Middle English Dictionary Entry
cǒntenaunce n.
Entry Info
Forms | cǒntenaunce n. Also cǒntinaunce, cunten-, cuntin-, cǒunten-, cǒuntin-, contenance, contien-. |
Etymology | OF cuntenaunce & CF contenance. |
Definitions (Senses and Subsenses)
1a.
Behavior, bearing, conduct; manners, esp. good manners; chere and ~, ~ and beringe, ~ and maneres; courteis (hende) ~, courtly or gracious manner; maken ~, to behave (well, etc.); lakken ~, lack proper manners; enhauncen ~, become overbearing; beren in ~, conduct (oneself); etc.
Associated quotations
- c1300(c1250) Floris (Cmb Gg.4.27)97/516 : Clarice biheold al þis, Here cuntenaunce and here blis.
- c1300 SLeg.Becket (LdMisc 108)68 : On hire gapede alday swyþe muche fol[c]..for hire continaunce was wonderful and hire speche no Man ne couþe þare.
- c1300 SLeg.Becket (LdMisc 108)245 : Þo þis holi Man was i-torned..To a gret office of þe world..Al-to nobleie of þe worlde his continaunce he brouȝte.
- c1330 Otuel (Auch)382 : Þe king hadde sein fol wel Þe kuntenaunse of otuel.
- c1330 Otuel (Auch)1407 : Roulond sauȝ, be contenaunse, His broþer was hurt wiþ þe launce.
- c1350(a1333) Shoreham Poems (Add 17376)36/994 : He þat by-flek wel lecherye, Bi-ulekþ foule continaunce.
- (1340) Ayenb.(Arun 57)259/8 : Þet ech loki guode mesure ine his contenonce and ine his beringe.
- a1375(1335-1361) WPal.(KC 13)942 : Alysaundrine a-non attlede alle here þouȝtes, sche knewe wel bi kuntenaunce of kastyng of lokes.
- a1375(1335-1361) WPal.(KC 13)1397 : Kessing hire fader, & wiþ a curteise cuntenaunce william next after.
- a1375(1335-1361) WPal.(KC 13)4900 : A mery meting was þer mett..with clipping & kessing and contenaunce hende.
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Pars.(Manly-Rickert)I.614 : Flaterye maketh a man to enhauncen his herte and his contenaunce.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)3.2404 : The king his hardi contienance Behield, and herde hise wordes wise.
- (c1395) Chaucer CT.Cl.(Manly-Rickert)E.671 : Forth he goth with drery contenance, But to his herte it was ful gret plesance.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)27930 : Fole behalding..Fole contenance..Hurtling o sculder, of hend casting.
- a1400 Wycl.MPl.(Add 24202)44 : By yvil continaunse, eyther stiryng othere to letcherie.
- (1402) Hoccl.Cupid (Hnt HM 744)23 : With so pitous cheere and contenance.
- a1425(?a1400) RRose (Htrn 409)4299 : He kepte hym koy..Lest in hym she hadde see Ony foly countenaunce.
- a1425(?a1400) Cloud (Hrl 674)9/17 : Diuerse unseemly continaunces þat folowen hem þat lacken þe werk of þis book.
- a1425(?a1400) Cloud (Hrl 674)99/12 : Smyling & leiȝing..as þei weren gigelotes & nice japyng jogelers lackyng kontenaunce.
- a1425 Wycl.Serm.(Bod 788)1.216 : Joie ȝe wiþine, and make ȝe glad countynaunce wiþouten!
- a1425 Wycl.Serm.(Bod 788)2.349 : Stryves þat suen after, in wordis or in oþir contynaunce of folk, for to venge hemsilf.
- c1425 Glo.Chron.A (Hrl 201)p.33 : Þer was vp þe quene Emme..ydo A luþer sclaundre, & vp þe byssop of Wynchestre al so, Þat hii in contenance to folyche hem bere.
- c1430(c1386) Chaucer LGW (Benson-Robinson)1738 : Hyre contenaunce is to hire herte dygne, For they acorde bothe in dede and sygne.
- (a1438) MKempe A (Add 61823)56/5 : He was an amyabyl persone, fayr feturyd, wel faueryd in cher & in cuntenawns.
- (c1438) MKempe B (Add 61823)242/16 : Þe seyd creatur, parceyuyng þorw her cher & cuntenawnce þat þei had lityl affeccyon to hir persone, preyid to owr Lord.
- c1440 Degrev.(Thrn)1182 : I will see þe contenans Of þe cheualrye of France.
- a1450(c1410) Lovel.Grail (Corp-C 80)15.473 : There gan sche to wepen..And whanne In this Contenaunce longe hadde sche be [etc.].
- a1450(c1410) Lovel.Grail (Corp-C 80)29.349 : Ȝit perceyved abel neuere Chere ne Contenaunce, that Cayin him thouhte Ony Grevaunce.
