Middle English Dictionary Entry
stǒnen v.(2)
Entry Info
Forms | stǒnen v.(2) Also stone, stonei(n, stonai, stoni(e(n, stoneȝe(n, stoinen, stuni, (N) stunai & stọ̄nen; sg.3 stoneth, etc. & stoneith, stonais, stuines; p. stoned, etc. & stond, stoneid, stonaid(e, stound, (N or NWM) stouned, stounnede, stund & (?error) stenyed; ppl. stoned, etc. & istoned, stonned, i)stoneid, stoneide, stonaid(e, istonied, stoniet, stoniȝed, stunnede, (NWM) stonet, (N or NWM) stound(e, (N) stunaid, stund, stunt & (?error) ysteneyd, (error) sconyed. |
Etymology | Shortened form of astǒnen v. (with p.ppls. in astǒned ppl.); for forms stenyed, ysteneyd cp. F dial. esténer, var. of F étonner. |
Definitions (Senses and Subsenses)
1.
(a) To be astonished or amazed; be amazed (at sb. or sth.); be bewildered, be stupefied; be held motionless from mental shock; ~ in wit, be too stunned (to speak); ppl. stoninge, amazed, being amazed; (b) to astonish (sb., an animal), amaze; bewilder (sb., the mind, etc.), perplex; hold (sb.) fixed in mental shock; (c) ben stoned, to be astonished, be amazed; be bewildered, be confounded; also, be driven mad [1st quot.]; ?be embarrassed [quot. a1500 Partenay]; maken stoned, amaze (sb); ppl. stoned, stupefied; (d) to become frightened or dismayed; dismay (sb.), cause to become downcast; ppl. stoninge, fearing; -- ?error for shoninge, ppl. of shonen v. 3.(a); ppl. stoned, dismayed; frightened.
Associated quotations
a
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Bod 959)Judith 10.7 : Þe preestis of þe cite..whan þei hadden seen hir, stoneynge [vr. stoneȝende], merueileden ful myche þe fairnesse of hir.
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Bod 959)Esth.7.6 : Þe whiche thing he, heeringe, anoon stoneyede [vr. stoneȝede; L obstupuit].
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Bod 959)Job 17.8 : Riȝtwise men shul stoneȝen [WB(2): wondre] vp on þat & þe innocent aȝen þe ipocrite shal ben sterid vp.
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Dc 369(1))Is.13.8 : As wymmen trauailende of child, thei shul sorewen; Eche to his neȝhebore shall stoneȝe [L stupebit].
- c1390 Bi west (Vrn)87 : Alle schul stoney wiþ þat steuene.
- c1400(?c1390) Gawain (Nero A.10)242 : Al stouned at his steuen & stonstil seten In a swoghe-sylence.
- c1400 PLove (Hrl 2254)34/4 : He stooneth [vr. stoyneth] for wonder.
- c1440(a1400) Awntyrs Arth.(Thrn)109 : Hir body..stottyde, it stounnede [vr. stonayde], it stode als a stane..Vn-to þat grysely gaste Sir Gaweayne es gane.
- c1440(a1400) Awntyrs Arth.(Thrn)407 : Telle me..why þou stonyes on thi stede and stondis so stille?
- a1450 Yk.Pl.(Add 35290)279/223 : Loo! he stonyes for vs, he stares where he standis.
- a1450-a1500(1436) Libel EP (Warner)1047 : To speke of hym I stony in my witte.
- c1450(?a1400) Wars Alex.(Ashm 44)2960 : His voise he remenbris..He studis & he stuynes.
b
- c1390 Treat.Mass (Vrn)350 : He stonyed me and made me stunt Stille out of my steuene.
- c1400(?c1380) Patience (Nero A.10)73 : Þat steuen watz stynt þat stowned his mynde.
- a1425 WBible(1) (CC 145)Hab.3.12 : In beting of teeþ þou shal defoule þe erþe & in wodnesse þou shal stoneyn [Dc 369(2): astoneye] folkis.
