Middle English Dictionary Entry
stẹ̄̆l(e n.(3)
Entry Info
Forms | stẹ̄̆l(e n.(3) Also stelle, steil(e, steille, stiel(e, stielle, steole, stil(e, stille, (early infl.) stelen & stēl(e & (in place name) stæl; pl. stelle & (in surname) steles. |
Etymology | OE stīle, stȳle, stēl. |
Definitions (Senses and Subsenses)
1.
(a) A modified form of iron artificially produced, steel; ~ graven, steel-engraved; bristled mid ~, with bristles made of steel; -- used in fig. context; (b) a piece of steel; grinden the ~, fig. to make one's position secure; (c) steel as a commodity; (d) fig. steel as an exemplification of firmness, trustworthiness, etc.; herte (made) of ~, a hard heart, an unrelenting heart; also, a stout heart [quot. a1420, 1st]; herte o ~, a mighty heart; love of ~, enduring love; tonge (made) of ~, an indefatigable tongue; (e) gaddes of ~, her. pictorial representations of steel ingots on a coat of arms; (f) in comparisons, chiefly prov.: also (as) treu as ~, as treu as was ~, etc.; hard as (was) ~, stedfast also (as) ~, stif as ~, strong as (so) ~, treu also (as, so) ~, trust also (as) ~, etc.; harder (seurer, etc.) than ~; herte as ~; lik ~; trusten til..as to the ~.
Associated quotations
a
- c1275(?a1200) Lay.Brut (Clg A.9)8032 : Vther schal habben ænne sune -- of Cornwaille he scal cumen -- þat beoð a wilde bar iburstled mid stele.
- c1275(?a1200) Lay.Brut (Clg A.9)10543 : Þa dude he on his burne ibroide of stele.
- c1230(?a1200) Ancr.(Corp-C 402)83/23 : Beo neauer se briht or -- Metal, gold, seoluer, Irn, stel -- þet hit ne schal drahe rust of an oþer þet is irustet.
- c1300 SLeg.(LdMisc 108)460/130 : Wit strongue dores of Ire and stiel swyþe faste he was i-dut.
- ?a1350 Recipe Painting(1) in Archaeol.J.1 (Hrl 2253)65 : Vorte maken iren as hart as stel: Tac argul..ant grint hit smal, [etc.].
- c1330 St.Greg.(Auch)111/584 : At apostern þai wenten out Wiþ scharpe speres and swerdes of stiel.
- c1380 Firumb.(1) (Ashm 33)3313 : Grete slabbes of styl & yre to þe walles þo wern y-slente.
- (c1385) Chaucer CT.Kn.(Manly-Rickert)A.1983 : Ther stood the temple of Mars armypotente Wroght al of burned steel.
- c1400(?a1300) KAlex.(LdMisc 622)3149 : Þis coroune he þee sent Of gold and ȝymmes..And þis swerd of steel [LinI: steil] cler.
- c1400(?c1390) Gawain (Nero A.10)211 : In his on honde he hade a holyn bobbe..& an ax in his oþer..Þe grayn al of grene stele & of golde hewen.
- a1425(?a1400) RRose (Htrn 409)946 : But Iren was ther noon ne steell [F acier]; For al was golde.
- a1425(?a1400) RRose (Htrn 409)2733 : This merveile I How man, but he were maad of stele [F fer], Myght lyue a monthe, such peynes to fele.
- ?c1425 Chauliac(2) (Paris angl.25)465/21 : Þe perspectifes praysen þerto a glasse of stele [*Ch.(1): a mirrour of stile].
- c1450(c1380) Chaucer HF (Benson-Robinson)1130 : I..found that hit was every del A roche of yse and not of stel.
- c1450(?a1400) Wars Alex.(Ashm 44)284 : He clekis out of a cas vij clere sternes To tell him takens of þe tymes..And vij stele-grauyn stanys..Þat wald for hurte or for harme any hathill kepe.
- c1450(a1425) MOTest.(SeldSup 52)14461 : My flesch is noþer of yrn ne styele, ne my banes ar not mad of brase, Bot of freyle mater ylk dele.
- (1456) Acc.St.Margaret Southwark in BMag.32493 : Payed for ij Cuppes of Stele for the sensers, xvj d.
