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BVt for the supplyeng of rules of cōstruction, hy∣therto gyuen, it shalbe necessary to know these that folowe here.
¶Plato philosophus praecepit. why is philosophus the nominatiue case? For generally al wordes ī one 〈◊〉〈◊〉, that standeth both other as the sufferer, or the doe••, or to whom any thynge groweth vnto, as 〈◊〉〈◊〉 or hurt, or be both as named, or both as in∣••••••ument, or price, or both as measure or tyme, or
both as place, whether any verbe of beynge or na∣myng come betwene them or no, they must be put in one case, though they vary in gendre and nōbre••. as Homerus fons poetarum auditur a discipulo puero.
Erat ingratus mihi preceptori.
Petrus vocabatur Cephas.
Percussit fuste grauitelo.
Emi centum aureis magna summa.
Studui viginti annos magnam partem virae.
Habitat in vrbe Roma.
And whan there cometh no verbe betwene the wor∣des so construed, as in the exmamples nowe sayd, be it called the first appositiue. And the other that was spoken of in the rudimentis, the secunde.
Otherwyse thus. The casuall worde, that in one clause standeth as one thyng, with an other casuall worde, must be put in one case with it, whether any verbe come betwene them or no. Examples whan a verbe cometh bitwene. as Tu es ciuis, or haeres, or aeger.
Ego vocor Thomas.
Tu sedes incuruus.
Ille discit inuitus.
Examples, where no verbe cometh bitwene.
Lilius praeceptor. Taurus mons. Thamesis flumen.
Londinum vrbs.
we shall knowe whan any suche worde standeth as one thynge, with the casuall worde before, by this question, who or what. for if it answere to that que∣stion, set after the worde before, it standeth as one thynge. Examples, where a verbe cometh bitwene, as in these clauses. Thou art a citezin, or thou art the heyre, or thou art sicke. These wordes, a citezī, the heyre, and sicke, stande as one thynge with the noīatyue, that goeth before the verbe, for bycause they answere to this question, who or what, set after 〈2 pages duplicate〉〈2 pages duplicate〉
the no••atiue and the verbe. Thus. Thou art. what? Thou art a citezin, or the heyre, or sicke.
••xample, whan no verbe cometh betwene. as in these clauses.
Lily the maister. London the cite. these wordes mai¦ster and cite, stande as one thynge with the casuall wordes that goeth before, for bicause they answere ••he qu••stion, who or what, set after the wordes that go before. as Lily what? Lily the maister.
••ondon what? London the cite.
¶The superlatiue degre, if it be construed in tran∣••••••yuely, that is to saye in one case, with any worde ••oyng before, it must agree with the same ingendre and nombre lyke an adiectyue, what so euer be the genitiue folowyng. as Leo est fortissimus animaliū. Rosa est pulcherrima florum.
And i•• there be no suche worde goyng before, it must ag•••• in gendre with the genytiue that foloweth. as Maxima animalium degunt in aqua.
And the same reason must be obserued in partitiues as Vnu•• hominum iudicatus est ab Apolline sapiēs. 〈◊〉〈◊〉 solae animalium retro ambulantes pascuntur.
¶Amicus Caesaris. why is caesaris the genitiue case? ••or of the nownes assygned to the datyue, some by ••easan of possession or longynge to, may be cōstrued with a genitiue. as Amicus inimicus Virgilij.
Similis or dissimilis maiorum.
As contrary wyse. Some of them that be assygned to
genitiue, may haue a datiue of the worde that hath to before it. as, Praeceptor mihi. Conscius sibi.
¶Minor fratrum. why is fratrum the genityue af∣ter a nowne comparatiue? For nownes comparati∣ues of the worde plurell, that hath this signe of be∣fore it, wyll haue the genityue, lyke partitiues. as, The more of the .ij. bretherne.
Maior duorum fratrum.
Peritior nostrum duorum.
