The early South-English legendary ; or, Lives of saints. I. Ms. Laud, 108, in the Bodleian library. Edited by Carl Horstmann.

59 [Eustas.]

[lawe] SEint Eustas þe noble knyȝt : of heþene lawe [MS. londe] was; Ake are he i-cristned were : men cleopeden him placidas. he was with Traian þe Aumperour : hext of alle is kniȝhte, Maister he was of al is ost : at eche bataⁱle to fiȝhte. Line 4 he wilnede to wite godes lawe : and of cristindom; Ake no man þar-of him ne teiȝhte : ne ȝeme þare-to ne nam: ¶ his heorte him ȝaf þat is lawe nas nouȝt : and þare-fore almes-dede Ofte he dude for godes loue : þat he him scholde þe bet rede. Line 8 A wif he hadde and twei sones : þat swiþe ȝoungue were; heo wilnede ȝeorne þat sum man : of god hire wolde lere.— Line 10 þis heiȝe kniȝhtes wenden a day : on honteth mani on with heore cheuenteyn placidas : to cachche hert and bocke and don. ¶ A-mong oþur game huy founden ane heort : swiþe fair best with-alle: placidas him siwede a-non : ȝif he miȝhte maken him falle. Line 14 Fram is felawes he wende al one : þis best orn with gret pas, And he siwede him fer in vncouþe stude : þat al weri he was. þo huy comen opon a fair hul : þis best with-stod atþe laste. þis kniȝht ne dorste ner him wiende : ake bi-heold him stikele and faste. Line 18 Bi-twene is hornes he i-saiȝh : ane creiz schine briȝhte with gret leome ase it were of sonne : þat vnneþe bi-holde he it miȝhte. ¶ "Placidas," seide þe heort : "ȝwy woltþou weorri with me? I-cham god þat þou ne knowest nouȝt : ichulle schewi me to þe. Line 22 þine almesse-dedes þat þou hast i-do : a-mountede me bi-fore; þat þou ne canst nouȝt, i-chulle þe teche : þat þi soule ne beo for-lore. þov were a-boute to cachche me : ichulle þe cahche al-so." "Louerd," seide placidas : "seiȝe me ȝwat i schal do." Line 26 ¶ "Bote go," seide ore louerd þo : "hom to þine wiue, And nim hire and evwere twei sones : and lat eou cristni bliue. Line 28 þus time to-moruwe cum aȝein : and ich þe wolle wisse hou þou schalt leden here þi lijf : to of-serui heouene blisse." þo nuste he ȝware þe heort bi-cam. : þis kniȝht in grete þouȝte wende hom and þonkede god : þat swuch tiþingue him brouȝhte. Line 32 his wiue he tolde it priueliche. : "sire, merci," heo seide,

"To-niȝht ore louerd cam al-so to me : and riȝht so he gan me rede." ¶ Huy nomen heore twey sones with heom : and to a bischop huy wende And lieten heom cristni alle foure : heore lif for-to amende; Line 36 þis knyȜth liet is name tuyrne : and liet him cleopie Eustas. With oþure kniȝhtes he wende eft an hontez : þudere ase he er was. þis holie best he saiȝh þo eft-sone : aftur he wende al-so, For-to he cam in-to a priue stude : ase he hadde er i-do. Line 40 þo criede he and fel a-doun a-kneo : "louerd," he seide, "þin ore, [folio 167b] Tel me hou i schal mi lif lede : to saui me þoruȝh þi lore." Ore [louerd] spac þo in þe heortes mouþe : "loke þat þou do after me! For þov hast þene deuel ouer-come : he armeth him aȝen þe: Line 44 þolie þou schalt wo and sor : ase Men schulle in bataylle; Ȝif þou wolt þolie and a-ȝein him fiȝhte : of is wille he schal faille. he schal þe, ase he dude Iob : mid alle wo þe fonde; Seie me ȝif þou it þolie wolt : and faste a-ȝein him stonde!" Line 48 ¶ "Louerd," seide þis guode kniȝht : "ȝif me studefast-hede, þat ich mouwe is fondingue þole : ase þou me wolt wisse and rede." "Ope þi-sulue it is ȝif þou wolt beo : studefast," ore louerd seide; "Ake ȝif þou wolt so, ichulle in þi care : boþe witie þe and lede." Line 52 Mid þusse worde ore louerd wende : he nuste ȝware he bi-cam. þis kniȝht in grete þouȝhte of heorte : þene wey hamward nam; his wiue he tolde al hou it was : and bad hire studefast be. To is louerdes court, þe aumperoures : nolde he nonmore teo. Line 56 ¶ þo comen þeoues and robbeden him : of al þat euere he hadde; his Orf deide al-so to grounde : nouȝht o best a-liue he nadde; his hinene deiden euerechone— : þare bi-lefde non a-liue Bote he and [is] tweie ȝongue sones : and is leoue wiue. Line 60 þo ne bi-lefde heom non more guod : þane heom hieng a-boute— huy þonkeden god of alle is sondene : ȝuyt nadden huy none doute. For schame þat huy beggares weren : heore hous huy liete stonde And bi niȝhte stelen a-wei : to-ward an oþur londe, Line 64 ¶ Eustas al-one and is wijf : and is sones tweiȝe; So ȝungue weren þis children two : þat he bar heom ofte bi weiȝe. Gret deol made þe Aumperour : þo he miste sire Eustas, And liet him seche al-a-boute : ake men nusten ȝware he was. Line 68