- c1425 Found.St.Barth.43/20 : The gretenes of peryll hadde stonyid ther mynde, berefte them discrecyoun of ther crafte.
- (c1426) Audelay Poems (Dc 302)77/345 : Loke þat ȝe hold ȝou styl Þe cherche when ȝe bene in; A prest to stone in his masse, Al a lond may fare þe worse, Out of wo to wyn.
- (1440) PParv.(Hrl 221)476 : Stonyyn, or stoynyn mannys wytte: stupefacio.
- (c1443) Pecock Rule (Mrg M 519)51 : Þe secunde weie..muste needis for his wondirful lengþe oppresse oure ymaginacioun and stonye it and..mase it.
- a1450(c1410) Lovel.Grail (Corp-C 80)28.138 : Into the Schipe he wolde han gon, but that word him Stoned Anon.
- c1450(c1400) Rev.Jul.Norwich (Add 37790)48/19 : I vndyrstode neuer nathynge þereyn that stonez me ne lettes me of the trewe techynge of halye kyrke.
- (a1464) Capgr.Chron.(Cmb Gg.4.12)200/12 : This cry stoyned gretly þe court and caused þat þe pope sent an abbot to the kyng, brynging swech message.
- ?a1475(a1396) *Hilton SP (Hrl 6579)1.11.7b : Þouȝ hit be so þat it stoneyþ þe in þe first biginnenge, Neuerþeles, after ward it turniþ..þin herte to more desir of vertues.
- c1475(c1399) Mum & S.(1) (Cmb Ll.4.14)2.125 : Þus ȝe derid hem [deer] vnduly..And stonyed hem with stormes þat stynted neuere.
- a1500(c1340) Rolle Psalter (UC 64)p.510 : In furore obstupefacies gentes..in breth thou sall stunay genge.
c
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Bod 959)Deut.28.34 : Be þou euermore wrong chalengys sosteynynge & bore doun alle days & stonyed at þe ferd of þo þyngys þat þyn yȝyn sholyn see.
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Bod 959)Eccl.7.17 : Wile þou not ben myche riȝtwis ne more sauere þou þan is nede lest þou become stoneyd [L obstupescas].
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Dc 369(1))Is.21.4 : Myche languysshede myn herte, dercnesses stoneid maden [L stupefecerunt] me.
- (c1384) WBible(1) (Dc 369(2))Deeds 2.6 : The multitude..was confoundid, or stoneyd [WB(2): weren astonyed in thouȝt; L et mente confusa est], for ech man herde hem spekynge in his langage.
- a1425(?a1350) Nicod.(1) (Glb E.9)360 : Pilat þan asked him eft: 'What thing es suthfastnes?' with þat, Ihesus he left als man þat stonayd es.
- c1425(c1400) Ld.Troy (LdMisc 595)7135 : Ther was no kyng..That Priamus..answered..But sat stille as dere on the land, But were, of that, strong stonayd, Of hem alle no word thei sayd.
- c1425 Bible SNT(1) (Cmb Dd.12.39)Deeds 22.17 : I turned agayne into Ierusalem ande preyde in þo temple..I was stonyed in mynde.
- a1450(a1338) Mannyng Chron.Pt.1 (Lamb 131)16629 : Cadwaladres, when he þys herde..Stoneyed he was a wel god þrowe.
- a1450 Yk.Pl.(Add 35290)271/34 : He vntrewly is stonyd Þat agaynste youre behestis hase honed.
- c1450 Capgr.St.Kath.(Arun 396)prol.109 : The preest is stoyned, as thou he turned were; Newe ioye, new thovght had he thanne there.
- c1460(?c1400) Beryn (Nthld 55)2088 : Ful litill I shuld be levid, What-evir I answerd, þus stonyd & reprevid.
- ?c1475 *Trev.Nicod.(Sal 39)135a : Alle þat stod aboute were ysteneyd [Add: astonyed; L conturbatus] wanne þey seyȝ-þe wondur.