¶Paulo altior patre. why is paulo the ablatyue case, where the comparatyue hath an other ablati∣ue patre? For all the comparatyue degrees, besyde theyr ablatyue, that was spoken of in the rudimen∣tis: may haue an other ablatiue, of the worde that betokeneth the measure of theyr excesse. as Multo fortior. Paulo altior.
And this ablatiue is cōmune to superlatiues also. as, Multo iucundissimus.
And to receyue verbes, that betoken preferryng or excedynge. as Multo praestat. praeualet. superat. or vincit.
Also to .iiij. aduerbes, Secus, aliter, ante, post. as, Multo secus. Multo post.
And the genityue after comparatiues may be resol∣ued into an ablatiue, with the preposition e or ex. as, Maior iuuenum, maior ex iuuenibus.
NOn meministi nostri. why saye we here rather nostri, than nostrum? For after all verbes, Gerundyues, or Supynes, that ben construed
with a genitiue. we must of these .ij. pronownes pri∣mi••iues ego and tu, vse the genitiue in ••. as Misere∣o•• 〈◊〉〈◊〉 or vestri. Indiges mei or nostri. Except .ij. ver b••s, interest and refert, after the whiche, for the ge∣••itiue of these pronownes, we muste vse the ablati∣u•• lem••••••ne of theyr possessyues. as Interest o•• refert mea tua sua nostra et vestra.
And lyke wyse fo•• the genitiue sui, we must vse sua. as Interest sua.
¶Men••or nostri. why vse we here nostri, and nat no∣strum? For a••ter all adiectiues, that be construed with a geni••yue, we muste vse the genitiue in i. as Plenus or similis mei.
••lecius or immemor tui.
Compos or cupidus vestri. Expers nostri.
Except they be numerals, or partitiues, or superla∣tiues: whiche, whā they must haue the genitiue plu∣••ell of one of these pronownes, we muste vse the ge∣nitiue in um. as Vnus or duo nostrum.
Quis{que} or vter{que} vestrum.
Tertius or quartus nostrum.
Maximus or minimus vestrum.
¶The pronowne sui, is neuer vsed, but aft nownes or pronownes of the thirde person, other returnyng their owne dede to them selfe. as Cicero loueth hym selfe. Cicero diligit se. And lyke wyse Reminiscitur sui. sauet sibi. loquitur secum. Orels an other mans dede to them. and comōly after one of these .iij. cō∣iunctions, vt, ne, and, {quod}. orels the infinitiue mode. as, Rogat te, vt uenias ad se, or venire ad se.
Dicit {quod} obliuisceris sui, or to obliuisci sui.
¶And whan the dede of the thirde person passeth ī to a thyng, longyng to hym, or possessed of hym, we muste vse the possessiue suus. as Cicero remembreth his clientis. Cicero meminit clientum suorum.
Cicero loked to his owne businesse.
Cicero prospexit rebus suis.
CVpio spaciari solus. why is solus here the no∣minatiue after the infinitiue mode? For the in¦finitiue mode, that cometh after a verbe, if hit be the dede of the person that goeth before the ver∣be, it may haue suche case after hym, as that person standeth in. as I couet to ryde alone.
Cupio equitare solus.
And if it be the dede of an other persō, it must haue before hym, expressed or vnderstāde, an accusatiue, to signifie the {per}son. as I cōmaūde the, to lye alone. Iubco te cubare solum.
And if suche an infinitiue haue a datiue before hym it is a reason of the other verbe, and nat of the in∣finitiue mode. as, Permitto tibi dicere.
¶Delectat me viuere ruri. what is the noīatiue to delectat? The īfinitiue viuere, with that that is ioy∣ned with hym. why so? For these thryde persons iuuat, decet, delectat, oportet, may haue for theyr nominatiue an infinitiue mode, with that, that is ioyned with hym, and also an accusatiue aft them. as Iuuat me incumbere literis.
Except oportet that hath no accusatiue after hym.