Line 68 Toward Egypte huy passeden þe se : for huy mosten so don nede. Þo huy þe se ipassede hadden : þe schipman axede is mede. Line 70 huy seiden þat huy noþing nadden : ake þat huy beggares were. Þe schipman bi-heold þat guode wif : and þouȝte him of faire chere; ¶ he seide, "ichulle for mi mede : þis wumman with me at-holde." Þe kniȝht weop and criede ȝeorne : ake hit ne mihȝte no-þing holde, Þis schipman nam [MS. nan] him and is sones : and out of þe schipe heom þraste, And liet heom wienden ȝwodere huy wolden : and heold [MS. beold] þis womman faste. Line 76 Þe knyȝht bi-heold after-ward : ake þo it non-oþur nas, Sore he weop and wrong [MS. wrond] is honden : longue i-swowe he was. "Leue sones," he seide, "ȝwat schulle ȝe nou? : ȝoungue ȝe beoth, help-les, In vncouþe londe; ho schal ou wite : nouþe ȝe beoth moder-les? Line 80 ¶ Mi-sulf ich couþe mine mete bi-swynke : ake inot ȝwat ȝe schulle do; A feble norice ich am, alas! : i nas neuere i-teiȝht þer-to." Wel softe he ladde is sones forth : and wel ofte he heom bar. To a deop watur he cam : and no schip ne fond he þar: Line 84 he bar is o sone ouer þat watur : and þare a-doun him sette. [[Here a fol. is wanting in the MS. [Only a little fragment is left, with the beginning of the first verses : þeo ȝwyle he . . . . þo he was f . . . . And nam þ . . . . A leon c . . . And . . . . ¶ þis . . . — The text in MS. Ashm. 43 is frequently abridged, therefore I fill the gap from MS. Cott.] ; MS. Cott. Iul. D ix. continues;]] [þe while he wente ouer aȝen : his oþer sone to fette, a-midde þe water as he was : a wolf þer com vrne & nom þat child & ber hit ford : touard þe wode ȝerne. Line 88 A leon com in þe oþer half : & þis oþer child [he] nom & bere hit ford touard þe wode : ar þe faþer to him com. ¶ þis kniȝt stod a-midde þe water : no wonder þe him wo were, whan he sei þat þis wilde bestes : his sones awei bere; Line 92 he wep & his hondes wrong : & tar him be þe here; him-sulf he wolde habbe a-dreint : ȝif þat oþing nere: he þoȝte on þat our lord sede : þat he scholde þolie sore. he þolede, him þoȝte, sorue y-nou : noman ne miȝte more. Line 96 "lord," he sede, "whiþer schal ich nou?" : & wente bi an vncouþe weie; "kniȝtes ich was y-woneþ to haue : wit me of gret nobleie:

¶ Ich les hom suþþe, & al my good : þat ich scholde bi leþe mi lif; Mene bileueþe oþer solas non : bote my sones & my wif. Line 100 þo mi wif me was by-nome : nas me wo y-nou? ȝif ich dorste sigge, ich was : ibroȝt in more wo wit wou. Me nas bileueþ bote mi sones : þat al myn herten were: þo sei ich whare wilde bestes : awei to wode hom bere, Line 104 & icham a wrecche & frendles : bileueþ nou alone, al nakeþ & bar of alle gode : as ich sprong out of þe stone! ¶ wel ichot þat iob hadde : y-nou of care & sore; a lone wrecche as icham : me þincþ ichaue more: Line 108 for he hadde frend & wif also : him forto bimene, me nis bileueþ wif ne frend : to solaci me ene. a dunghupel warup he him reste : him was also bileueþ: of al my god so moche y naue : þat ich mow rest op my hed. Line 112 of al men þat euer were : me þinch icham mest wrecche— ac whan god wol so þat ich schal : of noþing I-ne recche." þo he hadde al y-mad his mone : þat reuþe hit was y-nou, In sorue & care spitosliche [Ashm pitosliche] : touard toune he drou. Line 116 ¶ þer he ȝede & beþ his mete : þat al folc reuþe hadde þat so fair man & stalworde : in meseise his lif ladde. hai-ward hi made him of þe toun : hor corn forto wite, þat he miȝte in treunesse : his liflode be-ȝite. Line 120 his lordinges he paide wel : & al oþere also— for ho-so haþ wit him godes grace : he ne schal neuer mis-do. for he ne couþe noȝt his mester : gret sorue he hadde ynou; his wo he nom in pacience : to eche godnesse he drou. Line 124 heyward he was fiftene ȝer : in gret sorue & care; ne com noman nei him þat him kneu : his frend him [Ashm. frendes, him om.] were wel bare.— ¶ ac [om. in Ashm.] hit bifel þat þe emperour : þat his lord er was, y-worreþ was of a noþer king : þorou a luþer cas. Line 128 sone him misseþe þis gode kniȝt : & ofte he sede alas. to many lond he sente aboute : to seche seint eustas. tuei kniȝtes þat his felaues were : þat soȝte him suiþe wide, In his baille hi mette him : as hi come þer-ford ride. Line 132 seint eustas i-kneu hom wel : & hi him noȝt wit-alle— for ho-so is in meseise & in sor : his heu wole sone falle. ¶ "knowest," hi sede, "eni man : þat hatte placidas?" he sede nai, & sede soþ : for he het eustas. Line 136 þo gonne þis kniȝtes sike sore— : & hit was nei eue: þis haiward hom baþ suiþe faire : al niȝt wit him bileue. þo hi come hom to his In : he made hom faire chere

& cortesliche serueþe hom : quinte man as he were. Line 140 ac euer whan he from hom turneþe : þ^e teres ourne of his eie; ac fair semblant he made y-nou : euer whan hi him seie. ¶ þis kniȝtes þoȝte wonþer gret : þat a such heiward of so quinte seruise was : as he were eny stuard. Line 144 þe lengor þat hi him bihulde : þe bet hom þoȝte [hi] him kneue— for whan man is fol of mete & drinke : hit [MS. his] soteleþ [Ashm. so teleþ] in his hwe. "þis man," sede þe on to þe oþer : "ilich is placidas, loke we where he haue þe wounde : þat on his hed was, Line 148 þat he hente in þe bataile? : for ȝif he haþ þilke wounde In þilke stude, siker we beþ : þat we him haueþ i-founde." þo hi founde þis soþe tokne : in gret ioie hi were ibroȝt, hi sede, "þu art placidas : þat we longe haueþ isoȝt. Line 152 ¶ þe emperour sente after þe : to him þ^u schalt come, for his fon haueþ moche of his lond : for þe faute [r. defaute] of þe y-nome." sein eustas made gret daunger : & naþeles ate nende to þe emperour of rome, his lord : wit hom he gan wende. Line 156 glad tiþing com to þe emperour : þo he him isay! he let him greidi in fair atir : as noble kniȝt & hei, he let ȝarki his ost also : mony kniȝt & sueyn, & made eustas, as he was er : of hom alle cheuenteyn. Line 160 ¶ hi wente & worreþe op hor fon : to grounde fer & ner; hi þat er al maistres were : nadde do no poer. more prouesse ne miȝte be : þan was of þis kniȝte, for he was of bodi strong : & moche couþe of fiȝte, Line 164 & he hadde wit him godes grace : be dai & by nyȝte; þer-fore non heden man : aȝen him stonde ne miȝte. þo þe king hor fo vnþer-ȝet : þat his poer noding nas, & þat he ne miȝte worre holde : aȝen sein eustas, Line 168 ¶ he flei hom in-to his owe lond : vnneþe wit þe liue. seint eustas wit his gode route : after sueþe bliue; of his men he let ek mony nyme : & slou ek of hom riue, he let sle al oþer nyme : oþer out of londe hom driue. Line 172 ȝut he suor he wolde awreke be : of þe gret schonde þat hi hadde his lord y-worreþ : in his owe londe. ¶ gret maister he wex anon— : what, whare was þo his horn? he ne ȝede noȝt in þe feld afote : to wite man [r. mannes] corn! Line 176 a maister heiward he was on : wit such men to fiȝte, to porswy in-to his owe lond : a king of so gret miȝte! he let ordeine wel his ost : & parti hit a-þre,] Line 179