- ?c1475 *Cath.Angl.(Add 15562)120a : Steyle: Calebs.
- a1500(1422) Yonge SSecr.(Rwl B.490)155/34 : The kynge commaunded that men sholde hange ouer his hede and his neke a Swerde of stelle Sarpe.
- a1500(?c1450) Merlin (Cmb Ff.3.11)246 : Theire sheildes were hewen and to daissht..and her brondes of stiell croked and bente for the strokes that thei hadde smyten.
- a1500(?c1450) Merlin (Cmb Ff.3.11)260 : Thei hadden hattes of fin steill [F dacier] a-bove theire coiffes of Iren.
- a1475 *Sidrak & B.(Lnsd 793)8656 : Wiþ-oute tree may no man wel Dighte nouther yren ne steel.
b
- a1350(1265) BLewes (Hrl 2253)17 : He saisede þe mulne for a castel, wiþ hare sharpe swerdes he grounde þe stel.
- (1421) Indent.Catterick in Archaeol.J.758 : Ye forsaides Nich' And his felaws sall' gyf to ye saides Masons..ccc yrene And stelle to ye value of vj s. viij d.
- c1450 Burg.Practica (Rwl D.251)213/22 : Take wyne þat platys of golde ben quenchyd ynn..or..take stele and put it in þe fyre tyl it be as rede as fyre, and þen quenchyt in wyne or ale and drynk þat wyne or ale.
c
- c1325(c1300) Glo.Chron.A (Clg A.11)17 : Vor englo[n]de is vol inoȝ of frut & ek of tren..Of stel, of yre, & of bras.
- (1335) Sacrist R.Ely 267 : In j garba de Garlok Stel empt. 10 d.
- a1400 Usages Win.(Win-HRO W/A3/1)p.76 : Also, euerych cart þat bryngeþ yre oþer steel, twey þans [read: pans].
- (1419-20) Acc.R.Dur.in Sur.Soc.100406 : Pro operacione clavorum et acuacione de masonaxes et stele empt. 12 s. 4 d.
- a1450-a1500(1436) Libel EP (Warner)308 : Now bere and bacone bene fro Pruse ibrought Into Flaundres..and fere isoughte Osmonde, coppre, bowstaffes, stile, and wex.
- a1500(a1451) Commodities Eng.(LdMisc 593)553 : They brynge grete Merchandyse, as..Herynges..all maner Copprue..Pyche..grete Mastes for schyppys..Stele.
- a1500 Weights in RHS ser.3.41 (Vsp E.9)13 : By this weyght be all maner of merchaundyse bought and sold, as tynne, lede, iron, coper, style, waxe..and such odyr as be usyd to be sold by weyght.
d
- c1225(?c1200) SWard (Bod 34)14/123 : Ich habbe bigunne to tellen of þing þet ich ne mahte nawt bringe to eni ende, þah ich hefde a þusent tungen of stele.
- c1325(c1300) Glo.Chron.A (Clg A.11)3956 : Vor to telle al þe nobleye þat þer was ydo, Þey my tonge were of stel, me ssolde noȝt dure þer to.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)4297 : Hert o stele and bodi o brass, Strenger þen euer sampson was.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)2.4076 : What schuld sche lyue ay in wo & rage..An hert of stel ne myȝt it not endure.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)4.3716 : Hir cruel wo and lamentacioun..wold meve to compassioun..Any herte þouȝ it were made of stel.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)5.854 : Vlixes..liche a frende þat ment nat but wel, Brotel as glas, pretendinge outward stel, With oon þe first gan to excuse.
- a1425(c1300) NHom.(1) Alex.(Ashm 42)562 : Þe mikel sorow & þe care Þat Eufemiane makid þare May naman tell be þe haluendele Thofe his tonge ware made ofe stele.
- a1425(c1385) Chaucer TC (Benson-Robinson)4.325 : O ye loveris, that heigh upon the whiel Ben set of Fortune..God leve that ye fynde ay love of stiel [vr. steele], And longe mote youre lif in joie endure!
- c1450(c1380) Chaucer HF (Benson-Robinson)683 : Thou shalt here..While that they fynde love of stel As thinketh hem, and over-al wel.