¶Iuuat euasisse hoc malum. why is that, that stan∣deth for the noīatiue set after the verbe? For whan so euer the infinitiue standeth for the noīatiue be∣fore the verbe, it is wont alway in spekyng to be put after it. as, Delectat viuere in patria.
Oportet prospicere in futurū. Cōtigit ducere vxorē. Miserum est semper timere mortem.
OF verbes absolutes, there be some that be re∣ferred other to god, or to some worde of theyr owne signification. and therfore comonly they
haue but the thyrde person singular. as, Pluit, for deus pluit, or pluuia fit. And lyke to these be tonat, ••••ngit, grandinat, fulminat, gelat, lucescit, ves∣perascit. &c.
QVid facis? Scribo. what maner of verbe is scribo in this spekyng? A verbe neutre ab∣solute. why? For generally euery verbe stā∣dynge in a reason, as answeryng to one of these que∣stions, what do I, what doest thou, what doeth he? may be a verbe absolute. as Amo, scribo, loquor, seruio. if they stande, as answeryng to any of these sayd questions.
NOn vacat mihi ludere. why is mihi the datiue case? For these thyrde persons neutres, Acci∣dit, contingit, euenit, competit, placet, libet, licet, expedit, liquet, patet, constat, sufficit, uacat, 〈◊〉〈◊〉, Contingit oppetere, Vacat scribere, hauynge an infinitiue for theyr nominatyue, may haue a daty∣ue ••••tem them. as, Contingit tibi ducere vxorem.
HI•• ager est Pauli. why is Pauli the genitiue? For this verbe, Sumes fui, is construed tran∣sitiuely with a genitiue, of the worde that fo∣loweth hym, and that hath this syllable is or es, ioy¦ned to it in the ende. as, This is Georgis boke. Hic codex est Georgij. Also with a datiue, as whan it is expounned by habeo. as, Est mihi nouerca. for hēo ••ouercam.
PAlleo timore. why is timore the ablatiue case? For the word standyng as cause, for whom or by whom, after all maner of verbes, maye be put in the ablatiue, without a preposition, orels in the ac∣cusatiue with ob or propter. as
Caleo igni et propter ignē. Palleo et frigeo timore. Tremo frigore. Mendico egestate.
Non largior penuria. Non maneo or abeo pudore.
PLuris vendidi {quam} emi. why is pluris the genitiue? For of adiectiues there ben .viij. whiche, if they stande as price, and haue none appellatiue with them: must be put in the genitiue. and they be these, tanti, quant••, pluris, minoris, quantiuis, quātilibet, quanticun{que}, and tantidem. as, Quanti emisti. Plu∣ris constitit. But if they haue any appellatiue with them, they must be put in the ablatiue. as, Quanto precio metiris. Tanta summa emi.
Except tantidem, the whiche hath no ablatiue.
PRofectus est•• Eboracum. why is Eboracum the ac¦cusatiue case? For whan so euer after any verbe cometh the propre name of any towne in the si∣nification to a place, or answerynge to this questiō, whyther, it shall comonly be put in the accusatyue case, without a preposition. as, Eo Romam.
And rus and domus be lyke wyse vsed. as Eo domum. Eo rus.
¶Veni Roma. why is Roma the ablatyue case? For whan the propre name of a towne comethe after a verbe, that hath the signification as fro a place, or answereth to this question, fro whens, it shalbe put in the ablatiue without a preposition. as Veni Roma, Tarento.
Also we say, Veni rure, domo.
Lyke wyse if they signifie by a place. as Transiui Roma, Tarentino, rure, domo.
¶Seuerus imperator mortuus Eboraci. why is Ebo raci the genitiue case? For whan the prope name of a towne cometh after a verbe, that hath the signifi∣catiō at a place, or answereth to this qstion where,
〈…〉〈…〉 be the first declination or the secunde, and the ••••nguler nombre, it shalbe put in the genitiue case. as Fui Rome, Tarenti, with these .v. nownes domi, liumi, militie, belli, foci. If the townes name be the plurel nombre, or any other declination, it must be put in the ablatiue. as Fui Athenis, Sulmone, Neapoli.