- a1500(c1340) Rolle Psalter (UC 64)p.510 : In manaunce of endles fyre thou sall make thaim as stunayd men.
- a1500(?c1425) Spec.Sacer.(Add 36791)176/2 : With that the queene was i-mervayled and sconyed [read: stonyed] by the myracle.
- a1500 Chartier Treat.Hope (Rwl A.338)40/15 : For noweadais thei woll..be so stonyet [vr. stonned] in the grette bruyt of their worldly worshipis þat thei may not her the schewingis of reason.
- a1500 Partenay (Trin-C R.3.17)2940 : Helth shall ye purchas..Stoned ne basshed of no thyng be ye.
- ?a1500 My lefe (Sln 1210)14 : How a verbe schalle be furmede, Take gode hede that thou be not stunnede.
- c1540(?a1400) Destr.Troy (Htrn 388)11806 : The troiens merueld full mekyll of þe mayne foghle, All stonyed þai stode, starond aboute.
d
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Bod 959)1 Kings 17.11 : Saul forsoþe heerynge & alle þe israelitis þe woordis of þis maner philistee, þei weren stoneid & dreddyn ful myche.
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Dc 369(1))Is.32.11 : Stoneȝeth [WB(2): be astonyed; L Obstupescite], ȝee plenteuous wymmen, and beth disturbid.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)5674 : Moyses for þis vp-braid Was stonand [Frf: shonande; Goöt: dredand] in his hert.
- a1400 Cursor (Vsp A.3)991/443* : He schewd to þis menȝe..Þen were þai stoned ilkone; 'no drede,' he saide, 'has ȝe, Lokes side, hand, & fote.'
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)1.3160 : Iason..Nat dismaied nor stonyed in no þing, In knyȝtly wise dide hym reuerence.
- c1440 PLAlex.(Thrn)63/19 : When þe Macedoynes..sawe þe grete multitude bathe of men & of Olyphauntez, þay were fered & gretely stonayde.
- c1450(?a1400) Wars Alex.(Ashm 44)2589 : Þai saȝe þe streme so stife it stonaid þam all For ferd þe festing suld faile & þai in þe flode droune.
2.
(a) Of a person, the head: to be stunned or staggered by a blow; of a blow: stun someone; (b) to stun (sb., the brain) with a blow, missile, fall, etc.; assault (troops, an army) with stunning force; of a bolt of heavenly light: stun (sb.), strike (sb.) insensible; (c) ben stoned, to be stunned by a blow, fall, etc.; be beaten or crushed in battle; of a sinew or nerve: be crushed or lacerated (by a blow or fall); ben stoned to ded, ben stoned stark ded, be knocked unconscious and killed; ppl. stoned, stunned; knocked unconscious; (d) to inflict pain on (sb.), cause to suffer; (e) ~ on, of a door: to crash against (a wall); (f) to smash (sth.), break; (g) ben stoned, of lightning: to strike, flash; of a spark: be struck, shoot out; (h) to make a noise like thunder; of the earth: ?be shaken; ?resound.
Associated quotations
a
- (a1470) Malory Wks.(Win-C)302/4 : Beawmaynes smote the othir uppon the helme that his hede stoned, and therewithall he felle downe.
- a1500(?a1400) Firumb.(2) (Fil)909 : Richard..smot to þat sarsin..The helm was good & wel y-wrouȝt, That þe strok stonyede and fayled nouȝt.
- c1540(?a1400) Destr.Troy (Htrn 388)7431 : Ector for þe stithe stroke stoynyt no thyng..Drof vnto Diomede.
b
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)19613 : Þe fire of heuen þar has him stunt [Goöt: stund] And brathli kest vnto þe grund.
- a1425 NHom.(3) Pass.(Hrl 4196)55/532c : He stond þam in þat stownde Þat doun þai fell all to þe grownde.
- c1440(?a1400) Morte Arth.(1) (Thrn)2118 : Was neuer stele ne stede myghte stande them aȝaynes, Bot stonays and strykez doun that in þe stale houys.