- a1500(c1370) Chaucer Comp.L.(Benson-Robinson)56 : Me semeth that your swete herte of stele Is whetted now ageynes me to kene.
- a1500(1439) Lydg.Sts.AA (Lnsd 699)3951 : His herte stable, strong as a diamant, Feith had of steele forgid his ymage.
e
- (1456) Doc.in Nicholl Ironmongers26 : Know ye us..to haue geven and graunted unto the honurable Crafte and felasship of the ffraunchised men of Iremongers of the citie of London a token of armes, that is to sey: Siluer, a cheueron of Gowles, sitte betwene three Gaddes of Stele of Asure.
f
- ?a1300 Sirith (Dgb 86)95 : He loueþ me and ich him wel, Oure loue is also trewe as stel.
- c1350(a1333) Shoreham Poems (Add 17376)128/51 : Þe prophete ezechyel..wytnesseþ wel, Þou ert þe gate so stronge so stel Ac euere y-schet fram manne.
- c1350 How GWife(1) (Em 106)164/80 : Y þe prai þou loke þe so wel Þat alle men mowen sein þou ert so trewe so stel.
- c1390(c1350) NHom.(2) PSanct.(Vrn)106/84 : Of heore pepul þei schulde enquere In what Opinions þei were, So þat he mihte hem puite wel In to þe feiþ trewe as stel.
- a1400(c1300) NHom.(1) Abbess (Phys-E)p.167 : Þis abbes troued him ful wele And wend that scho war treu als stele.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)24708 : Þis wist þou iohn þan ai ful wele And held þi stat ai stabil as stele.
- ?a1400(a1338) Mannyng Chron.Pt.2 (Petyt 511)p.60 : His sonnes boþe tille him war trost als stele.
- a1425(?a1350) Nicod.(1) (Glb E.9)261 : Þis quest, stedfast als stele, said to þase oþer twelue, [etc.].
- a1425(?c1375) NHom.(3) Leg.(Hrl 4196)132/86 : For þe dragons..wele War armed with scales stif als stele.
- a1425(?a1400) RRose (Htrn 409)5146 : He..holdith myne herte vndir his sele As trust and trew as ony stele.
- c1440 St.Chris.(Thrn)5 : A nobill storye I sall ȝow tell, And als trew it es als any steylle.
- c1460(a1449) Lydg.2 Merch.(Hrl 2255)234 : My sweete fo is hard as any steele.
- a1450(a1338) Mannyng Chron.Pt.1 (Lamb 131)1118 : Anacletus graunted wel Ȝyf Brutus wold be tryst as stel Þat his lyf he wolde hym saue.
- a1450(a1338) Mannyng Chron.Pt.1 (Lamb 131)14060 : Til hym he tryste as to þe stel.
- a1450(?1420) Lydg.TG (Tan 346)866 : She shal be as trw as eny stele To ȝowe allone.
- a1450 Parton.(1) (UC C.188)8608 : My dyssese shull ye welle felee, Thogh your hert be now as stele.
- a1450 The tixt of holy writ (Dgb 102)124 : But loue were tendere to loue vsed, Were harder þan ston and styffere þan stel.
- a1450 Yk.Pl.(Add 35290)247/166 : Therfore take vs of oure knyghtis That is stedfast as stele.
- c1450(c1386) Chaucer LGW Prol.(1) (Benson-Robinson)334 : Of Creseyde thou hast seyd as the lyste That maketh men to wommen lasse triste, That ben as trewe as ever was any steel.
- a1475(?a1430) Lydg.Pilgr.(Vit C.13)4276 : The werm of conscience..hath hys teht..Hardere..Than outher Iron outher stel.
- a1475(?a1430) Lydg.Pilgr.(Vit C.13)7663 : For thys helm, surer than Stel, Stoppeth the Erys ay so wel By prudent cyrcumspeccyoun That Dartys off Detraccyoun..Haue noon entre to the herte.
- a1475 Honowre wit (Brog 2.1)12 : I lowet neuer non halfe soo welle Witt hart trw as anne stylle.
- a1475 VPhilibert (Brog 2.1)p.26 : The world methinke I may reysemble wele To a thefe that came, both faynd and glose, And when thou wenyst he be as trow as styelle, He sonnyst dyssaywyth the.
