A prefix or combining element in some 250 words, over sixty percent of which are verbs (153), with a number of nouns (36), gerunds (34), and participles (19) and a smattering of adjectives (4) and adverbs (4). Roughly twenty percent of the words are either definitely or possibly from OE, including all of the adjectives and adverbs, over one-third of the nouns (plus three from ON), and a number of the verbs. The rest are ME formations. The senses of the prefix generally parallel those of up adv. The most clearly distinguishable ones are: (1) ‘on high, in the heights, up above,’ including nonliteral and fig. senses (e.g., the verbs upaweigen, upfon, upholden 2.(a) & (b), uphongen; the gerunds upholding(e (a), uphonging; and the nouns upberer(e, upholde, upholder(e (a) & (b)); (2) ‘upward, to or toward the heights’: (a) literal uses (e.g., the verbs upariven, upbenden, upcrepen, updressen (b), upliften 1., uprechen, upreken, upriven v.(2), upslingen, upswappen, upyede (b); the participles upathened, upcourbed; the gerunds upastihunge, upclavering, upcoming(e (a) & (b), uprering, upstevining; and the nouns upastigennisse, upfæreld, upsti); (b) a subsense having to do with the rising of the sun or other heavenly body (e.g., the verbs upgangen (b), upgliden, uplappen, uprennen (b); the gerunds uprising(e 3., upspringinge; and the nouns upgang, uprine, uprist(e (c), upspringant, upspring(e (a)); (c) nonliteral and fig. uses (e.g., the verbs upahebben 2., uphaunsen (c), upheien, uphoven (b), upliften 2.(a) & (b); the gerunds upclimbing(e, uplifting; and the noun upstep); (3) ‘in or into an upright position, erectly, up on or to one’s feet’: (a) both literal and nonliteral uses, including fig. (e.g., the verbs upareren, updighten, upfusen, upisetten, upisitten, uplepen (b), uprapen, upsitten, upsliden, upspeden, upsterten, upstonden, uptelden, upwrighten; the participles upfixed, upgraid, uppight, upstallid, upwroght; the gerunds upareising, uparising(e (b), uprising(e 1.; and the nouns upras(e (b), uprist(e (a), upset, upstonder); (b) a subsense having to do with resurrection (e.g., the verbs uparisen (b), upreren 2.(a); the gerunds uparising(e (a), uprising(e 2.; and the nouns upariste, upras(e (a), upris(e (a), uprist(e (b)); (4) ‘up and out, upward and outward,’ including nonliteral and fig. uses (e.g., the verbs upabreiden (a), upabreken, upaten, upcasten (d), upgraven, upgrowen, uphaunsen (b), upinimen, uprennen (a), upspringen (a), upstocken, upstriken, upthringen (b), uptwicchen (b), upwallen v.(1), upwellen; the participles upmored, uppuld; and the gerunds updelving, upgrowing); (5) ‘up,’ with emphatic or perfective force: (a) with words of enclosing, confining, storing up, etc. (e.g., the verbs updon (b), uphiden, upleien, upsperen, uptrussen; and the participles uplokkid, upmewed, upshette); (b) with words of altering or changing (e.g., the verb upboilen; the participle updried; and the gerunds upcuttinge, uphepinge); (c) with words of destroying, consuming, etc. (e.g., the verbs upbresten, upfreten, upsoupen, upswippen; and the participles upbrenninge, upspent). In many other words the original meaning of the prefix is obscured, or has diminished force, as with senses 5., 10., and 11. of up adv., and in others, esp. the common words, it has multiple meanings (e.g., in the verbs upberen, upbringen, updrauen, upgon, upheven, upnimen, upreisen, uprisen, upsetten, uptaken; and in the gerunds upbering(e, upreising(e, upsetting, uptaking(e). Most nouns with the prefix have an underlying verbal sense and fit into one of the adverbial categories. In a few, however, the sense of up- appears to be adjectival—e.g., ‘upper’ (upfleringe, upflor), ‘nonurban, rural’ (uplond), perh. ‘risen’ (upson)—and it is difficult to decide whether up- pref. or up adj. is involved. All four of these nouns have arbitrarily been treated as examples of up- pref., the first three because they are derived from OE words containing the prefix, the fourth (upson) because it has similarities to the nouns in category 2 (b) above.