A prefix in over 100 words, of which more than half are verbs (62), with a number of nouns and gerunds (14 each), a few participles (5), adverbs (6), and prepositions (6), one adjective and one conjunction. Most of the senses of the prefix fall into the three groups below. The first and third groups parallel senses in both with adv. and with prep. and the second parallels with prep. 1c.(b) & (c): (1) ‘in opposition, against’, also ‘against someone or something’ (e.g., the verbs withfighten, withgon (a), withnaien, withnaiten, withquethen, withreden, withseien, withsetten 1., withshelden, withspeken, withsterten, withsteten, withstonden (most senses), withtellen; the gerunds withniminge (a), withrenning, withseiing(e, withsetting(e, withsittinge, withstonding(e; and the nouns withbraid, withsawe, withsei, withseier, withstonder, withtakere); (2) ‘away, back’, also ‘away from something or someone’ (e.g., the verbs withberen (a), withbien, withbouen, withbreiden, withcallen, withdrauen, withgon (b), withholden (most senses), withlesen, withscapen, withscouren, withshunten, withslippen, withturnen; the gerunds withdrawing(e, withcleping, withteinge; and the nouns withdraught, withdrawer(e); (3) ‘together, in company’, also ‘along with someone’ (e.g., the verbs withberen (b), withdelen, withdeparten, withdon, withfaren, withficchen, withhilen, withjoinen, withlaughen, withperishen, withplesen, withpreisen, withsamen, withsorewen, withstreinen; the gerunds withliving(e, withwerching; and the nouns withfolwer, withheire, wiðmetennisse). In the third group also probably belong the adverbs wiðæftan (cp. bi-aften adv. & prep.), within(ne, and withouten and the prepositions within(ne, withnethen (cp. binethe(n prep.), and withouten, though in some other words the meaning of the prefix has been lost or obscured (e.g., in withchaungen v., or in withrising(e ppl., where it may express completeness or intensity). A number of words with this prefix come directly from OE (18), but most are ME formations. Some are derivatives of the words that come directly from OE (e.g., withinward adj., withouten conj., withsei n., withseier n., withseiing(e ger., withsetting(e ger., withstonder n., withstonding(e ger., withteinge ger.). Some are loan-translations of, or at least suggested by, Latin words with the prefix con- (in its various spellings) (e.g., withberen v. (b), withchaungen v., withdeparten v., withficchen v., withfolwer n., withheire n., withlaughen v., withliving(e ger., withplesen v., withpreisen v., withrising(e ppl., withsorewen v., withstreinen v.); most of these belong to group (3) above. Others (verbs only) probably developed, as with words with to- pref.(1), from the placement of with adv. or postposed with prep. just before the verb; some likely remains of the postposed prep. can be seen in two groups of verbs: those with the object immediately before the verb (e.g., withfighten, withgon (a), withquethen (a few quots.), withslippen, withsteden (a), withtaken (c), withwenden) and those with the object earlier in the sentence (e.g., a number of quots. in withdelen (b) & (c), withfaren (1st quot.), withgon (b), withrennen, withsechen, withspeken, withtellen).