Middle English Dictionary Entry
thō def. art. & adj.(2)
Entry Info
Forms | thō def. art. & adj.(2) Also thoe, thoa, thoȝ, thouȝ, to & (N or early) tha, (N or early NEM, after d & t) ta; for forms ya(i, yo(e, yoȝ, yha, yho see LALME 4.3, 6 (some of which may belong to tho def. art. & adj.(1)). |
Etymology | OE þā, pl. nom. & acc. of sē̆. |
Definitions (Senses and Subsenses)
1a.
Referring to specific members of a class and used anaphorically, pointing to persons or things, a group, or a series of persons, things, etc. previously mentioned: those, the: (a) with noun, cpd., pron., or num. as noun; (b) with noun, pron., or num. as noun, now further specified by an adj., a prep. phrase, or a rel. clause; alle ~ min godes..afore-seid, all these aforementioned goods of mine; (c) with noun or pron. referring to part of a group, usu. further specified by an adj. or a rel. clause; (d) with rel. pron.; ~ which.
Associated quotations
a
- a1121 Peterb.Chron.(LdMisc 636)an.1101 (2nd occurrence) : Se cyng mid ealre his fyrde him togeanes com, ac þa heafod men heom betwenan foran, & þa broðra gesehtodan, [etc.].
- c1175(?OE) Bod.Hom.(Bod 343)28/33 : Ða Iudeisce boceræs bifrynnan..Ðe Hælend..andswarde..Ða boceræs wæron ablende on mode.
- c1175 Orm.(Jun 1)10345 : Owwþerr off þa tweȝȝenn Off dæþe wære risenn upp.
- a1200 Trin.Hom.(Trin-C B.14.52)51 : Dauid..munegeð sume of þe wordes þe weren speken bitwine two folkes..and þo word munegeð us to rihtlechen ure liflode.
- c1275(?a1200) Lay.Brut (Clg A.9)147 : Heo wrpen heore leoten..Þo leoten weren iworpen, & swa hit al iwearð.
- c1275(?a1200) Lay.Brut (Clg A.9)6766 : Wenden þa [Otho: þes] cnihtes to þan kinge.
- a1325(c1250) Gen.& Ex.(Corp-C 444)840 : Fif burges of pentapolis— Adama, bala, Seboys, And sodoma wið gomorra—Ðe kinges welten burges ðoa.
- a1325(c1280) SLeg.Pass.(Pep 2344)239 : A Man..hurede him eorþ-tylyers..And sende to þo eorþ-tylyers þat ffrut to vnderffonge.
- a1375(1335-1361) WPal.(KC 13)1709 : Sche..busked to þe kychene þer as burnes were busy..manly sche melled hire þo men forto help.
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Bod 959)Lev.17.5 : Þe sonys of Irael shollen offre to þe prest þer hoostis þat þei slowyn in þe fylde, þat..þei offre þoo hoostes pesible to þe lord.
- c1400(a1376) PPl.A(1) (Trin-C R.3.14)9.105 : 'Wyt can wisse þe,' quaþ þouȝt, 'where þo [vrr. þey, þes] þre dwellen.'
- c1400(?a1387) PPl.C (Hnt HM 137)17.46 : Seuene synnes..assailen ous euere; The fende..fondeþ hem to helpe, And with richesse to ribaudes rathest men by-gylen.
- a1425(c1385) Chaucer TC (Benson-Robinson)4.631 : 'I wol myself ben with the at this dede'..This Troilus gan whit tho wordes quyken.
- ?a1425(?c1350) NHom.(3) Pass.(RwlPoet 175)862 : When Cayphas herd þat he so sayd, Of þa wordes he was noght payd.
- ?a1425(c1400) Mandev.(1) (Tit C.16)113/36 : Þei maken ydoles..And in þo [F celles] ydoles euyll spirites speken.
- (c1444) Paston2.14 : He hath..enformed hem..þat he may not ride at þese next assises..and þough þoe assises discontynue..he hopeth to be excused.
- a1450(a1401) Chastising GC (Bod 505)101/14 : For grete trust of sikernesse gendriþ necligence and presumpcioun, and þo tweyne gendren inobedience.