And one nowne in the datyue, Ruri.
POenitet me vidisse. why is me thaccusatiue case? For these .vi. verbes, penitet, tedet, miseret, mi∣serescit, piget, and pudet, whan they stande as p∣••onals, and haue an infinitiue before them for their no••atiue case, than they may haue an accusatiue aft them. as Poenitet me videre hec mala. But ofte tyme they lacke an infinitine or an other thyng for a no∣minatiue. and than they be called impersonals, and be ••oustrued with a genitiue and an accusatiue also of dyuerse thynges. as, Poenitet me erroris.
¶There be many special constructions of verbes be 〈◊〉〈◊〉 these called ideomata, the which shalbe shewed 〈◊〉〈◊〉.
THe participle in dus hath somtyme the signifi∣••••tion of the present. as amādus beyng loued. But the vse of it is most in obliques. And some∣••••me 〈◊〉〈◊〉 hath the signification of the future. as Amandus to be loued.
¶ But here is to be knowen that gerūdiues hauyng an accusatiue case aft them may be sayd by the par∣••••••••ple in dus, if the englisshe be tourned passiuely. 〈◊〉〈◊〉 ••he accusatyue ioyned with the sayd participle 〈◊〉〈◊〉 ••he case as the gerundiue was.
〈◊〉〈◊〉 that somtyme by the present significatiō of the participle on this wyse. By the gerūdiue in di. I was
let to day by the besynes of writyng letters. Impedi∣ebar hodie occupatione scribendi lras. And by pre∣sent signification of the participle in dus. I was let to day by besines of letters beynge wryten.
Impediebar hodie occupatione lrarum. scribēdarū
¶And by the gerūdiue in do. Lernyng these p̄ceptis thou mayst profyte. Discēdo haec precepta proficias. By the present signification of the participle. as These preceptis beyng lerned thou mayst profite. Discendis his praeceptis proficias.
¶And by the gerundiue in dum. In gyuyng of thā∣kes this chaūced me. Inter agendum gras hoc mihi contigit. And by the p̄sent signification of the par∣ticiple. In tyme of thankes beynge gyuen, this chaū∣sed me. Inter agendas gratias hoc mihi contigit.
¶By the gerundiue in di••. we shall haue liberte to morowe to eate flesshe. Erit nobis cras libertas co∣medendi carnē. And by the future significatiō of the participle. we shall haue liberte to morow of flesshe to be eatē. Erit nobis cras libertas comedēdae carnis.
¶By the gerūdiue in do. I shal haue besines to mo∣row in redyng poet{is}. Cras erit mihi negocium in e∣narrando poetas.
And by the futur significatiō of the participle, thus. I shall haue besines to morowe in poetis to be red.
Cras erit mihi negotium in poetis enarrandis.
¶By the gerūdiue in dū. we shal go to morow to ge∣ther nuttis. Ibimus cras ad colligendum nuces.
And by the futur signification of the participle.
we shall go to morow for nuttis to be gethred.
Ibimus cras ad nuces colligendas.
¶Some prepositions haue special cōstuctiō, as vs{que}:
whiche hath with hym som other p̄position. as Vs{que} in pamphiliam. Vs{que} ad Taurum. Vs{que} ad festum.
Except propre names of townes, and rus and dom{us}, with the whiche it is ioyned comonly alone. as Romam vs{que}. Neapolim vs{que}.
¶These .ij. tenus and versus, agaynst the nature of prepositions, come after the wordes that they be cō∣strued with. as, Romam versus. Pube tenus. And cū somtyme is lykewyse set. as, Qui cum. quibus cum. mecū. tecum. secum. nobiscum. vobiscū. And versus with wordes, that be nat propre of townes, is often tyme ioyned with ad or in. as, Ad occidētem versus. In Italiā versus. And oftē tyme without. as, Italiā versus nauigatur{us} erā. Amanū versus profecti sum{us}. And tenus is ofte tymes cōstrued with the genitiue, but euer in plurel nōbre. as, Aurium tenus. Crurium tenus. And with the ablatiue both singular and plu∣rell. as, Pube tenus. Pectoribus tenus. Verbis tenus.
