Middle English Dictionary Entry
wōful adj.
Entry Info
Forms | wōful adj. Comp. wōfuller; sup. wōfullest(e. |
Etymology | From wō n. |
Definitions (Senses and Subsenses)
1.
(a) Afflicted by grief; full of woe, grieving, sad; also, aggrieved [quot. c1450]; ill-fated [quot. a1420]; ?weakened by grief [quot. c1430];
(b) expressive of grief or sadness, indicative of misery; piteous, dolorous; of cattle: wretched-looking, suggestive of misfortune;
(c) as noun: one who is unfortunate; Coll. the afflicted, the wretched, those who are sorrowful.
Associated quotations
a
- a1375(1335-1361) WPal.(KC 13)2696 : As a woful womman sche went to hir chaumber.
- (c1385) Chaucer CT.Kn.(Manly-Rickert)A.2765 : Nat may the woful spirit in myn herte Declare o point of alle my sorwes smerte.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)11564 : Mani barntem Did he sacclesli o lijf, Ful waful made he mani wijf.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)5.657 : Al to wrak þis woful navie goth, Whilom with Grekes Minerva was so wroth.
- a1425(c1385) Chaucer TC (Benson-Robinson)4.303 : Wery goost…Why nyltow fleen out of the wofulleste Body that evere myghte on grounde go?
- (c1426) Audelay Poems (Dc 302)28/513 : Mone men…bene nede and nedful and woful-begoon.
- c1430(c1386) Chaucer LGW (Benson-Robinson)890 : My woful hand…Is strong ynogh…For love shal yeve me strengthe.
- c1450(c1440) Scrope Othea (StJ-C H.5)26/9 : This womman, that is woful for the deth of Hector, is vnderstanden be wurthines and valure.
- (1450) RParl.5.212b : Your seid wofull compleynaunt hath dyvers tymes required the Shirref…to areste theym…for the seid murdre and robberie.
- c1450(c1375) Chaucer Anel.(Benson-Robinson)271 : Ye…rekke not…Thogh that the swerd of sorwe byte My woful herte through your cruelte.
- (a1470) Malory Wks.(Win-C)553/8 : Sir knyght…I am the wofullyst lady of the worlde for…Sir Breuse Saunz Pite…slewe myne owne brothir.
- c1475 Guy(1) (Cai 107/176)4076 : The sarasyns with-drowe theim anoon Sory and woofull euerychoon.
- a1500(a1460) Towneley Pl.(Hnt HM 1)316/336 : In warld was neuer a wofuller wight…My lord, that mekill was of myght, Is ded fro me.
- a1500 Consideryng effectually (Cmb Hh.4.12)137 : Lat us take ensample of wofull susanne, By duresse put to dye orto consent to synne.
b
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)1.1674 : Florent his wofull heved uplefte And syh this vecke…Which was the lothlieste what That evere man caste on his yhe.
- a1400 Cursor (Trin-C R.3.8)4597 : Þeese oþere seuen woful neet Bitokeneþ seuen ȝeer hongur greet.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)3.4290 : With a woful eye Þei can outward wepyn pitously.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)4.3462 : Þe slauȝter was so hidous & so strong Þat þoruȝ þe feld þe woful noyse rong.
- a1425(c1385) Chaucer TC (Benson-Robinson)1.7 : Thesiphone, thow help me for t’endite Thise woful vers that wepen as I write.
- a1425(c1385) Chaucer TC (Benson-Robinson)4.1135 : The woful teeris that they leten falle As bittre weren…as is ligne aloes or galle.
- c1450(c1380) Chaucer HF (Benson-Robinson)214 : Venus…Wepynge with ful woful chere, Prayen Jupiter…To save and kepe that navye.
- ?a1475 LDirige(2) (Dc 322)405 : Thys make they shull wofull mones.
- a1500(1439) Lydg.Sts.AA (Lnsd 699)3516 : Ther woful clamours Thei cesid nat lik folk most vengeable.
c
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.ML.(Manly-Rickert)B.850 : Lady bright, to whom alle woful cryen, Thow glorie of wommanhod.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)7.5017 : In thei wenten…To chambre, wher thei myhten se The wofulleste upon this Molde, Which wepte as sche to water scholde.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)18155 : Þaa waful wras sa dedli dim, All lighted þe lem þat come wit him.
- a1400 12 PTrib.(1) (Roy 17.B.17)46 : Þof al be fortune, nereþoles more is to drede þo weltheful þen þo wooful.
- (?a1439) Lydg.FP (Bod 263)2.1673 : Praieng myn auctour, his onhappi chaunce With othre woful to putte in remembraunce.
2.
