Middle English Dictionary Entry

bihọ̄ven v.
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Entry Info

Definitions (Senses and Subsenses)

1a.
Of things: to be needed, required, requisite, or necessary; -- (a) alone or with inf. phrase; (b) with personal obj. (dat.) or to phrase; hem bihoveth water, they need water; lothe childe bihoveth lore, a bad child needs training; etc.; (c) with to or upon phrase.
1b.
Of things: to be requisite, required, or necessary (as by destiny, convention, social status, doctrine, morals, reasoning, or a specific task); be appropriate, fitting, suitable, proper, or due; also, belong properly (to sth.) [constr. (c)]; -- (a) alone, or with inf. phrase; (b) with personal obj. (dat.); wisdom behoves the, you must be wise; deth the ~, you must die; etc; (c) with to phrase.
1c.
Of persons: (a) to need; have need (of sth.); (b) to be constrained, compelled, or obliged (to do sth.); men bihove to wrestil, people must or ought to struggle; bihoveth to have, should have by right.
2a.
(it) bihoveth, etc.: (a) it is necessary or inescapable (with respect to circumstances, destiny, logic, etc.); it bihoveth nedes (nedfulli, nedli, bi necessite), etc.; it bihoveth to be, it must be; etc.; (b) it is requisite or proper (with respect to custom, morals, duty, doctrine, etc.).
2b.
him (etc.) bihoveth: (a) with respect to circumstances or destiny: he is constrained or compelled (to do sth., suffer, etc.); him (etc.) bihoveth nede (nedes, of force), he must of necessity (do sth., etc.); her bihoveth dien, she must die; (b) with respect to custom, morals, doctrine, office, etc.: it is incumbent upon him (to do sth., etc.); it is his duty or his business; it is proper or fitting for him; him (etc.) bihoveth knele doun, he must kneel down; them bud nede, they had to; etc.

Supplemental Materials (draft)

  • a1225(?OE) Lamb.Hom.(Lamb 487)85 : We habbeð imaked þene licome to þer saule bihoue.
  • Note: Per MJW: Used imaken v. 4.(b) to cause (sb.) to be (glad, guilty, etc.) [no ~ to constr. noted], make (a door shut, oil thick, etc.] if bihove is adj., this is the construction.; if it is the infinitive, the pattern is closer to the 1st gloss.
    Note: Per MJW: ?bihoven = to be subject (to sth). Editor's translation: 'we have made the body subject to the soul.' MED has no bihove adj. entry. No noun sense fits. Must be imaken + infinitive construction, but no sense of bihoven v. fits & no construction with imaken v. cited.
  • ?a1425(?a1350) Castleford Chron.(Göt Hist 740)22455 : Rictor..bad him [Arthur] als in comandement..Fla his berd with deligens And send it flane to his presens..And if þat Arthur wald noght swa At his bidyng his berd sone fla, Nedelinges him and him biod fight.
  • Note: New form: sg. 3 biod.
    Note: Quot. belongs to sense 3.(a). (him and him bihoveth, they [Rictor and Arthur] are constrained or compelled (to do sth.).)--per MLL