer couceal themselves, because they had lighted their fires, naked as they were, they received an infinite of wounds; yet not without revenge, for their fury carried them to strange resolutions,

and all gored as they were with Arrows and Darts in their Brests, & in their Faces, yet they abated nothing of their violence, but like fierce beasts pres∣sed forward to meet the strokes, till having set fire to the Engines, they so dismayed those that defended them, that they took their flight towards the Camp, where never before was seen such an alarm, as this, caused by naked enraged people. Scipio astonished at the disorder came forth of the Camp, with some Horsemen, whom he commanded to kill those that would not stand, and with his own hands he killed some, and by that means obliged the rest, who else had been all lost, to keep their post, where they stood all the night in Arms. As soon as it was day, the Car∣thaginians delivered from the trouble of the Engines, labored to repair that part of the Rampier that was broken down, adding towers at certain intervals. On the other side the Romans made other Engines, and planted them on platforms, which raised them as high as the towers of the ene∣mies, and from thence cast burning torches, brimstone and pots full of flaming pitch, with which they burnt some of them, which put the Carthaginians to flight, and opened the Romans a way to the Key to pursue them, but because the ground on which they ran was slip∣pery by reason of the blood shed there, they could not overtake them. Scipio being become Master of the Key, lodged on it, fortified it, and caused a wall of brick to be built to the Cityward, very near the City walls, and of equal height. When it was finished he caused four thousand Men to get upon it with Orders to ply the enemy conti∣nually with Darts and Arrows, which extreamly afflicted them, for the two walls being of an equal height, there was scarce a Dart thrown in vain, thus ended the Summer.

In the beginning of the Winter, Scipio determined to clear the Country [ LIV] of those Forces the Carthaginians had yet abroad, and to possess himself of all those places from whence they might convey provisions. He there∣fore sent his Captains, some one way and some another, and himself embarking went towards Nephera along the Marish, after having given Order to C. Lelius to march by Land to the intent that he might force Diogenes one of Asdrubals party from an advantagious post. As soon as he arrived, he encamped within two hundred and fifty paces of Diogenes, and having left Gulussa in the Camp, to prosecute the War with him, re∣turned to Carthage. He continued often to go and return from one place to the other, to see how things passed, till such time as two towers of the Fort in which Diogenes was posted being thrown down, Scipi•• sends be∣hind the Fort a thousand chosen Soldiers, while himself assaulted the fore∣part with three thousand others, choice men likewise, who marched upon the ruines, not in confusion but in a body, the Soldiers having orders to fight so close lockt together that they could not be repulsed, those in the first rank being susteined by the others that followed. At the noise made by the Assailants the Africans ran to defend themselves, but whilst they were all imployed there, the thousand Soldiers behind, according to the Or∣der given them, forced the Camp, and having pulled out or cut the Pali∣sadoes, violently rushed in with a wonderful boldness whilst none were aware of it, or so much as doubted of such an Assault. The enemies per∣ceiving them, betook themselves to flight, for they believed them a far greater Number then what they saw, and Gulussa who pursued them with his Numidians, and Elephants, made a strange and bloody

slaughter, for there perished threescore and ten thousand men, accounting the Country people, ten thousand were taken Prisoners, and not above four thousand in all saved themselves. Afterwards Scipio took the City of Nephera with great labor, the siege lasting two and twenty days in a cold season and incommodious place. This victory contributed much to the taking of Carthage, for the Army at Nephera furnished the besieged with provisions, and that Fort hardned the Africans in their obstinacy, but after it was taken, all the other garrisons in the Country voluntarily surrendred to Scipio's Captains. Thus all the Country about Carthage being under the Roman obedience, and it being impossible to have any thing by Sea by reason of the War and Winter, Victuals grew very scarce in the City.