- c1450(?a1400) Wars Alex.(Ashm 44)1954 : A Messangere..him tellis Þat Alexander was at hand..Sire Darius for þa [Dub: þoe] ditis was depely a-greuyd.
- ?a1475 Ludus C.(Vsp D.8)168/195 : 'I..offer..ffowlys'..'Lo mary, haue here tho same to do þi dewtys of holy kyrke.'
- a1500(1422) Yonge SSecr.(Rwl B.490)140/31 : There nys no roialme that nathe nede of some thyngis that byth in othyr landis, And tho thyngis byth cariet fro lande into lande by Marchandys.
- c1600(?c1395) PPl.Creed (Trin-C R.3.15)96 : Y warne ȝow of walkers aboute..Leue nouȝt on þo losels but let hem forþ pasen.
b
- a1121 Peterb.Chron.(LdMisc 636)an.1119 : Þa twegen cyngas..mid heoran folcan coman togædere.
- c1175 Orm.(Jun 1)429 : Swa ne didenn nohht ta twa Þatt we nu mælenn ummbe.
- c1175 Orm.(Jun 1)6625 : Herode..Badd ta þreo kingess sekenn Þatt ȝunge king.
- a1225(c1200) Vices & V.(1) (Stw 34)17/10 : Ic..no god ne habbe idon mid ðo ilke besantes of ðe fif wittes.
- a1275 Stod ho (Tan 169*)15 : Nou þu moostes, lauedi, lere wmmone wo, þat barnes bere, þa biter and ta bale þrehes.
- c1275(?a1200) Lay.Brut (Clg A.9)1163 : Þa alre seleste..hulden muchel husting, þa hehste of þan hirde.
- (c1300) Havelok (LdMisc 108)1918 : So longe haueden he but and bet With neues under hernes set, Þat of þo sixti men and on Ne wente þer awey liues non.
- a1325(c1250) Gen.& Ex.(Corp-C 444)153 : Sunne and mone..Euere schinen ðo toknes brigt.
- c1330(?a1300) Tristrem (Auch)2564 : Þo waked tristrem..And..ysonde..To court were comen þo to Þat in þe forest were.
- a1375(1335-1361) WPal.(KC 13)2185 : He þouȝt..leten he nolde for to save and serve þo tvo semli beres.
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Bod 959)Judg.18.18 : Þanne þoe ilke þat entridyn tookyn þe grauyn thyng ephot & þe mawmetis & þe ȝotyne.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)1801 : Wepe þai þan..þai greued þan þaa caitiues badd.
- a1425(c1395) WBible(2) (Roy 1.C.8)Ezek.41.25 : Twei doris weren in the temple..cherubyns and the grauyng of palm trees weren grauun in tho doris of the temple.
- a1425(a1400) PConsc.(Glb E.9 & Hrl 4196)9087 : Þa wardes of þe cete of heven..I lyken tylle wardes þat war..craftily tayled..Bot þa wardes of þe cete of heven Er mare crafty and strang þam any kan neven.
- a1450-a1500(1436) Libel EP (Warner)230 : Derthmouth, Plymmouth..Foweye..the duke knewe that tho townes thre Shulde have loste all hys natale cuntree.
- ?a1475 Ludus C.(Vsp D.8)38/111 : Go sey to noe..hym self, his wyf, his chylderyn trewe, tho viij sowlys in shyp to be.
- (1481) Plea & Mem.R.Lond.Gildh.179 : In the name of the possession of all thoo my goodes, Catailles, and dettes aforesaid..I the foresaid William Lee have geven and delyvered..a Spone of silver.
- a1500(?a1400) Morte Arth.(2) (Hrl 2252)448 : Boerte and lyonelle..Ector..Whan launcelott saw tho ylke thre..A merier metinge might no man se.
- c1540(?a1400) Destr.Troy (Htrn 388)12700 : Þe kyng..comand his men ffaire fyris..to ferke vppon hillis..All the skathes thai skepe of þo skire hylles.
c
- a1121 Peterb.Chron.(LdMisc 636)an.656 : Ic Wulfere gife..þas landes ..& meres & fennes..þurh ælle þa meres and feonnes þa liggen toward Huntendune porte, & þas meres & laces Scælfremere & Witlesmere, & ælle þa oþre þet þar abutan liggan.