HEu mihi. why is mihi the datyue case? for these interiections, hei and veh, be construed with a datiue. as, Hei mihi. veh tibi.
¶And heu with an accusatiue. as, Heu stirpē inuisā. Somtyme both heu and hei with an nominatiue. as Heu pietas. hei misera.
¶ Proh is construed with a nominatiue and an accu¦satiue. as, Proh Iuppiter. proh dolor.
Proh deum at{que} hominum fidem.
¶ O may be cōstrued with a noīatiue case. as, O for∣••ati, quorū iam menia surgūt. O ego ne possem. with an accus. as, O fortunatos. And with a vocatiue, but than it is an aduerbe of spekyng to. as, O Melibee.
¶••mi equum centum denarijs et pluris. why hath 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the coniunction capulatiue here lyke cases? For
somtime the proprete of wordes let copulatiues and disiunctiues to couple case. as, Emi equum centum nummis et pluris. Fui Rome et Thebis.
¶whan no worde lacketh in a reason, to perfite cō∣struction of wordes, than the reason may be called hole and iuste.
¶whan any worde lacketh due to construction, if it for more shortnes be lefte out by the cōmon custome of spekyng of authors bicause it may be vnderstande of other wordes in the reason: than the reason may be called figurate and the figure is called eclypsis. as Lego Virgilium. where to the perfitnes of constru∣ction must nedes be vnderstande ego.
¶There be customably vnderstande in laten tonge, wordes of al partes. Nownes, as after the relatyue q, and pronownes relatiues, that is rehersed of the reason before, and in the same case gendre nombre, and person, that the article or the relatiue is in. as Virgilius recitat, quē cupio videre. where after quē is vnderstande Virgilium. And, Audio Virgiliū, qui longe prestat caeteris poe••is. where after qui, is vn∣derstande Virgilius.
And in this maner the figurate is comonly vsed: the hole but seldome: except a speciall cause.
¶Also after this interrogatyue quis, in the mascu∣line gendre, often tymes is vnderstande other homo or deus, after as the sentence requyreth. as, Quia currit? for quis homo currit. Quis mūdum creanit? for quis deus.
¶Also before suche verbes, pl••it, tonat, lucesci••, i•• vnderstāde other de••s, as pluit, for de••s pluit, or el•• som word of their significatiō. as pl••••ia t••nitru 〈◊〉〈◊〉.
¶Also there be customably vnderstande pronownes as before al verbes of the ••irst and secūde {per}son: these noīnatiues, Ego, tu, nos, & vos. as scribo. where is vnderstāde ego. Scribimus. where is vnderstāde nos. And in this maner, the figurate is more vsed thā the hole: except for sum certayn specialte. somtyme ille, or some of lyke signification. as, Didimus est medi∣cus, et tamen scribit pueris, for tamen ille, or idem, or is scribit pueris.
And verbes often tymes be vnderstāde, specially the verbe Sum, almost in all modes, tenses, no••bres, and persons: except the imperatiue. as Omnia uanitas. where is vnderstād sunt. Quis omnia vanitas. where is vndestande sint. Hinc mihi prima mali labes. where is vnderstande erat. Promisi me vltorem. where is vnderstande futurum esse or fore.
¶Also ī answeryng to questiōs. if we answere nat by an expressed verbe, there must nedes be vnderstande the verbe that is in the question. as to this question. Quis scripsit haec? if he be answered Thomas: there must be answered, scripsit. But if the verbe in the in∣terrogatiue or axyng be the fyrst person, it must ī an∣sweryng be vnderstande in the secūde {per}son. as Quot versus scripsi? If it be answered by an other, decem. there must nedes be vnderstande, scripsisti. And if the verbe in axyng be the secunde person, it must be vnderstande in the first: as in this question. Quot an∣nos natus es? If it answered, decē, there must be vn∣derstande, natus sum.