- a1450 Ben.Rule(2) (Vsp A.25)1071 : Of al cowntnanse myld & stil, With-outyn ony mater of il.
- a1450-a1500(1436) Libel EP (Warner)1143 : Go furthe, libelle, and mekely shewe thy face, Apperynge ever wyth humble contynaunce.
- a1450-1509 Rich.(Brunner)7001 : Who that hadde seen hys cuntenaunse Wolde euere haue had hym in remembraunce.
- c1450(?a1400) Wars Alex.(Ashm 44)2496 : He..Constreynes with his contenaunce kniȝtes to him bow.
- c1450 3 KCol.(2) (Add 31042)301 : The devoute humblenesse..the contenaunce demure.
- (c1450) Capgr.St.Aug.(Add 36704)46/7 : This same glorious doctour..in his..contenauns and maneres was of swech sadnesse.
- ?c1450 Brut-1447 (Trin-C O.9.1)460/32 : Þe Quene of Fraunce..welcomed hym with all the dalyaunce, countenaunce, and chere þat she coude.
- a1475(a1456) Shirley Death Jas.(Add 5467)8 : He rose upe..with a violent chere and countenance.
- (a1470) Malory Wks.(Win-C)29/4 : The meanewhyle com in kyng Arthure with an egir countenans.
- (a1470) Malory Wks.(Win-C)331/31 : Fayre sistir, I have well aspyed your countenaunce betwyxte you and this knyght.
- c1475(?a1449) ?Lydg.7 Counsels (Trin-C R.3.21)46 : Thys emperesse [Reason]..Most aungelyk of contenaunce and chere.
- 1485(a1470) Malory Wks.(Caxton:Vinaver)10/23 : Ther came into my castel of Tyntigaill a man lyke my lord in speche and in countenaunce.
- a1500(a1400) Ipom.(1) (Chet 8009)515 : Covarde be countennaunce he semyd, To hardenes nothynge he yemyde.
- a1500(a1450) Gener.(2) (Trin-C O.5.2)333 : Ther shuld no maner weight..Wete what he were, be countenaunce or sight.
- 1532-1897(c1385) Usk TL (Thynne:Skeat)12/135 : To lerne maner in countenaunce, in wordes and in bering.
1b.
(a) Customary conduct or mode of living (as of a noble); holden, maintainen ~; (b) the property necessary to maintain the life and social responsibilities of a freeman.
Associated quotations
a
- c1400(?c1390) Gawain (Nero A.10)100 : Þis watz kynges countenaunce..At vch farand fest among his fre meny in halle.
- (1450) RParl.5.204b : John Newport hath at this day no lyvelode to mentayne his gret countenaunce, but bi the opressing of the peple.
- ?1457 Hardyng Chron.A (Lnsd 204)p.747 : Yit helde he than a countenaunce and estate With hym that was a baron nomynate.
b
- a1325 Rwl.Statutes (Rwl B.520)1:8/3 : Þat no man be amercied biþoute renable encheson, ant after þat te tressepas is, þat is to wite, fre man sauue his contenaunce, marchaund sauue his marchaundise, bondeman sauue his tulþe.. -- bi hoere peres.
2.
Controlled behavior, self-control, composure; failen, lesen, tinen ~, to lose (one's) composure, be disconcerted or upset; cunnen, kepen ~, keep calm; cacchen ~, gain self-control, come to.
Associated quotations
- c1330(?c1300) Bevis (Auch)1561 : Þe nadder..smot so Beues wiþ þe taile Þat neȝ a les þer contenaunse.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)2.1419 : His hertes privete Began the werre of yee and nay..That contenance for a throwe He loste.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)4.3155 : Ha, lo, wher goth such on That hath forlore his contenaunce!
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)5.694 : He..was rebuked..And thus he loste contienance..And thei to skorne him lowhen alle.
- (c1395) Chaucer CT.Cl.(Manly-Rickert)E.1110 : She riseth vp abaysed from hir traunce; And euery wight hir ioye and feste maketh, Til she hath caught agayn hir contenaunce.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)3368 : Þof sco scamful was..Sco tint [vr. lost] na contenance [Frf: countenance] wit þis.
- a1450(a1400) Medit.Pass.(2) (Add 11307)618 : Whan þei bi-gonne to leyghe loude, No continaunce þe kyng þo koude, So was his herte with shame shent.
- a1475(1450) Scrope DSP (Bod 943)240/11 : The wise man..hath countenaunce [F continence], iustice, besinesses.
- c1450(1410) Walton Boeth.(Lin-C 103)p.117 : He seide hym wordes wiche þat schulde hym greue, But alway ȝit he keped his contenaunce.