- a1150(OE) Vsp.D.Hom.(Vsp D.14)2/16 : He gescop tyn ængle werod..þa nigen werod, þe þær to lafe wæron, bugan to heora Scyppinde.
- a1225 Wint.Ben.Rule (Cld D.3)57/19 : Ealle þa oðre syn to þam æfendreame ȝesungene.
d
- c1425 Lin-O.Accedence (Lin-O Lat.130)146 : Wat ys a resun? A gaduryyng to gedur of wourdus, of þo wyche sum be nownus & sum be pronownus.
- a1500(c1410) Dives & P.(Htrn 270)1.62 : Þu shalt vnderstondyn þat þey þoo queche forsakyn mannys helpe..temptyn nought God.
1b.
With noun, referring to specific members of a class and pointing to persons or things not previously mentioned, but instead understood from the context or already known: those, the: (a) with noun or cpd. denoting persons, places, or things;— occas. further specified by an adj.; also, with noun denoting specific bodily parts and expressing a possessive relationship: his; their; (b) with noun denoting a period of time: ~ daies, those days; also, used adverbially: in those days; at (bi, in) ~ daies, in ~ times (yeres).
Associated quotations
a
- 1131 Peterb.Chron.(LdMisc 636)an.1131 : Abbot Heanri..ferde ham to his agen mynstre..cusen þa muneces abbot of hem self and brohten him into cyrce mid processionem, sungen Te Deum Laudamus, ringden þa belle.
- a1150(OE) Vsp.D.Hom.(Vsp D.14)29/25 : Seo burh wearð..on oðre stowe getimbrod..He geneosode þa þurhware þurh his mænniscnysse.
- c1175 Orm.(Jun 1)ded.210 : Crist..stah..Fra rode dun till helle, To takenn ut off helle wa Þa gode sawless alle.
- c1225 Body & S.(2) (Wor F.174)63/17 : Heui is his greoning..Him deaueþ þa æren..him scerpeþ þe neose.
- c1275(?a1200) Lay.Brut (Clg A.9)4915 : Al þa hered-cnihtes heolden mid þere quene.
- a1325(c1250) Gen.& Ex.(Corp-C 444)2044 : An litel stund quile he was ðer, So gan him luuen ðe prisuner, And him de chartre haueð bi-tagt Wið ðo prisunes.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)861 : He wend to hide him amang þa tres, Fra his sight þat al sees.
- ?a1450 Chaucer TC (StJ-C L.1)5.733 : She lokede vpon Troye, Bihold the toures heyghe and ek the walles: 'Allas..the plesaunce and the Ioye..Haue ich had ofte within tho yonder wallis.'
- c1450(?a1400) Wars Alex.(Ashm 44)1027 : To saile he begynnes Ouer in-to ytaile þa yles to distruye.
- a1500 Tundale (Adv 19.3.1)151 : Her tethe wer long, tho [Clg: her] throtus wyde, Her tongis honged owt full syde.
b
- a1200 Trin.Hom.(Trin-C B.14.52)3 : Ure louerd ihesu cristes tocumes ben tweien openliche: þe fireste is gon, þo þe patriarkes and þe prophetes and oðre men þe waren bi þo dages after wisseden.
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Bod 959)1 Kings 3.1 : In þo daies was noon open viseoun.
- (c1384) WBible(1) (Dc 369(2))Dan.11.14 : In tho tymes many shuln ryse to gydre aȝeinus the kyng of south.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)2590 : Þan suld þe oxspring of abram Vn-to þair land cum frelik ham..Als it was hight be for þaa dais.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)19382 : Þe cristen men wex fast þaa dais.
- a1400 Pep.Gosp.(Pep 2498)95/24 : He sent hym aȝein to Heroudes for he was by þo dayes in Jerusalem.
- a1425(c1395) WBible(2) (Roy 1.C.8)Gen.6.4 : Giauntis weren on erthe in tho daies.
- 1447 Bokenham Sts.(Arun 327)1710 : His scep..in too dayes were his most cure.