- c1475(a1449) Lydg.Test.(Hrl 218)397 : I can remembre weell Whan I was gladdest in that fresshe sesoun Lyke brotel glasse, not stable nor like stell.
- a1500(?a1400) Torrent (Chet 8009)477 : A false lettyr mad the kyng And dyd messengyres forthe yt bryng..To Torrent, trew ase styll.
- ?a1500(a1475) Wright's CW (Lamb 306)82 : A chambyr schuld be wrought Bothe of lyme and stone, Wyth wallys strong as eny stele.
- 1543(1464) Hardyng Chron.B (Grafton)p.407 : To Yorke he went and found it not vntrewe, To Duresme also and Newcastell, That to hym were as trewe as any stele.
2.
(a) A steel implement or instrument used to cleave or break diamond, marble, etc.; (b) a steel stylus or chisel for inscribing on stone; (c) a piece of steel used to strike fire from flint; (d) coll. steel bands used to strengthen a door; also, steel hardware for a portcullis; (e) coll. steel fetters or chains.
Associated quotations
a
- a1300(c1250) Floris (Vit D.3)231 : Þat morter is imaked se wel, Ne may hit breke ire ne stel.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)203a/a : Marbel stones ben nouȝt y-hewe noþer y-clouen wiþ Iren noþer wiþ steel, wiþ hamour nouþer wiþ sawe.
- c1400 Bk.Mother (Bod 416)130/4 : For none ire ne stel mai breke þe adamaunt wiþoute gotis blod.
- c1450(?a1400) Wars Alex.(Ashm 44)3374 : Adomant..is so hard..Is nothire stele ne na stane so stife it may perce.
b
- c1450(a1425) MOTest.(SeldSup 52)14579 : Wold god my wordes ware wryttyn, þat þei ware not tynt, with steylle satyt þerfor in a hard stone of flynt.
c
- a1300 Bestiary (Arun 292)419 : Of ston mid stel in ðe tunder, wel to brennen one ðis wunder, warmen hem wel & heten & drinken.
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Pars.(Manly-Rickert)I.549 : Fyr is drawen out of flyntes with steel.
d
- a1425(?c1350) Ywain (Glb E.9)675 : At aiþer entre was..Straytly wroght a portculis, Shod wele with yren and stele.
- c1475 St.Patr.Purg.(2) (Brm)p.85 : Seynt Partryke ded make full wyll A dore bowndyn with yryn and stell; Loke and keye he made þer too.
e
- a1350(1307) Execution Fraser (Hrl 2253)111 : He wes yfetered weel, boþe wiþ yrn ant wyþ steel.
- c1380 Firumb.(1) (Ashm 33)1186 : Bynd hem herde wyþ yre & steel.
3.
(a) A weapon or part of a weapon made of steel; a blade, sword, etc.; coll. weaponry, arms; ne (nouther) iren ne ~, no weapon whatsoever; (b) steel armor; protective trappings of steel for a horse or camel; armen in (iren and) ~; closen (helen, warden) in iren and ~.
Associated quotations
a
- c1275(?a1200) Lay.Brut (Clg A.9)5650 : Bi-hæten seoluer & gold..ȝif ai mon mihte Traher king tuhten to dæðe mid drenche oðer mid dweomerlace oðer mid steles bite.
- c1275(?a1200) Lay.Brut (Clg A.9)9731 : Sa me scal lacnien his leomes þat beoð sare and his ban rihten mid bitele [read: bitere] stelen.
- c1275(?a1200) Lay.Brut (Clg A.9)13870 : Fur fleh of þe stelen; þa ueond weoren abolȝen.
- c1275(?c1250) Owl & N.(Clg A.9)1030 : For hom ne mai halter ne bridel Bringe vrom hore wude wise, Ne mon mid stele ne mid ire.
- c1300(c1250) Floris (Cmb Gg.4.27)6 : Whil he is þin ne dute noþing..Ne ire ne steil ne mai þe sle.
- c1330(?a1300) Arth.& M.(Auch)9085 : Þai..so hem wered wiþ steles egge Þat non no durst on hem hond legge.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)7545 : Noiþer irin ne yeitt ne stile Mai wer man wrangwis werkes wele.