- (a1470) Malory Wks.(Win-C)150/9 : Accolon was dede..But..she kepte hir countenaunce and made no sembelaunte of dole.
- a1500(a1450) Gener.(2) (Trin-C O.5.2)855 : Whan he hyr saw, he fayled countenaunce..And in like wise..she was somwhat dismayde.
3.
(a) Outward appearance, looks; (b) maken god ~, to appear composed, act as if one had composure; (c) outward show, pretense; ~ of love, false display of affection; frend of ~, insincere friend; fals ~, deceit; maken ~, to pretend, act (as if); holden ~, keep up appearances; for ~, for show or deception.
Associated quotations
a
- c1330 Degare (Auch)92 : His visage was feir, his bodi..Of countenaunce riȝt curteis.
- c1330 Orfeo (Auch)293 : Ten hundred kniȝtes, Ich y-armed to his riȝtes, Of cuntenaunce stout & fers.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)4.380 : He made an ymage of entaile, Lich to a womman in semblance Of feture and of contienance.
- c1400(?c1380) Cleanness (Nero A.10)792 : Ful clene watz þe countenaunce of her cler yȝen.
- c1450(1369) Chaucer BD (Benson-Robinson)1022 : She wolde no fonde To holde no wyght in balaunce By half word ne by countenaunce.
- c1450 Ponthus (Dgb 185)103/30 : And Guenelete made grete ioye in his countenaunce, bot not in his hertt.
- c1460(?c1400) Beryn (Nthld 55)1708 : With that cam in the goodman, with contenaunce disgisid.
b
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.ML.(Manly-Rickert)B.320 : To ship is broght this woful faire mayde..She peyneth hire to make good contenaunce.
- a1425(c1385) Chaucer TC (Benson-Robinson)2.552 : Yet made he tho as fressh a countenaunce As though he sholde have led the newe daunce.
- a1450(c1410) Lovel.Grail (Corp-C 80)52.485 : I Me strengthe with Al my Mayn, aȝens herte to Maken good Contenaunce.
c
- c1390 PPl.A(1) (Vrn)prol.24 : And summe putten hem to pruide, apparaylden hem..In Cuntinaunce of cloþinge queinteliche de-Gyset.
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Co.(Manly-Rickert)A.4421 : A compeer..That loued dys and reuel and disport, And hadde a wyf that held for contenaunce.
- (c1395) Chaucer CT.CY.(Manly-Rickert)G.1264 : Al redy was this preest eft to bigile, And for a countenance in his hande he bar An holwe stikke.
- ?c1425(c1390) Chaucer Fort.(Benson-Robinson)34 : Frend of effect and frend of countenaunce.
- a1450(c1410) Lovel.Merlin (Corp-C 80)17941 : He turnede ageyn ful cherlyschly..and made contenaunce, as þat def he were.
- a1450(a1425) Mirk IPP (Cld A.2:Peacock)1194 : Hast þow I-gete any thynge Wyth fals countenans and glosynge?
- c1450(c1430) Brut-1430 (Glb E.8)401/28 : To hold her..contynaunce of opyn werre, bothe with shot of Gounnys and quarellis.
- ?c1450 Knt.Tour-L.(Hrl 1764)3/19 : Men that lyethe, and makithe good visage and countenaunce.
- c1475(a1449) Lydg.Test.(Hrl 218)629 : I had in custome to come to skole late, Nat for to lerne but for a contenaunce..To Iangle or Iape was sett all my pleasaunce.
- c1475 Guy(1) (Cai 107/176)6414 : Whan he theim had ouere-take, Contenaunce of loue he did noon make..Thurgh the body he him smote.
- a1500(a1460) Towneley Pl.(Hnt HM 1)244/32 : I shall fownde to be his freynd vtward..And shew hym fare cowntenance and wordys of vanyte.
4.
Any indicative or expressive movement, such as a salute, wink, nod, smile, glance, etc.; a sign, gesture, facial expression; also, gesturing; maken, sheuen ~, to indicate by a sign or expressive movement; assume a posture or attitude; motion (to sb.); casten up ~, look up; finden ~, assume an attitude or pose; piken a ~, cast a glance; blaken of ~, grow pale.
Associated quotations
- a1375(1335-1361) WPal.(KC 13)1401 : Sche praide william þanne to seche softily to hire chaumber..bi quinte contenance, to come he granted, for he ne durst openly.
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Mel.(Manly-Rickert)B.2227 : Vp roos tho oon of thise olde wise and with his hand made contenaunce that men sholde..yeuen hym audience.