[ LV] As soon as Spring came on, Scipio assaulted the Citadel called Byrsa, and and the gate called Coton at the same time, which caused Asdrubal to set on fire that part of the gate which was square, but whilst he expected Scipio should make a new attempt on that side, and stood firm with the in∣habitants; Lelius mounted privately by the other side of the gate which was of a round figure, and making himself Master of it, the shouts of those that were already got up, so dismayd the enemies, that the other Soldiers now contemning the besieged, and having filled all the places dif∣ficult to pass with Beams, Engines and Planks▪ they leapt in on all sides, in spite of all the resistance of the guards oppressed with hunger, and lost to all courage: Scipio thus possest of the wall that encompassed the gate called Coton, got thence into the great place of the City which was nigh unto it, where night coming on, and not suffering him to go farther; he kept there in Arms with those Soldiers he had with him, and as soon as day broke, caused four thousand fresh men to come thither, who being got into Apollo's Temple, plundered his Statue, which was all of Gold, and all the inside of the Temple, which was covered with Plates of Gold, of a thou∣sand Talents weight. They cut in pieces the Plates with their Swords, do what their Captains could to hinder them, till such time as having got what they could, they pursued their enterprize. Mean while Scipio's chief design was against the place called Byrsa, for that was the strongest of all the City, and a world of people were retreated thither. The way from the great place thither, was up hill, through three Streets, on each side of which there was a continuance of very high houses, whose upper stories jetting somewhat over into the Street, whole showers of Darts flew from thence upon the Romans, who were constrained before they passed farther, to force the first houses, and there post themselves, that from thence they might drive out those that fought in the neighboring houses, and after they had driven them out, they laid Beams and Planks from one side of the Street to the other, on which, as on Bridges they pas∣sed cross the Streets, thus they maintained War in the Chambers, whilst as fast as they met, they fought more cruelly below in the Streets. All places were filled with crys and groans, people dying a thousand different sorts of Deaths, some at Swords-point, some thrown headlong down from the tops of the houses, upon the pavement, others falling upon Javelins, Pikes and Swords, presented against them, however none durst yet set fire, because of those who maintained the fight in the losts; but when Scipio had gained the foot of the Fortress, all the three Streets were imme∣diately on a flame, and the Soldiers had charge to hinder the ruines of the houses caused by the fire, from falling into the Street, that the whole Army

might have the more convenient passage: And now were new spectacles of calamity to be seen, the fire devouring, and overturning the houses, and the Roman Soldiers all about, so far from hindring it, that they endeavored to involve the rest in the same ruine. The miserable Carthaginians in despair falling confusedly with the Stones and Bricks on the Pavement, dead bodies, nay people yet living, and especially old Men, Women and Children, who had hid themselves in the most secret places of the houses, some laden with wounds others half burnt, and all crying out in a deplo∣rable manner, others tumbling headlong from the upper stories of the houses, among the Mass of Stones and Wood, were in their falls torn in pieces. Nor was this the end of their miseries, for the Pioneers who to make way for the Soldiers removed the Rubbish out of the middle of the Streets, tossed with their Hooks and Forks, the bodies, as well of the dead as living into the vaults, turning them with their Iron Instruments, as if they had been pieces of Wood or Stones, so that there might be seen holes full of heaps of men, of which some having been headlong thrown in, yet breathed a long time, and lay with their legs above ground, and others interred up to the neck, were exposed to the cruelty of the Masons and Pioneers, who took pleasure to see their heads, and brains crushed un∣der the horses feet, for these sort of people placed not those wretches, so by chance, but of set purpose. As for the Men of War their being enga∣ged in the fight, with the hopes of approaching victory, the eagerness of the Soldiers, heightned by the sounds of the Trumpets, the noise made by the Majors and Captains in giving their Orders, made them even like fu∣ries and hindred them from amusing themselves at these Spectacles. In this bloody toil they continued six days and six nights without respit, save only that the Soldiers were from time to time relieved by other fresh ones, lest the continual watchings, labor, slaughter and horror should make their hearts fail them. Scipio only bore out all this time without sleeping, he was continually in action, continually running from one place to an∣other, and taking no food, but what offered it self by chance as he was passing, till such time as quite tyred out he sat down in an eminent place, that he might see what passed. Mean while strange havock was made on all sides, and this calamity seemed likely to continue much longer, when on the seventh day they had recourse to his clemency and came to him bringing in their hand the Vervein of Aesculapius, whose Temple is the most considerable in all the Fortress, desiring no other composition, but that he would please to give their lives, to all that would come forth, which he granted to them, except only to the Runaways. There came forth fifty thousand as well Men as Women, whom he caused to pass out of the little Gate towards the Fields, with a good guard. The Runaways who were about nine hundred, seeing there was no mercy for them withdrew into the Temple with Asdrubal his Wife and Children, where though they were but a small Number they might defend themselves, because of the height of the place situated upon Rocks, and to which in times of peace they ascended by sixty steps, but at length oppressed with famine, watch∣ings and fear, and seeing their destruction so nigh, Impatience siesed them, and quitting the lower part of the Temple they fled to the highest story. Asdrubal mean while privately withdrew himself, and went to Scipio with a branch of Olive in his hand: Scipio having commanded him to come up, and prostrate himself at his feet, shewed him to the Runaways, who seeing him, demanded silence, which being granted after having vomited forth an infinite number of revilings and reproaches against Asdrubal, they set

fire to the Temple, and buried themselves in the flame. It is said that whilst the fire was kindling, Asdrubals Wife decking her self in the best manner she could, and placing her self in the sight of Scipio, spake to him with a loud voice in this manner.