- c1460(?c1400) Beryn (Nthld 55)2518 : Natur was more substancial when tho dayis were Then nowe in our tyme.
- c1460(?c1400) Beryn (Nthld 55)2681 : A kyng þere was in tho ȝeris þat had noon heire male.
- c1460(?c1400) Beryn (Nthld 55)3694 : Ther cam such a pleyer..of the world wyde tho dayis he bare þe floure.
- (a1464) Capgr.Chron.(Cmb Gg.4.12)14/24 : The v cause is of þe good aspecte of sterres þat was ouer hem at þoo dayes.
- c1475 Chartier Quad.(1) (UC 85)243/20 : This streight keping of worship made the large wey of manhode amonge the knightis and nobles that in tho [CQ(2): thes] dayes were lyuing.
- a1500 Wars Alex.(Dub 213)1635 : He semys..to se withowte Thame same god þat in my slepe I sawe in þo [Ashm: my] days.
1c.
With noun, cpd., adj. as noun, or ppl. as noun, referring to specific members of a class and pointing to persons or things neither previously mentioned nor understood from the context nor already known: (a) particularized by an adj.: the; also, your [quot. a1325]; (b) particularized by a prep. phrase or an infl. phrase: the; also, by an adj. and a prep. phrase [quot. a1121, last]; also, by a prep. phrase and following directly quoted words: these [quot. c1450]; (c) particularized by a rel. clause, or by an adj. and a rel. clause: the.
Associated quotations
a
- c1175(OE) Bod.Hom.Nicod.(Bod 343)2/26 : Gif ic eorðlic þing eow..sæcge & ȝe heom ne ilyfæð, hu ilyfe ȝe..ȝif ic þa heofenlice þing eow sæcgen wylle?
- a1325 Stond wel moder (Roy 12.E.1)14 : Moder..þu wasse awey þo [StJ-C: þi] blodi teren, it don me werse þan mi ded.
- c1475(1392) *MS Wel.564 (Wel 564)83b/a : Be war þat þou ȝeue to him noon laxatiuis ne no purgaciouns ne clisterijs ne suppositorijs ne late him no blood þo þre firste daies.
b
- a1121 Peterb.Chron.(LdMisc 636)an.656 : Ic Wulfere gife to dæi Sancte Petre & þone abbode Saxulf & þa munecas of þe mynstre þas landes & þas wateres.
- a1121 Peterb.Chron.(LdMisc 636)an.1101 : Þa sona þæræfter wurdon þa heafodmen her on lande wiðerræden togeanes þam cynge.
- a1121 Peterb.Chron.(LdMisc 636)an.1116 : On þisum ylcan geare bærnde eall þæt mynstre of Burh & eallæ þa husas.
- a1150(OE) Vsp.D.Hom.(Vsp D.14)29/16 : Wearð þa se mæsta dæl þære arleasre mid..hungre adedd, & þa lafe þæs hungres ofsloh se Romanisce here.
- a1225(?OE) Lamb.Hom.(Lamb 487)3 : Moni of þan floc manna..and ec þa ȝe-leafulle of þere burh heo nomen heore claþes..and strehiten under þa assa fet.
- a1200(?OE) Trin.Hom.(Trin-C B.14.52)187 (2nd occurrence) : Mildhertnesse he kidde mannisse þo þe he sende his holi prophete to freurende þo forsineȝede of þis wrecche woreld.
- (1340) Ayenb.(Arun 57)41/19 : Of þise zennes ne byeþ naȝt kuytte þo þet..payeþ kueadliche ase þe rentes, þo offrendes, þe tendes, and þe oþre riȝtes of holy cherche.
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Bod 959)3 Kings 7.41 : He parformede al þe werc..two pileris & two litle cordis of þe heuyd coueryngis vp on þo heuedis of þe pileris.
- (a1440) Let.Coventry in EHR 55644 : He prieth you that ye wole vouchsauf to see the costes that he hath made therynne and tho defautes of the malt flores.
- c1450(c1415) Roy.Serm.(Roy 18.B.23)2/15 : Where-fore I may sey to hym to wordes of my teme þus moche in Englissh: 'Lorde, þi name is with vs.'