¶ Quem vocas? Nicolaum. why is Nicolaum the ••ac¦cusatiue case? For euer the casual wordes in the an∣sweryng must be put ī lyke case to them that they an∣swereth to, in the axyng. as, Quē recitas? Virgiliū. Except the verbe be diuersly cōstrued with the wor∣des, in the axynge, and in the answeryng. as
Emisti ne tanti? Imo vilius vel duplo.
Damnatus ne es furti•• an sacrilegij? Imo utro{que}.
Cuius est hic liber? Meus, and nat mei.
¶Also before verbes of the subiunctiue mode be oft tymes is vnderstād, this imperatiue fac with the cō∣iūction vt: as mittas, for fac mittas, or fac vt mittas. And somtyme the cōiūction only. as Velim mittas. Careat successibus opto: for vt mittas, vt careat.
¶Also participles be vnderstād: as wher̄ .ij. nownes or a pronowne and a nowne be put ī the ablatyue of consequence, without any other participle must ne∣des be vnderstande this participle, ens: though it be out of vse. as•• Cesare et ••ibulo cōsulibus, for entibus cōsulib{us}. And ī this maner the figurate is only ī vse.
¶Also p̄positions seruyng to the ablatiue ofte tyme be vnderstād these, a, cum, e or ex, pro, and in. as Al∣cibiades intestino malo patria liberata, for ab inte∣stino malo. and Duo iuuenes candidis equis apparu∣erunt, for cū candidis equis. And, Procijce tela ma∣nu sanguis meus, for e manu. And, Multum et ille et terris ••actatus et alto, for in terris in alto.
¶ Somtyme .ij. or mo lyke sētēces be closed togeder with one verbe, adiectiue or participle singuler: whi∣che is vnderstāde in euery clause, and set out but in one, and agreeth with som word of the same clause. as Cicero scribit, et Homerus, et Virgilius.
Catullus erat doctus et Horatius.
And this maner of spekynge is figurate, and the fi∣gure is called zeugma.
¶ Somtyme diuerse clauses, that is to say, hauynge wordes of diuers gēdre, nōbre, and person, be closed with one verbe: adiectiue or participle: the whiche if it be singuler must euer agre with the next propre or appellatiue, or noīatiue case. as, Tu quos ad studiū, at{que} vsum formabis agrestem.
Vtinam, aut hic surdus, aut haec muta facta sit.
Hic illius arma hic currus fuit.
But if the adiectiue or participle be plurell, it mu••••e agree in gendre and person, with the moost worthy o•• the wordes, in dyuerse clauses.
¶And of gendres the masculyn is more worthy thā ••he ••emynine. And of persons, the first is more wor∣thy than the secūde or the thyrde, and the secunde ••s more worthy than the thyrde.
Pater et mater mortui sunt.
Ego et tu discimus. Tu et ille discitis.
¶And lyke wyse in one clause, in the secūde apposi∣••iue cōstruction, if the noīatiues be of dyuers persōs. the verbe must agre with the more worthy. as, Ego Thomas scribo. And this maner of spekynge is figu∣••ate, and the figure is called syllepsis.
¶ Also many other wayes in .ij. clauses, wordes of the one be wont to be lefte out, the whiche nat with ••••andyng to the supplyeng of perfite cōstructiō, must ••edes be repeted of the other. as, multi mortales pe¦••te perie••e. Plures ferro cecidere, for plures morta∣les. Sol auget ventos et comprimit, for cōprimit vē∣••••s, Est doctior {quam} ego, for {quam} ego sum. Scribit melius {quam} ante, for {quam} ante scribebat or scripsit. But specially 〈…〉〈…〉 a wo••de is vnderstāde, whan clauses be ioyned 〈…〉〈…〉 ••hat answere to gedre. as tantus quan∣•••••• N•• modo sed etiā. Tam. quā. Ita sic. Adeo vt: with 〈…〉〈…〉 other. Examples. Tantū reposui quantum tu, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 tu reposu isti. Non modo nobis inuidet, sed etiam ••••bi, for tibi inuidet. Sic viuit vt ego, for ego viuo. Tam est lactis abundans {quam} pecoris, for pecoris a∣••undans.
