[Rudimenta grammatices]

FIgures o•• constructions be Eclypsis, zeugma syl∣lepsis, prolepsis, and Enallage.

Eclypsis.

¶whan no worde lacketh in a reason, to perfite cō∣struction of wordes, than the reason may be called hole and iuste.

¶whan any worde lacketh due to construction, if it for more shortnes be lefte out by the cōmon custome of spekyng of authors bicause it may be vnderstande of other wordes in the reason: than the reason may be called figurate and the figure is called eclypsis. as Lego Virgilium. where to the perfitnes of constru∣ction must nedes be vnderstande ego.

¶There be customably vnderstande in laten tonge, wordes of al partes. Nownes, as after the relatyue q, and pronownes relatiues, that is rehersed of the reason before, and in the same case gendre nombre, and person, that the article or the relatiue is in. as Virgilius recitat, quē cupio videre. where after quē is vnderstande Virgilium. And, Audio Virgiliū, qui longe prestat caeteris poe••is. where after qui, is vn∣derstande Virgilius.

And in this maner the figurate is comonly vsed: the hole but seldome: except a speciall cause.

¶Also after this interrogatyue quis, in the mascu∣line gendre, often tymes is vnderstande other homo or deus, after as the sentence requyreth. as, Quia currit? for quis homo currit. Quis mūdum creanit? for quis deus.

¶Also before suche verbes, pl••it, tonat, lucesci••, i•• vnderstāde other de••s, as pluit, for de••s pluit, or el•• som word of their significatiō. as pl••••ia t••nitru 〈◊〉〈◊〉.

¶Also there be customably vnderstande pronownes as before al verbes of the ••irst and secūde {per}son: these noīnatiues, Ego, tu, nos, & vos. as scribo. where is vnderstāde ego. Scribimus. where is vnderstāde nos. And in this maner, the figurate is more vsed thā the hole: except for sum certayn specialte. somtyme ille, or some of lyke signification. as, Didimus est medi∣cus, et tamen scribit pueris, for tamen ille, or idem, or is scribit pueris.

And verbes often tymes be vnderstāde, specially the verbe Sum, almost in all modes, tenses, no••bres, and persons: except the imperatiue. as Omnia uanitas. where is vnderstād sunt. Quis omnia vanitas. where is vndestande sint. Hinc mihi prima mali labes. where is vnderstande erat. Promisi me vltorem. where is vnderstande futurum esse or fore.

¶Also ī answeryng to questiōs. if we answere nat by an expressed verbe, there must nedes be vnderstande the verbe that is in the question. as to this question. Quis scripsit haec? if he be answered Thomas: there must be answered, scripsit. But if the verbe in the in∣terrogatiue or axyng be the fyrst person, it must ī an∣sweryng be vnderstande in the secūde {per}son. as Quot versus scripsi? If it be answered by an other, decem. there must nedes be vnderstande, scripsisti. And if the verbe in axyng be the secunde person, it must be vnderstande in the first: as in this question. Quot an∣nos natus es? If it answered, decē, there must be vn∣derstande, natus sum.

¶ Quem vocas? Nicolaum. why is Nicolaum the ••ac¦cusatiue case? For euer the casual wordes in the an∣sweryng must be put ī lyke case to them that they an∣swereth to, in the axyng. as, Quē recitas? Virgiliū. Except the verbe be diuersly cōstrued with the wor∣des, in the axynge, and in the answeryng. as

Emisti ne tanti? Imo vilius vel duplo.

Damnatus ne es furti•• an sacrilegij? Imo utro{que}.

Cuius est hic liber? Meus, and nat mei.

¶Also before verbes of the subiunctiue mode be oft tymes is vnderstād, this imperatiue fac with the cō∣iūction vt: as mittas, for fac mittas, or fac vt mittas. And somtyme the cōiūction only. as Velim mittas. Careat successibus opto: for vt mittas, vt careat.

¶Also participles be vnderstād: as wher̄ .ij. nownes or a pronowne and a nowne be put ī the ablatyue of consequence, without any other participle must ne∣des be vnderstande this participle, ens: though it be out of vse. as•• Cesare et ••ibulo cōsulibus, for entibus cōsulib{us}. And ī this maner the figurate is only ī vse.

¶Also p̄positions seruyng to the ablatiue ofte tyme be vnderstād these, a, cum, e or ex, pro, and in. as Al∣cibiades intestino malo patria liberata, for ab inte∣stino malo. and Duo iuuenes candidis equis apparu∣erunt, for cū candidis equis. And, Procijce tela ma∣nu sanguis meus, for e manu. And, Multum et ille et terris ••actatus et alto, for in terris in alto.

Zeugma.

¶ Somtyme .ij. or mo lyke sētēces be closed togeder with one verbe, adiectiue or participle singuler: whi∣che is vnderstāde in euery clause, and set out but in one, and agreeth with som word of the same clause. as Cicero scribit, et Homerus, et Virgilius.

Catullus erat doctus et Horatius.

And this maner of spekynge is figurate, and the fi∣gure is called zeugma.

Syllepsis.

¶ Somtyme diuerse clauses, that is to say, hauynge wordes of diuers gēdre, nōbre, and person, be closed with one verbe: adiectiue or participle: the whiche if it be singuler must euer agre with the next propre or appellatiue, or noīatiue case. as, Tu quos ad studiū, at{que} vsum formabis agrestem.

Vtinam, aut hic surdus, aut haec muta facta sit.