Line 179 Cheuenteynes he liet [chese] [om.] tweie : vnder him to beo. [folio 168] ¶ Þare weren ȝoungue tweie : faire men [MS. manc] with-alle, with red heued, ȝeolu and crips [Ashm. Rede men wiþ ȝelou her] — : fair cas þare gan bi-falle: For þere nere none into al þe Ost : þat so staleworþ^e men were Ne of so gret prouwesse in þe bataile : ne þat so wel armes bere, Line 184 Þare-fore Evstas vnder him : cheuenteynes heom made þere, Eyþer is owene compay[ni]e : swiþe wel to lede and lere. Line 186 huy siweden heore fo in-to is lond : no-þing a-dradde huy nere; And þo huy þe se i-passed hadden : heor baneres huy lieten [MS. leieten] a-rere, ¶ Into al þat lond huy wenten a-boute : and nomen alle þat huy founden, heore fon huy slowen þat heore pouwer : was sone i-brouȝt to grounde; For huy nomen some and ladden forth : with heom, faste i-bounde, Some huy raymeden for heore lif : of manie harde poundes. Line 192 Are huy heom hadden so ouer-come : huy ȝeuen manie woundes; Gult-lese men þat weren of pais : huy lieten beo hole and sounde. huy come and nomen a gret cite : and þare-inne huy a-liȝhte; Ase louerdes huy resten þere— : so fareth þat habbeth miȝhte. Line 196 ¶ Þis two cheuenteynes þat weren : onder sire Eustas, huy casten of heore helmes heom for-to auente : heore bodi ful weri was; Line 198 Vnder a chaumbre huy resten heom : in a wel fair herber, huy tolden of heore grete prouwesse : þat huy duden feor and ner. "Wonderliche," þat on seide : "ich am forth i-gon. Mi fader was knyȝht of gret pouwer : nis nouȝh were nouþe schuch on; ¶ he and mi moder stilleliche : lieten heom cristni beye, And me and mi ȝoungue broþur [MS. broþus] : þat weren his sones tweye. [orig. bey ȝe] Line 204 A niȝht he nam is wif and us : þat his sones were, And ladde us into anoþur lond : þare we neuerer nere. Þo we þe se i-passede hadden : þe Mariner for is huyre Drof us out of is schip . and ore moder ladde awey : þat us was leof and duyre. Line 208 ¶ Ore fader nam us and ladde us forth : swiþe gret deol he made. To awater we comen þat was so deop : þat we ne miȝhten nouȝht wade : Mi fader bar ouer mine ȝounguere broþer : and in þat oþur half him sette,