- c1440(?a1400) Morte Arth.(1) (Thrn)3873 : He has stonayede oure stale and stroyede for euer.
- a1450 PPl.B (Cmb Dd.1.17)12.77 : Stonye [Ld: What woman were in auoutrie taken..With stones men shulde hir stryke and stone hir to deth].
- a1400 Siege Jerus.(1) (LdMisc 656)870 : Þe worst wrecche in þe wone may on walle lygge, Strike doun with a ston & stuny many knyȝtes.
- c1450(c1400) Sultan Bab.(Gar 140)825 : Ferombras smote him agayne..That he stenyed alle his brayne.
- (a1470) Malory Wks.(Win-C)33/17 : He..smote hym an hyghe on the helme a grete stroke and stoned hym sore.
- c1540(?a1400) Destr.Troy (Htrn 388)10371 : The grekes..withstode hom full stithly, stonyt hom euyll.
c
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)12280 : A child þar kest an-oiþer don Vte of þe loft vnto þe grund, þe child to ded þar was he stund.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)12963 : If þou be godds sun..lepe dun to þe grund, Þat þi bodi be noght stund.
- a1400 Add.15236 Recipes(3) (Add 15236)262.163 : Propter casum ab equo, propter quem casum corpus vel aliqua membra corporis sunt concussa, i. ystoneyd, [etc.].
- a1425(?c1350) Ywain (Glb E.9)428 : He bare me sone..Out of my sadel my speres lenkith..For mate I lay down on þe grownde, So was I stonayd in þat stownde.
- c1425(c1400) Ld.Troy (LdMisc 595)10377 : Bothe her swordis out thei drow And ffauȝt to-geder long y-now, Til thei were stoned hede and brayn.
- c1440(?a1400) Perceval (Thrn)68 : There he lygges in the felde..Thurgh his armour and his schelde Stoneyde þat tyde.
- c1440 Degrev.(Thrn)1108 : Knyghtis tombled in þe strete, Stonayde [vr. stonyȝed] vndir stedis.
- a1450(a1338) Mannyng Chron.Pt.1 (Lamb 131)12377 : Arthur was stoneyd, stakered, & stynt, But ȝut fel he nought for þat dynt.
- a1450 Treat.Horses (Sln 2584)133/645 : A senwe wol smerte more þat is but onliche y-pricked or stonyed with a stroke of a ston þen it wol þouȝ it were kyt a two.
- a1450 Treat.Horses (Sln 2584)135/652 : If þe senwes be stonyed with fallynge oþer with stertynge, Take wode askes & tempere hem wiþ warme water.
- a1450 Treat.Horses (Sln 2584)135/661 : Ȝif..þe senwe be rotid & foule y-stonyed, þen schalt þou make a plaster..& bynde it to þe sore.
- c1450(a1425) MOTest.(SeldSup 52)3352 : x milia of þem was slayn, so ware þei stound in þat stoure.
- c1475(?c1425) Avow.Arth.(Tay 9:French&Hale)205 : His stede was stonet starke ded: He sturd neuyr owte of þat sted.
- c1475 Awntyrs Arth.(Tay 9)p.21 : If he were stonit [Dc: stonayed] in that stounde, ȝette strykes he sore.
- a1500(?c1450) Merlin (Cmb Ff.3.11)265 : But he was stonyed of the stroke that he myght not stonde on his feet.
- a1500(?a1475) Guy(4) (Cmb Ff.2.38)11773 : On hys helme he smote so faste..He was so stonyed he myȝt not stonde.
d
- c1450(a1425) MOTest.(SeldSup 52)17946 : Þen was he turment in þat tyd, and als þei stund [Heuser: stonid; vr. stound] hym in þat stede, Vnto þe kyng full lowd he cryd.
e
- (a1464) Capgr.Chron.(Cmb Gg.4.12)98/12 : Þere cam a wind and brast þe dores ope with swech a violens þat þei stoyned on þe wall.
f
- (1440) PParv.(Hrl 221)476 : Stonyyn, or brese werkys: Briso, quatio.