- (a1470) Malory Wks.(Win-C)887/32 : Knyght, thoo knyghtes in the castell defyeth you and defendith you ye go no farther tyll that they wete what ye wolde.
c
- a1121 Peterb.Chron.(LdMisc 636)an.963 : Ic Ædgar geate & gife todæi..freodom Sancte Petres mynstre Medeshamstede of kyng, & of biscop & ealle þa þorpes þe ðærto lin.
- a1121 Peterb.Chron.(LdMisc 636)an.1100 : On þæne Þunresdæg he wæs ofslagon & þæs on morgen bebyrged; & syðþan he bebyrged wæs, þa witan þe þa neh handa wæron his broðer Heanrig to cynge gecuran.
- a1150(OE) Vsp.D.Hom.(Vsp D.14)1/7 : He besceawað þa nywelnysse þe under þyssere eorðe synde.
- c1175(OE) Bod.Hom.Evang.(Bod 343)12/8 : Godspel is witodlice Godes sylfæs lare & þa word þe he spæc on þissere worulde moncynne to lare.
- c1175 Orm.(Jun 1)2796 : Drihhtin ȝifeþþ haliȝ witt Þa menn þatt wel himm follȝhenn.
- a1200 Trin.Hom.(Trin-C B.14.52)35 : He com..to winden hem on þa wurhliche weden þe þe dieuel binom ure forme fader adam.
- a1225(c1200) Vices & V.(1) (Stw 34)3/15 : Tristicia..Al swo..deð þo men ðe sennen habbeð forhaten te laten.
- c1250 Bidde huue (Cleo B.6)7 : [B]idde huue with milde steuene til vre fader þe king of heuene In þe mununge of cristis pine..for alle tho men that are in sinne bunden.
- a1325(c1250) Gen.& Ex.(Corp-C 444)1495 : Broðer..sel me ðo wunes Ðe queðen ben ðe firme sunes.
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Bod 959)1 Kings 16.7 : A man forsoþe seeþ þoo thyngis þat ben opene, þe lord forsoþe lookeþ þe herte.
- a1400 Cursor (Trin-C R.3.8)3707 : Alle þo son þat blessen þe Blessed shal hem seluen be.
- c1425 Wycl.Concord.in Spec.43 (Roy 17.B.1)271 : Þis concordaunce wole..shewe him in what book & in what chapitre he shal fynde þo textis whiche him list to haue.
- a1450 Ben.Rule(2) (Vsp A.25)130 : And if he ask here in oure steuen, 'Whylk er þo men sall won in heuen?'
- c1450(c1415) Roy.Serm.(Roy 18.B.23)31/38 : Þou canste not hold þe a-payed with þoȝ goodes þat God haþ sende þe.
- c1450(c1415) Roy.Serm.(Roy 18.B.23)113/23 : Þoo Oure Ladie and all þowȝ seyntes þat been in heven prey for þe, þei shall not be herde.
- c1460 Tree & Fruits HG (McC 132)125/7 : It is also on of þo ornamentes wher in bisschopis ben arayed.
- c1425(?c1400) Wycl.Apol.(Dub 245)27 : God ȝet left neuer Crist..for he doþ ai þo þingis þat plesun God.
- c1450(1446) Nightingale (Clg A.2)11/279 : The third age of the world be-tokeneth hyt, In whech thoo folk that doun fro Noe came Gretly encresed in tyme of Abraham.
- 1530(c1450) Mirror Our Lady (Fawkes)8 : The lesse good that he can, the more presumptuous wyll he be to fynde defaulte and to depraue..tho thynges that he vnderstondyth not.
2.
Having unique reference: the: ~ apostles (mountes), the Apostles of Christ (Alps); also, used before an adj. preceding a noun: ~ five wittes (woundes);—sometimes further qualified by a rel. clause.
Associated quotations
- a1131 Peterb.Chron.(LdMisc 636)an.1129 : Mid him held se Kasere of Sexlande & se kyng of France & se kyng Heanri of Engleland & ealle þa be þis half þa muntes.
- a1150(OE) Vsp.D.Hom.(Vsp D.14)43/5 : Þa apostles þurh þone ilcan Gast ealle þing undergeaten.