And cam a wolf and bar him forth : þe ȝwyle he [me] wolde fette; And are he miȝhte to me come : a leon þare cam eorne And kipte me and bar me forth : to-ward þe wode wel ȝeorne. Line 214 ¶ Schepherdes ornen him a-ȝein : with hornes and with hounde, And crieden and schoten to-ward him : þat he me liet falle to grounde; huy nomen and ladden me to heore hous : and lieten me forth bringue. Of fader ne of moder ne can ich : telle eov no tyþingue." Line 218 ¶ "Louerd crist," seide þat oþur : "i-hered beo þi miȝhte, Þat ich moste of mine leoue broþur : habbe one siȝhte! Line 220 Certes," he seide, "ich am þi broþur : þat þe wolf a-wei bar; Ake Aker-men weren in þe feld : þat weren of him i-war, with staues and with stones al-so : aȝen him huy ornen bliue And maden him legge me a-doun : so þat ich cam to liue." Line 224 louerd, muche was þe Ioye : þat bi-twene heom was þere! [folio 168b] Mest huy bi-menden fader and moder : þat huy nusten ȝware huy were. ¶ Heore Moder sat and heorde þis : In ane chaumbre þare-bi-side: welle, louerd, þat he [= heo] was glad : þat heo miȝhte þane day a-bide! Sori heo was þat heo ne miȝhte out : with hire sones to speke— Ake heo was bi-loke ase a prison : ne heo ne miȝhte þat hous breke; For heo and manie oþer : in ostage weren itake. Bi-fore þe prince heo was sethþe i-brouȝt : hire fin for-to make. Line 232 Þo isaiȝ heo ȝware hire louerd was— : a-doun heo feol to grounde, "I-hered beo þou, ihesu crist!" heo seide : "mine louerd ich habbe i-founde!" ¶ Þis guode kniȝht [gan] [om.] for ioýe to wepe : he clupte hire and custe; More Ioye þane [was heom] [om.] bi-twene : no man neuerer nuste. Line 236 "Sire, merci," heo seide : "ne haue þou no mis-þouȝt, For god it wot, ich am clene : and i-wemmed nouȝt. For also-sone as þe luþere man : me hadde fram þe i-brouȝt, he vuelde, and deide sone : bi god þat ich habbe i-souȝt!" Line 240 Þo was þis guode kniȝht gladore : bi muche þane he er was! "Dame," he seide, "of ore leoue sones : quite we beoth, alas! Line 242 For a leon bar þat on a-wei : and a wolf þat oþur also; Wel ich wot þat huy to-drawe beoth : inot ȝwat we schullen do." ¶ "Sire," seide þis guode wif : "make gret Ioye with-alle, Among alle þe men þat euere weren : fairest us is bi-falle: Line 246

Line 246 For ase ich in a chaumbre sat : kniȝhtes ich heorde tweiȝe Tellen of us so þat ichwot : þat it weren ovre sones beiȝe. Lat of-sechen ȝwuche huy beoth : for soþe, huy beoth of þine. Beo glad and in alle Ioye : for we habbez ouer-come ore pine." Line 250 ¶ Þis kniȝht for Ioye liet sende a-boute : þe messagers neren nouȝt bi-hynde; he liet seche and crien ouer-al : ȝif men miȝhten anie swuche i-finde. he fond þat is sones weren : onder him cheuentey[n]s, Þat he him-sulf made for heore prouwesse : of þe ostes souereins. Line 254 Glade huy hadde er i-beo : ake so glade neuere huy nere, Þo fader and moder and þe sones : to-gadere i-come were; Line 256 Þat þe fader and þe sones : þe maistrie a-wei bere [v. 256-7 seem spurious.] And maistres weren of al þat folk : to ordeinen heom and to lere. ¶ Louerd, muche is þi miȝhte : and þat þou cuddest þere— For þat þou i-saued habbe wolt : no-þing ne schal fur-pere.— Line 260 ¶ Þo þis guode kniȝht and is sones : and heore ost atþen ende Þe Maistrie hadden of alle heore fon : hamward huy guonne wiende with gret Ioye and nobleye— : of no man heom ne dradde; Line 263 Alle þe hexte men of þe londe : ase prisones with heom huy ladde. Muche pris þare was of heom : ase huy wenden toward rome. Ake deolfole tiþingues huy founden þere : þo huy þudere come: Line 266 For huy founden hore louerd ded : þene Aumperour traIan, And an oþer huy founden imad after him : þat hiet Adrian, Line 268 Þat muche schame dude cristine men : ȝware anie weren i-nome. Gret Ioye he made with þis kniȝhtes : þo huy weren þudere i-come, [folio 169] For heore prouwesse, and for heore prisones : þat huy mid heom brouȝhte. hext prince of þat lond vnder him : sire Eustas makie he þouȝhte; Bote it were bi is red : no-þing don he nolde, Line 273 And ȝwane he wende into anie stude : euere mid him he scholde. ¶ A dai huy comen bi heore temple : þat heore maumates inne were: Þe Aumperour liȝhte a-doun : to don þare is preiere. Line 276 Sire Eustas nolde nouȝt þare-inne come : ake bi-lefde þere-with-oute. Þe Aumperour in wrathþe axede a-non : ȝware-of he hadde doute And ȝwi he ne a-liȝhte, ase riȝht were : and to is godes a-loute. Line 279 "Sire," seide sire Eustas, "it is for nouȝt : þat þou art þare-a-boute;