The Oration of Asdrubals Wife.

I Wish nothing to thee, O Roman, but all prosperity, for thou dost act only according to the rights of War. But I beseech the Gods of Carthage▪ and thou thy self to punish, as he deserves, that Asdrubal, who has betray'd his Country, his Gods, his Wife and his Children, and then addressing her Speech to Asdrubal. Perfidious Wretch (said she) thou most wicked of all mankind! This fire is about to devour me and my Children: but thou, Great Captain of Carthage, for what Triumph art not thou reserved, or what Punishment will not he make thee suffer, at whose feet I now see thee.

After these reproaches she cut her Childrens throats and cast them into the fire, and then threw her self headlong in; such, as is reported, was the end of this Woman, but this death had certainly better become her Husband.

[ LVI] As for Scipio, seeing that City which had flourished for seven hundred years since it was first built, comparable to any Empire whatsoever for Ex∣tent of Dominion by Sea and Land, for its Arms, for its Fleets, for its Ele∣phants, for its Riches, and preferable even to all Nations on the Earth for Generosity and Resolution, since after their Arms and Ships were taken away, they had supported themselves against Famine and War for three years together. Seeing it, I say, now absolutely ruined, tis said that he shed tears and publickly deplored the hard fortune of his enemies. He consi∣dered that Cities, People and Empires are subject to Revolutions, as well as the conditions of private Men, that the same disgrace had happened to Troy that powerful City, and afterwards to the Assyrians, Medes and Persians, whose Dominion extended so far, and lately to the Macedonians, whose Em∣pire was so great and flourishing, which was the reason that unawares, and as it were without thinking of it, that Distich of Homers escaped him.

Priam's and Troy's time come, they Fates obey, And must to Fire and Sword be made a prey.

And Polybius who had been his Tutor, demanding of him in familiar dis∣course, what he meant by those words, he ingeniously answered, That the consideration of the Vicissitude of Humane Affairs, had put him in mind of his Country, whose Fate he likewise feared; as the same Polybius reports in his Histories.

Carthage thus taken, Scipio gave the Plunder to the Soldiers for some days, except only the Gold and Silver, and Offerings, which were found in the Temples. After which he distributed several Military recompenses to all his Soldiers, except only to those who had pillaged Apollo's Temple. And having caused a very light Ship to be loaden with the spoil of the Enemy, he

sent it to Rome to carry news of the Victory, and caused it be signified throughout all Sicily, that those who would come, and claim the offerings made to their Temples, which had been carried away by the Carthaginians when they had made War in that Island, should have them restored. Thus giving testimonies of his goodness in all that he could, he gained the good will of all people. And at last having sold what remained of the spoil, he caused all the Bucklers, Engins and useless Ships, to be piled together, and being girt after the manner of the Romans, set fire to them as a sacrifice to Mars and Minerva.

The Ship that went from Carthage, happened to arrive at Rome in an Evening, where as soon as the news was known of the taking of that Ci∣ty, all the people flock'd to the publick places, and the Night was spent in rejoycings and imbracing each other, as if this Victory (the greatest that ever the Romans had gained) had confirmed the Publick Repose, which they before thought unsecure. They knew well, that they and their Predecessors had done great things against the Macedonians, the Spaniards, and lately against the Great Antiochus, as likewise in Italy; but they confessed they never had a War so much to be feared as this, by reason of the generosity, prudence and hardiness of their Enemies; nor so perillous, by reason of their infidelity: They likewise remembred the miseries they had suffered by the Carthaginians in Sicily, in Spain, and likewise in Italy, for sixteen whole years together, during which Hannibal had sackt four hundred Cities, and destroyed in divers encounters three hundred thousand men, and being several times come to the very Gates of their City, had reduced them to the last extremities. These things consi∣dered, made them with difficulty believe, what was tole of the victory, and they often demanded of one another if it were certain that Carthage was destroyed. Thus they past the night in recounting one to another, how after having disarmed the Carthaginians, they had presently made themselves new Arms, beyond the judgment of all the World. How having taken away their Ships, they had built others of old stuff; and how having stopt the en∣trance of their Port, they had in a few days dug a new one, on the other side. They spoke likewise of the unmeasurable height of their Walls▪ the vast stones they were built with, the fire which they had several times put to the Engines. In short they represented to the eyes of the Auditors the whole figure of this War; insomuch that giving life to their discourse by their ge∣sture they seemed to see Scipio on the Ladders, on the Ships, in the Gates, and in the Streets, running from one side to the other.