(a) Of the world, life, a space of time, etc.: filled with woe or misery; of a place: imbued with a sorrowful atmosphere; ~ wo (wane);
(b) of someone’s lot, chance, fate, etc.: unfortunate, adverse; also [quot. ?a1425, 1st], ?bringing bad fortune; ?malevolent;
(c) of an occasion or a situation: producing woe, terrible; also, of an answer: distressing, saddening;
(d) of behavior, an action, etc.: deplorable, regrettable.
Associated quotations
a
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)1.2175 : Thus passen thei that wofull nyht.
- a1425 By name þat (Harv Eng.1032)362.2r/9 : Þis Erell hende…before his Castell ane Wont in a full wafull wane.
- 1447 Bokenham Sts.(Arun 327)10540 : God þis blyssyd creature…Delyueryn wold from þe foule ordure Of þis woful werdys wrechydnesse.
- a1450 Castle Persev.(Folg V.a.354)328 : Of woful wo man may synge.
- c1450(?a1422) Lydg.LOL (Dur-U Cosin V.2.16)6.694 : We shall parte oute of this woofull lyffe And make an ende of this captivyte.
- c1460 Tree & Fruits HG (McC 132)8/8 : As longe as we be in þis wooful vale of teeris we shul euer be sorowful.
- (a1470) Malory Wks.(Win-C)892/14 : So ded sir Galahad delyver all the maydyns oute of the woofull castell.
- ?a1475 LDirige(2) (Dc 322)410 : All the dayes that I lyue here In thys wofull wepyng dale, I byde alwey.
- a1500(a1460) Towneley Pl.(Hnt HM 1)129/420 : Ful wofull is the householde That wantys a woman.
b
- (c1385) Chaucer CT.Kn.(Manly-Rickert)A.1340 : I noot which hath the wofuller myster For…Palamoun Perpetuelly is dampned to prisoun…And Arcite is exiled.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)5.1185 : I mvt…telle of Diomede…His woful fate & his peynes smerte.
- ?a1425(?a1350) Castleford Chron.Lear (Göt Hist 740)425 : Wafull werdys, qwat wayes hold yie In þis lyfe destind anence me?
- ?a1425(?a1350) Castleford Chron.Lear (Göt Hist 740)452 : Nowe may þai wondre on my febles And wafull chance þat me tyd is!
- c1440 HBk.GDei (Thrn)10/13 : Þou wyendis to þe wafull dome þat he demes.
c
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.ML.(Manly-Rickert)B.261 : The woful day fatal is come…ther may be no lenger tariynge.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)2882 : All cristen men…take Ensaumple bi þis waful wrake, þat al for licheri was tan.
- a1450(?c1421) Lydg.ST (Arun 119)2897 : He hath pronounced in the Parlement…The wooful wrath…Of felle Mars.
- a1550(c1477) Norton OAlch.(Sln 1873)2605 : This wofull awnsere then he made to me: ‘Till ye be eldire…it may not be.’
d
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)837 : Þe wrangwis wit þar waful wrak þar þai biginning gan to tak.
- a1425(?a1400) RRose (Htrn 409)5118 : Thou hast lost thy tyme all, And spent by thought [read: thy youth] in ydilnesse, In waste, and wofull lustynesse.
- c1440 Treat.Prayer (Thrn)298 : Thay caste wafull wordes agaynes goddes wordes for to defende þame…and sayse wrange opynly and ruydely with-owttene drede.
- a1450-1509 Rich.(Brunner)938 : He sente…Erlys, barouns, and wyse clerkes, To telle off þese wooful werkes.
3.
(a) Afflicted with physical distress or infirmity, suffering pain or debilitation; of the stomach: upset;
(b) of injuries, pain, etc.: causing physical suffering.
Associated quotations
a
- a1425 HBk.GDei (Hnt HM 148)97/1 : Fendes þat þaim [the damned] sall pyne sall neuer be wery…and þer wofull wreches no pyne may þaim slo.
- a1425 NPass.(Cmb Gg.5.31)140/7* : Adam…Sent Seth…for oyle of mercy Tyll anoynt with all his seke body Þat wafull was.
- c1440 PLAlex.(Thrn)73/19 : We hafe…allanly whare with we may sustene oure wafull bodys.
- a1475 Sidrak & B.(LdMisc 559)8967 : Somtyme wofull [Lnsd: wole ful; vr. the ffull] wombe it make, Ouermoche mete and drynke to take.
b
- a1450 PNoster R.Hermit (Westm-S 3)12/19 : What may I now do to hym, þat…for me…for his mykil mercy þole so woful pyne?
- c1475(c1450) Idley Instr.(Cmb Ee.4.37)2.B.1131 : That othir in the soole of my foote sharpelie sent; Whoo can telle of a more woofull smerte?
- a1500(?a1400) Morte Arth.(2) (Hrl 2252)1595 : There was so wondyr stronge A fyghte…frome loughe none tylle late nyght, Bot gyffen many a wofull wounde.