I-ne rechche a-liue ho it wite : cristine ich am, i-wis. Line 281 Of swuch a prince ase þou art, gret deol is : þat so schal bi-leue a-mis." ¶ "Ov!" seide þe Aumperour : "hast þou þus i-seid? habbe ich þus i-loued þe : and þou me hast bi-treid? Line 284 Ȝif þou louest þin owene stat : torne þi þouȝt, ich rede, Oþur þou schalt segge þat þou ne dudest : neuere so luþer dede." "Certes, sire, for nouȝt it is" : þis guode kniȝht a-ȝein seide, "holde ichulle þat ich habbe i-take : I-ne bi-leue it for no drede." wod-wroth was þe Aumperour : he liet him binde faste And leden hom to is paleis : and among leones him caste, Line 290 Þat huy scholden for-swolewen euerech lime : of þis guode kniȝhte. huy a-lutten to him and lickeden him— : þare was godes miȝhte! ¶ þo is sones and is wif : herof heorden telle Þat þe Aumperour heore louerd nome : him for-to a-quelle, Line 294 huy comen eorne with gret eyr : and axeden ȝware he were, And seiden huy wolden for godes [MS. guodes] loue : mid him deiȝe þere. [v. 300 is to follow here.] he schok is heued and criede loude : and ter him bi is here; he liet makie ane tonne of bras : for-to berne heom þare-inne. Line 298 Wel wusten þis guode kniȝhtes : ȝwat huy scholden þare-with iwinne. ¶ Þo was þe luþere Aumperour : wroþere þane he was bi-fore. [r. ere] Sire Eustas sat a-doun a-kneo : and seide, "nouþe, louerd, þin ore! Graunte us to þe Ioye of heouene : comen aftur þis sore, Line 302 And þat ore þouȝt studefast beo : and treowe euere-more. [v. 303 added.] Graunte us þat alle guode men : þat us habbuth in muynde And of us bi-sechez help to þe : þat huy it moten finde, Þat huy of peril beon i-brouȝt : and of alle oþure vuele al-so, Line 306 Þat þou, ȝif it is þi wille : into þe Ioye of heouene heom do. we foure þat muche of ore lif : i-liued habbeth in wo, Graunte us one stude to ore martyrdom : and to ore burijngue al-so, Þat we in one stude forto domes-day : to-gadere resten mote, Line 310 Þat þe sike of bodie and of soule : at us habben bote." ¶ Þo cam þare a uoyz, and seide : "Eustas, glad þou beo, Line 312 Al þat þou i-bede hast : god hat^h i-graunted þe." [folio 169b] Þis tormentores nomen þis guode kniȝht : and is sones and is wif, And duden heom in ane tonne of bras : to leten þare heore lijf; Gret fuyr huy þare-aboute maden : bi-neoþe and a-boue: Line 316

Line 316 And þare huy þoleden martyrdom : for ore louerdes loue. ¶ Þo þis fuyr hadde longue i-barnd : a-boute þe brasene tonne, And þat bras was muche i-molte : and to-gadere i-ronne, huy eoden ner, and þis holie men : wel faire liggen huy founde, Line 320 So ȝwijht schininde so eni milk : þe bodies hole and sounde And þe soulene ore louerd bi-taiȝt— : for þare nas of cloþe ne of here, Ne of no stude of alle heore bodies : þat of þe fuyre i-weommede were. ¶ Cristine men a-wayteden heore point : and stelen þare-to bi niȝhte And þeos holie bodies ladden a-wey : and longue þare-to huy tiȝhte And bureden heom faire in one stude : to ȝwuche huy weren i-brouȝt— Line 326 For ore louerd wolde þat it were : ase huy hadden him erore bi-souȝt. An hondred ȝer i-passede weren : and twenti also Aftur ore louerdes buyrtyme : þat huy weren to deþe ido. Þus seint Eustas mid is wif : and mid is sones cam Line 330 To þe heiȝe Ioye of heouene : þoruȝ strong martyrdom.