The people having thus spent the night, on the morrow solemn sacrifices were made to the Gods, and Publick Prayers, wherein every Tribe assisted separately: after which Plays and Spectacles were exhibited to publick view, and then the Senate sent ten Commissioners, of the Number of the Fathers, to settle joyntly with Scipio, such Orders as were most necessary for that Province and for the Romans best advantage. As soon as they were arrived they Ordered Scipio to demolish what remained of Carthage; hence∣forth forbidding any to inhabit there, with horrible imprecations against those, who in prejudice of this Interdict, should attempt to Rebuild any thing, especially the Fort called Byrsa, and the place called Megara, to the rest they defended no mans entrance. They decreed likewise, that all the Cities which in that War had held on the Enemies party should be razed, and gave their Territories Conquered by the Roman Arms, to the Roman Allies, particularly gratifying those of Utica, with all the Country extend∣ing from Carthage to Hippone, they made all the rest of the Province Tri∣butary,

from which neither Men nor Women were exempt, resolving that every year there should a Praetor sent form the City, and having given these Orders they returned to Rome. Scipio having Executed them, and be∣holding himself at the height of his wishes, made sacrifices, and set forth Plays in Honour of the Gods, and after setling all things in a good condi∣tion returned to Rome, whither he entred in Triumph. Never was any thing beheld more glorious, for there was nothing to be seen but Statues and Rarities, and curious pieces of an inestimable price, which the Carthagi∣nians had for so long a time been bringing into Africa, from all parts of the World, where they had gained an infinite of Victories. This hapned near the same time that Mummius Triumphed the third time over the Macedonians, and the first time over the Greeks, after having overcome Andriscus, who gave himself out to be Philip, about the hundred and six∣teenth Olympiad. Some time after there arising several seditions in the City because of the poverty of the people, under the Tribuneship of Gracchus, it was advised to send six thousand people to inhabit in Africa; but when set∣ting forth the foundations of this Colony, in the place where formerly stood Carthage, it was found the Wolves had removed the marks, the Senate for∣bad their further proceeding. Long time after, when Caesar who was created Dictator, after his Victory over Pompey, pursued him into Egypt, and from thence came into Africa to prosecute the War, against the friends of his dead Enemy, 'tis said that he saw in a dream a great Army, which shedding of tears called to him, and that moved with this dream, he set down in his Table Book, the design he had to Rebuild Carthage and Corinth; but being soon after kill'd by his Enemies in the Senate, Caesar Augustus his Son finding by chance that Memorial, caused Carthage to be Rebuilt, which we may now behold near the place where the Ancient Carthage stood, for he took care not to fall under the Execrations fulminated when it was demolished. I find it on Record that they sent near three thousand in∣habitants from Rome, and that the neighboring Cities compleated the peopling of it. Thus was Africa reduced into the form of a Province, and Carthage ruined by the Romans was Rebuilt by themselves, and Re∣peopled one hundred and one years after it was demolished.

The End of the Roman Wars in Lybia.

Notes

• Byrsa in Greek signi∣fies a Hide.
• Tuscany.
• The Greek calls them, scyths, and indeed they did call these sort of hooks scyths which they made use of in the same manner as they did the Rams, only the Rams beat the Walls in∣wards, and the Scyths pull'd them outwards, and for the word ram∣pier the Greek says, the hides and other cover∣ings, there is a like de∣scription in the seventh Bo••k of Cae∣sar's Com∣mentaries in the Siege of Bourges.
• Or a Yard.
• There wants here a leaf in the Original, so that this which follows seems part of an Oration made by a Roman Sena∣tor in open Senate, while Peace was de∣bated.
• Galleys of five ranks to a bank.
• Or about 80 fathoms, a••∣cording to the Greek Acre:
• It is to be imagined, he means, but a part laboured at a time, and when weary, were relieved by others.
• Colonel of 1000 men.
• Each Mark con∣taining eight Ounces.
• Treasurer.