Hic illius arma hic currus fuit.

But if the adiectiue or participle be plurell, it mu••••e agree in gendre and person, with the moost worthy o•• the wordes, in dyuerse clauses.

¶And of gendres the masculyn is more worthy thā ••he ••emynine. And of persons, the first is more wor∣thy than the secūde or the thyrde, and the secunde ••s more worthy than the thyrde.

Example of gendres.

Pater et mater mortui sunt.

Examples of persons.

Ego et tu discimus. Tu et ille discitis.

¶And lyke wyse in one clause, in the secūde apposi∣••iue cōstruction, if the noīatiues be of dyuers persōs. the verbe must agre with the more worthy. as, Ego Thomas scribo. And this maner of spekynge is figu∣••ate, and the figure is called syllepsis.

¶ Also many other wayes in .ij. clauses, wordes of the one be wont to be lefte out, the whiche nat with ••••andyng to the supplyeng of perfite cōstructiō, must ••edes be repeted of the other. as, multi mortales pe¦••te perie••e. Plures ferro cecidere, for plures morta∣les. Sol auget ventos et comprimit, for cōprimit vē∣••••s, Est doctior {quam} ego, for {quam} ego sum. Scribit melius {quam} ante, for {quam} ante scribebat or scripsit. But specially 〈…〉〈…〉 a wo••de is vnderstāde, whan clauses be ioyned 〈…〉〈…〉 ••hat answere to gedre. as tantus quan∣•••••• N•• modo sed etiā. Tam. quā. Ita sic. Adeo vt: with 〈…〉〈…〉 other. Examples. Tantū reposui quantum tu, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 tu reposu isti. Non modo nobis inuidet, sed etiam ••••bi, for tibi inuidet. Sic viuit vt ego, for ego viuo. Tam est lactis abundans {quam} pecoris, for pecoris a∣••undans.

And in all these supplyenges, whan the worde that 〈◊〉〈◊〉 ••••derstāde is one in al accidentes with the worde

that is set out in the reasō. the figure is called zeug∣ma. And if it be diuerse gendre, nombre, and {per}son, mode or tense. It is syllepsis.

Prolepsis.

¶whan the worde plurell that goth before in gene∣ralte must nedes be vnderstande in the parties that folowe, the figure is called prolepsis. as, Aquile vo∣lant, altera ab oriente, altera ab occidente. where muste nedes be vnderstande twyse aquila, to fulfyll construction. Nos scribimus, tu versus, ego prosam. where is vnderstande, scribis and scribo. Duorū••fra∣trum, alter indoctus, alter doctus. where is twyse vn¦derstande frater.

Enallage.

¶Authours also put sometyme one parte of speche for an other. and thā the speche is figurate: and the figure is called enallage. as a nowne for an aduerbe. as, Sole recens orto. And sublime volat, for recenter and sublimiter.

¶And a pronowne for a nowne. as, Non ea vis ani∣mo, for tanta or talis. And, Quae tua humanitas est? for qualis.

¶A verbe for a nowne. as, Scire tuum nihil est, for scientia.

¶A participle for a nowne .iiij. wayes, whan they be vsed for appellatiues. as, Cupiens litiū. Fugiens laborem. whan they receyue comparation: as doctu•• doctior. whan they take comparison other wyse thā theyr verbe receyueth. as, Doceo indoctus.

¶A preposition for an aduerbe: as post for postea: and ante for antea.

¶An aduerbe for a nowne. as, Sic vita erat, for ta∣lis. Genus vnde latinū, for a quo. Hinc ille lachryme for ex hoc. And for a cōiunctiō: as cum, whan tamē foloweth. as, Cum preuideris, tamen non cauisti.

¶A cōiunction for an aduerbe. as quidē for pro••ecto

or certe. And somtyme one kynde, that is vnder one part for an other kynd of the same part, as an appel¦latiue for an adiectyue. as, Dardana suscitat arma, for Dardania.

¶And one pronowne for an other. as, Viuite felice•• quibus est fortuna peracta Iam sua, for vestra.

¶And an absolute for an actiue. as

Ardebat Alexim, for amabat.

And an actiue for an absolute, or a passyue. as

Sistunt amnes terrae{que} dehiscūt: for stant or sistuntur.

¶And often the p̄ters of verbes neutres absolutes, that be taken of doyng of place supply a significatiō passyue. as, Iuit: he is gone. Venit: he is come. Sur∣••exi••: he is rysen.

¶A {per}ticiple passiue for an actiue. as tacit{us} for tacēs.

¶One preposition for an other. as

Multa super Priamo, for de Priamo.

¶Aduerbes of place for aduerdes of tyme. as

Hic and ibi for tunc.

¶ A coniunction copulatiue for a disiunctiue. as

Subiectis{que} vrere flammis, for subiectisve.

¶And somtyme one accident for an other. as case for case. as, Proijce tela manu sanguis meus, for mi. It celo clamor, for ad caelum.

¶One gēdre for an other. as validi silices: for ualidae.

¶One nombre for an othes. as, Medio{que} ex hoste re∣cepti. for medijs ex hostib{us}. and pars volucres factae.

One person for an other. as, Omnes aquae quae super celos sunt, for estis.

One mode for an other. as, Facile omnes perferre ac pati, for perferebat, and patiebatur.

One tense for an other. as, Accedo ad pedissequas, que sit rogo. for accedebā and rogabā, or accessi and ••ogaui. and, Samia mihi mater fuit, for erat.