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Sh.(Manly-Rickert)B.1198 : Swiche salutacions and contenaunces [at dances] Passen as dooth a shadwe vp on the wal.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)1.698 : With yhe upcast on hire he siketh, And many a contenance he piketh, To bringen hire in to believe Of thing which that he wolde achieve.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)4.1180 : Now I singe and now I sike, And thus mi contienance I pike.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)5.476 : Wher that sche singe or that sche dance, He seth the leste contienance, If sche loke on a man aside..Or that sche lawghe, or that sche loure.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)5.7115 : Mi contienance is on the bok, Bot toward hire is al my lok.
- (c1395) Chaucer CT.Sq.(Manly-Rickert)F.284 : Swiche fresshe contenaunces, Swich subtil lookyng and dissimulynges.
- ?a1400(a1338) Mannyng Chron.Pt.2 (Petyt 511)p.183 : Þo Normans were sorie, of contenance gan blaken.
- c1400(c1378) PPl.B (LdMisc 581)13.111 : Þanne conscience curteisliche a contenaunce he made, And preynte vpon pacience to preie me to be stille.
- c1400(?a1387) PPl.C (Hnt HM 137)12.164 : The scripture scorned me..And contynaunce made to clergie to congie me, hit semede.
- c1400(?c1390) Gawain (Nero A.10)335 : Wyth sturne schere þer he stod..& wyth a countenaunce dryȝe he droȝ doun his cote.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)5.169 : Vlixes..þouȝt he wolde make þer-of no Iape, By no word..Nouþer by noon vnbridled contenaunce.
- a1425(c1385) Chaucer TC (Benson-Robinson)2.1017 : Than maystow us salue; And upon me make thow thi countenaunce.
- a1425(c1385) Chaucer TC (Benson-Robinson)3.979 : He drow hym to the feere And took a light, and fond his contenaunce, As for to looke upon an old romaunce.
- a1425(?a1400) Cloud (Hrl 674)48/10 : Alle þeese werkes, þees wordes, & þeese contenaunces þat weren schewid bitwix oure Lorde & þeese two sistres.
- a1425(?a1400) Cloud (Hrl 674)97/16 : Goddes trewe disciples..ben euermore ful semely in alle here contenaunces, bodily or goostly.
- a1425(?a1400) Cloud (Hrl 674)101/5 : With many meek pipyng wordes & contenaunces of deuocion, more lokyng after for to seme holy in siȝt of men [etc.].
- c1430(a1410) Love Mirror (Brsn e.9)63 : The child Jesu..speke not but schewed contenaunce of his offrynge.
- (a1438) MKempe A (Add 61823)195/4 : Þan owr Lady, bowyng down hir heuyd, thankyd hem ful mekely wyth cher & wyth contenawnce, for sche myth not spekyn.
- a1450(c1410) Lovel.Merlin (Corp-C 80)1838 : & countenaunce he made, as he cowde not hem knowe.
- a1475(1450) Scrope DSP (Bod 943)60/17 : If thou wolt dispreise thine enmye, shewe no contenaunce that he is þine enmye.
- c1450(?a1400) Wars Alex.(Ashm 44)484 : He kest vp his contenance & knyȝtly he lokes, And gladis gudly his gestis.
- c1450(a1425) MOTest.(SeldSup 52)4687 : So carefull cowntenance furth scho cast, Þat Ely wened scho had bene wode.
- c1450 Ponthus (Dgb 185)65/1 : The kyng turned hym an othre way and nawthre made to hym countenaunce ne spake..he was wrothe to hym.
- ?c1450 Knt.Tour-L.(Hrl 1764)41/9 : To make suche..leude wordes, iapes, and countenaunces atte the masse.
- a1500(1422) Yonge SSecr.(Rwl B.490)234/36 : Whoso in spekynge meveth oftymes His Handys and makyth many contynauncys, He is enuyous.
- a1500(1422) Yonge SSecr.(Rwl B.490)235/1 : He that spekyth wythout meuynge of handys and wythout..contenaunces, He is of perfite vndyrstondynge.
- a1500(a1450) Gener.(2) (Trin-C O.5.2)5116 : She seide noo word nor made no contenaunce.
- a1509(?1468) Marriage in Archaeol.31 (Add 46354)328 : The pageantes wear so obscure..all was cuntenaunce and no wordes.
- 1532-1897(c1385) Usk TL (Thynne:Skeat)73/122 : Than gan I to studyen..and made a countenaunce with my hande.
- 1532-1897(c1385) Usk TL (Thynne:Skeat)111/1 : Love..with a noble countenance of visage and limmes dressed her nigh my sitting-place.
Supplemental Materials (draft)
- c1450 ?C.d'Orl.Poems (Hrl 682)170/5084 : She..lete downe falle a ryng To pyke a countenaunce..And turnyd as it had ben bowt for that.
Note: Quot. belongs to sense 4.
Note: In sense 4., revise phrase and gloss "piken a ~, to cast a glance" to "piken a ~ to create a pretext; piken one's ~, to assume a feigned facial expression or behavior."--per MLL