- c1400(?c1390) Gawain (Nero A.10)570 : Þe stif mon steppez þeron, & þe stel hondelez.
- ?a1425(c1400) Mandev.(1) (Tit C.16)127/3 : He þat bereth ony of hem vpon him, yren ne steel [F acier] ne may not hurt him ne drawe no blod vpon him.
- a1475(?a1430) Lydg.Pilgr.(Vit C.13)14793 : Hyr knyff, stel sharp and kene, Was hyd..Be-hynde hyr bak ful couertly.
- a1500(?a1325) Otuel & R (Fil)940 : With hys spere he smot hys schylde, þat þe hede at þe haubrek feld; So myche was þat steole!
b
- c1330(?a1300) Tristrem (Auch)3324 : Þai gun hem boþe armi In iren and stiel þat tide.
- (c1385) Chaucer CT.Kn.(Manly-Rickert)A.2157 : The grete Emetrius..Vpon a steede bay trapped in steel..Cam ridynge.
- c1400(?c1390) Gawain (Nero A.10)575 : Þenne set þay þe sabatounz vpon þe segge fotez, His legez lapped in stel with luflych greuez.
- a1450(?c1421) Lydg.ST (Arun 119)1150 : Polymyte..rode hym forth armed briȝt in stele.
- a1425(c1333-52) Minot Poems (Glb E.9)9/102 : Þe Inglis men war armed wele Both in yren and in stele.
- c1440(a1400) Awntyrs Arth.(Thrn)391 : In stele was he stuffede, þat steryne was one stede.
- a1450(1408) Vegetius(1) (Dc 291)153/11 : Þei þat wer in þe tour þat þe olyfaunt baar miȝte wiþ no schot harme þese men ne here hors, boþe for þey were so wel ywarded and heled in yeren and steel [L ferro].
- a1400 Siege Jerus.(1) (LdMisc 656)453 : Cameles closed in stele comen out þanne Faste toward þe feld.
- a1400 Siege Jerus.(1) (LdMisc 656)522 : Stedis stampen in þe felde, stif steil vnder.
- c1450(?a1400) Wars Alex.(Ashm 44)1378 : Þan Alexander all his ane an-ane he ascendis, Closid all in clere stele & in clene plates.
- c1450(a1400) Libeaus (Clg A.2)437 : Þey armede hem full well Yn yren and yn stel.
- a1500(?c1450) Merlin (Cmb Ff.3.11)193 : A-gein his strokys ne myght not endure Iren ne style [F achier].
4.
In surnames and place names.
Associated quotations
- (c1206) Cart.Oseney in OHS 89311 : Waltero Stel.
- (1220-25) Doc.Oxf.in OHS 70306 : Radulfi Stel.
- (1255) Fine R.Tower 2212 : Willelmi Stelhard.
- (1276) Hundred R.Tower 1402 : Robertus Stele.
- (1296) Name in LuSE 35171 : Steel.
- (1301) Sub.R.Yks.in YASRS 2137 : Willelmo Stel.
- (1324) in Reaney Dict.Br.Surnames332 : Jordan le Stel.
- (1332) Name in LuSE 35171 : Steyll.
- (1379) Nickname in SAU 63186 : Joh. Steles.
- (1384) Inquis.Miscel.(PRO)4.151 : [The said John..held..divers lands and tenements in the city of London at] le Steelyerde.
- (1384) Inquis.Miscel.(PRO)4.154 : [For the house of the pewterer at] le Stilwharfgate, [a new lock and key].
- (1389) Inquis.Miscel.(PRO)5.158 : [Tenements of the said John called] Stelyerd.
- (1474) in Rymer's Foedera (1709-10)11.796 : Quandam Curiam Londoniæ sitam vocatam Staelhoeff alias Stylgerd..Item, in Villa de Boston Curiam de Staelhoeff, alias dictam Stylierd.
- (1475) RParl.6.124b : The Stilehofe, otherwise called the Stileyerd.
Supplemental Materials (draft)
- a1525 BodEMus.52 Artist.Recipes (BodEMus 52) 189/8,12 : Wryte þerwith in yryne or stell or what metall þat þu wylte, and yt schall schowe wonder fayre.
Note: Postdates sense 1.(a). New spelling (stell).