And in all these supplyenges, whan the worde that 〈◊〉〈◊〉 ••••derstāde is one in al accidentes with the worde
that is set out in the reasō. the figure is called zeug∣ma. And if it be diuerse gendre, nombre, and {per}son, mode or tense. It is syllepsis.
¶whan the worde plurell that goth before in gene∣ralte must nedes be vnderstande in the parties that folowe, the figure is called prolepsis. as, Aquile vo∣lant, altera ab oriente, altera ab occidente. where muste nedes be vnderstande twyse aquila, to fulfyll construction. Nos scribimus, tu versus, ego prosam. where is vnderstande, scribis and scribo. Duorū••fra∣trum, alter indoctus, alter doctus. where is twyse vn¦derstande frater.
¶Authours also put sometyme one parte of speche for an other. and thā the speche is figurate: and the figure is called enallage. as a nowne for an aduerbe. as, Sole recens orto. And sublime volat, for recenter and sublimiter.
¶And a pronowne for a nowne. as, Non ea vis ani∣mo, for tanta or talis. And, Quae tua humanitas est? for qualis.
¶A verbe for a nowne. as, Scire tuum nihil est, for scientia.
¶A participle for a nowne .iiij. wayes, whan they be vsed for appellatiues. as, Cupiens litiū. Fugiens laborem. whan they receyue comparation: as doctu•• doctior. whan they take comparison other wyse thā theyr verbe receyueth. as, Doceo indoctus.
¶A preposition for an aduerbe: as post for postea: and ante for antea.
¶An aduerbe for a nowne. as, Sic vita erat, for ta∣lis. Genus vnde latinū, for a quo. Hinc ille lachryme for ex hoc. And for a cōiunctiō: as cum, whan tamē foloweth. as, Cum preuideris, tamen non cauisti.
¶A cōiunction for an aduerbe. as quidē for pro••ecto
or certe. And somtyme one kynde, that is vnder one part for an other kynd of the same part, as an appel¦latiue for an adiectyue. as, Dardana suscitat arma, for Dardania.
¶And one pronowne for an other. as, Viuite felice•• quibus est fortuna peracta Iam sua, for vestra.
¶And an absolute for an actiue. as
Ardebat Alexim, for amabat.
And an actiue for an absolute, or a passyue. as
Sistunt amnes terrae{que} dehiscūt: for stant or sistuntur.
¶And often the p̄ters of verbes neutres absolutes, that be taken of doyng of place supply a significatiō passyue. as, Iuit: he is gone. Venit: he is come. Sur∣••exi••: he is rysen.
¶A {per}ticiple passiue for an actiue. as tacit{us} for tacēs.
¶One preposition for an other. as
Multa super Priamo, for de Priamo.
¶Aduerbes of place for aduerdes of tyme. as
Hic and ibi for tunc.
¶ A coniunction copulatiue for a disiunctiue. as
Subiectis{que} vrere flammis, for subiectisve.
¶And somtyme one accident for an other. as case for case. as, Proijce tela manu sanguis meus, for mi. It celo clamor, for ad caelum.
¶One gēdre for an other. as validi silices: for ualidae.
¶One nombre for an othes. as, Medio{que} ex hoste re∣cepti. for medijs ex hostib{us}. and pars volucres factae.
One person for an other. as, Omnes aquae quae super celos sunt, for estis.
One mode for an other. as, Facile omnes perferre ac pati, for perferebat, and patiebatur.
One tense for an other. as, Accedo ad pedissequas, que sit rogo. for accedebā and rogabā, or accessi and ••ogaui. and, Samia mihi mater fuit, for erat.