- a1450(1408) Vegetius(1) (Dc 291)170/8 : He haþ þere also þe gyn þat is cleped þe Ram wiþ strokes to stonye þe walle.
- (a1470) Malory Wks.(Win-C)106/5 : Gawayne..clave their shyldis and stooned their helmys and brake their hawbirkes.
g
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)22482 : Þe sterns..fall sal þai dun fra heuen..And titter sal þai rin on grund Þan fire-slagh [Frf: fire of flint] dos quen is [Goöt: it] es stund [Frf: stounde].
h
- ?a1400 Mannyng Chron.Pt.1 (Petyt 511)10877 : Stonyed [Lamb: Þe erþe dunede for þeir cry].
- (1440) PParv.(Hrl 221)476 : Stonyyn..in tono.
3.
(a) To deprive a part of the body of feeling or movement, cause bodily numbness or insensibility; (b) to cause (the body, a part of the body) to become numb or unfeeling; also in fig. context [quot. a1450]; also, impair the functioning of (sb., a part of the body); dull (the wits); (c) ~ weri, to cause (a horse) to be exhausted or incapacitated.
Associated quotations
a
- ?c1425 Chauliac(2) (Paris angl.25)488/20 : Medecynes..þat stonyen [*Ch.(1): stupefactyuez], þe whiche ben put in grete nede, ben..as: Take of þe sede of white iusquiame..of opium, of store, of galbanum, [etc.].
b
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Bod 959)Gen.32.32 : Þe childre of yrael eten not senue..þer þoru þat he [angel] touchide þe senue of his [Jacob's] hyppe, & it was stoneyd [L obstupuerit].
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)202b/a : Þis stone is..y-grounde and y-layde vpon þe place þat scholde be y-brende..þer vpon it stonyeþ so þe body þat it feleþ no sore.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)238a/a : Oyle may be so colde þat he schal stony þe membre þat is y-bawmed þerwiþ, and dede it so þat he schal nouȝt fele.
- a1425 Cursor (Glb E.9)27878 : Glotony and dronkinhede..stonay men þat er ful strang And lettes þam both to speke and gang.
- a1450(?1420) Lydg.TG (Tan 346)683 : A nwe ple..Þat me so maseþ þat I se no spede..þat stoneiþ al my bloode, I am so symple & she is so goode.
- a1475 *Gilb.Angl.(Wel 537)232/21 : If þe postem..be of flevme..he spitteþ moche and al his bodi is heuy and slow and al his wittis ben stonied and y-dullid as þouȝ he had litargie.
- a1500 Macer (Cmb Ee.1.15)179 fn. : Eche þe lymes þat beth istonyd [Stockh: Þis wole also hele þe stonyng of þe lemys].
c
- ?a1400(a1338) Mannyng Chron.Pt.2 (Petyt 511)p.219 : Edward..said he wild asay þer hors alle in a mile; He asayed þam bi & bi, & retreied þam ilkone, & stoned þam alle wery, standand stille as stone.
4.
(a) Of the teeth: to be set on edge, be clenched together; ppl. stoned, clenched, set on edge; (b) ppl. stoned as adj.; of the eyes: fixed, staring.
Associated quotations
a
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Bod 959)Ecclus.30.10 : Ne wiþlawȝe þou to hym ne wiþsorewe, & in þe laste þi teeþ shul waxen stoneyd [L obstupescent].
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Dc 369(1))Jer.31.29 : In tho daȝes men shul seyn no more, Fadris eeten the soure grape, and the teeth of the sonus stoneȝeden.
b
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Bod 959)Prov.16.30 : Þe wicke man..with stoneyd [vr. stoneȝid; WB(2): astonyed; L attonitis] eȝen thenkeþ shrewde thingis, bitynge his lippis parformeþ euel.