- a1225(?OE) Lamb.Hom.(Lamb 487)3 : Þa apostles eoden and dedeun alswa þe helende heom het.
- a1225(c1200) Vices & V.(1) (Stw 34)17/1,2 : Of ða fif wittes..me wreið min herte of ða fif wittes, ðe god me betahte to lokin of mine wrecche lichame, þat is, visus, [etc.].
- 1372 Cristes blod (Adv 18.7.21)p.40 : Iche man oliue þat wile rith wel don, þenk of þo wondes fiue, þat he ne be nout fordon.
- a1425 Ben.Rule(1) (Lnsd 378)37/19 : Ȝe vmbe-þinke yu of ananie & of sapher his wife, þat salde þaire lande in þe tyme of þa apostils.
- a1500 Heyle be þu ladye (Cmb Ii.6.43)22 : Blyssyd be þoo woundys fyue, That made mannys soule to þryue In heuen so hyȝe.
3.
Having generic reference, with noun, noun phrase, cpd., or adj. as noun denoting a class or type of persons or things, or representatives of a class: those, the.
Associated quotations
- a1150(OE) Vsp.D.Hom.(Vsp D.14)4/15 : Gyf þu bearn habbe, lær heo þa cræftes, þæt heo mugen beo þan libben.
- a1150(OE) Vsp.D.Hom.(Vsp D.14)6/11 : Leorne æfre æthweige æt þan wisen, þæt þu muge læren þa unwise.
- a1150(OE) Vsp.D.Hom.(Vsp D.14)10/35 : Se riche þe berepð & mid reðnysse ofsett þa unscyldige mænn [L innocentes], he is..wurse þone se digele þeof.
- a1150(OE) Vsp.D.Hom.Nicod.(Vsp D.14)79/10 : Ða Judees, þa heo þæt geherden, heo leten raðe ealle þa cæmpen heom to gefeccen þe þæs Hælendes byrigene scolden healden.
- c1175(?OE) Bod.Hom.(Bod 343)100/29 : Þa Judeus wæron alle deofles limen.
- a1225(?OE) Lamb.Hom.(Lamb 487)11 (2nd occurrence) : Drihten him bi-tahte twa stanen tables breode on hwulche godalmihti heofde iwriten þa ten laȝe þe þa israelisce folc sceolde halden.
- a1225(?c1175) PMor.(Lamb 487)103 : Hwet sculan ordlinghes don, þa swicen, and ta forsworene?
- a1225(c1200) Vices & V.(1) (Stw 34)75/33-34 : Clepe ðo wrecches and to unmihti, þe blinde, ðe dumbe..ðe ne muȝen naht hit te forȝielden.
- a1250 Creed (Blick 6864)p.138 : On þane þridde dai..Astech to heouene. Sit on his fader riht half..þanen he is to cumen for to demen þa quike & þa deade.
- c1275(?a1200) Lay.Brut (Clg A.9)12667 : Þa seolue Romleoden liðen heom to-somne.
- c1350 MPPsalter (Add 17376)73.18 : Þou madest alle þe cuntres of þerþe, somer and veir; þou formedest þo þynges.
- (a1382) WBible(1) Prols.Job (Bod 959)58 : In latyn fully fro þoo cradelis among gramarienys..wee ben defoulid.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)25508 : Suet lauerd..Mikel was þi tholmodnes In þat ilk time; þaa felun juus dai and night Vild þe wit al þair might.
- ?c1425 Arun.Cook.Recipes (Arun 334)425 : Take clene qwete and bray hit wele in a morter that tho holles gone alle of, and then seth hit that hit breke in faire watur.
- (1445) ?Bokenham Claudian CS (Add 11814)281/265 : Why is not he redde with the worthiest þat hath now vndirputte Vnto my power tho germaynes proude and frensh men with high power.
- c1460(?c1400) Beryn (Nthld 55)3677 : Ther fill in tho marchis of al thing such a derth That Ioy, comfort, & solas..Was exilid cleen.
- a1475 Liber Cocorum (Sln 1986)p.19 : Take þo kelkes of fysshe..sethe hom alon.