Middle English Dictionary Entry
speciā̆l(e n.
Entry Info
Forms | speciā̆l(e n. Pl. speciā̆l(e)s, speciā̆le. |
Etymology | From speciā̆l(e adj.; also cp. ML speciālis special friend & speciāle particular case or quality & OF especial n. |
Definitions (Senses and Subsenses)
Note: Cp. especial n.
1.
(a) A close friend, an intimate associate; chesen to his ~, to choose (the name of Jesus) as something with which he wishes to be closely associated; (b) a follower, retainer; an adherent; also, an officer, a captain; (c) a sweetheart, mistress; a lover; ?also, a husband [1st quot.]; (d) the bride in the Song of Solomon, interpreted by medieval theologians as the bride of Christ; (e) a particularly beautiful or well-favored woman.
Associated quotations
a
- c1300 SLeg.Dunstan (Hrl 2277)194 : He let ofsende his freond þat specials to him were, His men þat him seruede eke.
- a1400 Rolle Encom.Jesu (Hrl 1022)191 : Sykerle may he chese to lyf anele þat has chosin þo name of Ihesu to hys special.
- c1400(?c1375) NHom.(3) Cec.(Tbr E.7)64 : Ane angell, syr, of heuyn ful bright Es my speciall both day and night.
- a1425(?a1400) Cloud (Hrl 674)15/7 : He þat is þe Almiȝty God..so graciously wolde chese þee to be one of his speciales.
- ?c1450 St.Cuth.(Eg 3309)2979 : A wirschipful man of grete fame, To cuthbert speciale and frende.
- c1475 Mankind (Folg V.a.354)872 : My predilecte spesyall, ȝe are worthy to hawe my lowe.
- c1475 Wisd.(Folg V.a.354)131 : Bapten clensythe synne orygynall And reformyt þe sowll..Ande makyt yt..as celestyall As yt neuer dyffowlyde had be, Ande ys Crystys own specyall, Hys restynge place, hys plesant see.
- a1500(c1340) Rolle Psalter (UC 64)67.27 : Fayre saules..till whaim aungels ere gret specials.
- a1500 Imit.Chr.(Dub 678)49/8 : Among all þerfore þat are dere to þe, lete ihesu be sool þy derlyng and þy special.
b
- c1400(?a1300) KAlex.(LdMisc 622)3284 : Þe kyng afongeþ her mone, And wiþouten more tale Makeþ hem alle his speciale, And þere he ordeyneþ his wendyng Toward Darrye þe riche kyng.
- a1450-1509 Rich.(Brunner)2366 : Let hym yelde my tresour euery dele, Yf he wyll be my specyele.
- c1540(?a1400) Destr.Troy (Htrn 388)8830 : Thus he [Agamemnon] spake for his spede his specials vnto.
c
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)10026 : Þe baile midelmast o thre Bitakens wel hir chastite; þe ouermast, wit-vten fail, Mai wel bitaken hir speciale [Ld: spowsaile].
- c1425(c1400) Ld.Troy (LdMisc 595)13552 : Troyle..was hir specialle.
- (1440) PParv.(Hrl 221)468 : Specyal, concubyne, the manne: Amasius, et idem quod Lemann. Specyal, concubyne, þe womann: Concubina, amasia.
- ?a1450 Mem.Cred.(Tan 201)131/22 : Baltazar..commaundid þat men schuld bring him þe vessels of goddus temple and drank þer jnne with his specials.
- ?a1475(?a1425) Higd.(2) (Hrl 2261)6.333 : Sche electe into pope by the favor of alle men, was gete with childe by her specialle [L amasium].
- ?a1475(?a1425) Higd.(2) (Hrl 2261)6.449 : Hit happede a monke..to goe in a nyȝhte towarde the hows of his specialle.
- a1500(?1388) Syng I wold (Dub 516)p.276 : Ful oftyn tyme iwys..Here specialis..y kys.
- a1500 Tale Basin (Cmb Ff.5.48)197 : Þe wench was his speciall, þat hoppid on þe rowte.
d
- c1400 Bk.Mother (LdMisc 210)10/21 : Suche a soule..may wel synge a mornyng song of louelikynge þat Cristes specyal syngeþ in þe Boke of Songes.
- c1400 Bk.Mother (LdMisc 210)12/20 : Biholde, my derlyng spekeþ to me: 'Arys, come neer, my specyal þorow charyte.'
e
- c1540(?a1400) Destr.Troy (Htrn 388)12119 : When þis burd was broght to þe bare toumb..All þai sparit þat speciall to spill at þe tyme.
2.
(a) A certain person (among a group); a specific thing; a specific part (of sth.); a concrete or material thing (of this world); (b) with article: the specific as opposed to the general; -- also pl.; also, something specific [quot. ?a1425]; the specialist, the most precise; (c) med. a remedy intended for a certain disease or part of the body, a specific.
Associated quotations
a
- c1390 Rolle EDormio (Vrn)59 : Alle þat louen vanytes and specials of þis world..mowe þei not comen..in to þat oþur degre of loue.
- c1400 Wycl.Reg.(Dc 273)11 : Amonge oþer þinges þat distroyen rewmys, þis is a special þat anticriste haþ brouȝt.
- (c1449) Pecock Repr.(Cmb Kk.4.26)512 : This comaundement..is not but a special and a parti of this general and hool comaundement.
- c1450(a1400) Orolog.Sap.(Dc 114)385/30 : Amonge þe whiche one specyal come to þe forseyde persone & asked wepyngly þat he wolde lette hym be þat begger.
- c1475(c1445) Pecock Donet (Bod 916)18/11 : Alle þe same spicis or specialis ben of þe oon and of þe oþire.
b
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Mel.(Manly-Rickert)B.2545 : Lat vs now descende to the special.
- ?a1425 Orch.Syon (Hrl 3432)385/14 : How a man comeþ, & by what maner, fro þe general obediens to þe special.
- c1450(1410) Walton Boeth.(Lin-C 103)p.301 : Þe knowynge of þe generall Makeþ him to laboure for þe speciall.
- (c1454) Pecock Fol.(Roy 17.D.9)47/38 : Of whiche moral vertues so spokun here in her generalte, þe specials ben explied and expressid.
- c1475(c1445) Pecock Donet (Bod 916)1/10 : Manye reeders..to haue þe general confuse knowing going afore þe specialist and clerist of þe same maters siȝt and feling..myȝt..be peyned in longyng.
c
- ?c1425 Chauliac(2) (Paris angl.25)577/10 : Some..haue to do þis in certeyn membres the whiche in here manere ben cleped speciales [L specifice] or formales as laxatyf medecynes.
3.
In phrase in ~: (a) specifically, particularly, in particular; in more ~, more particularly; accusen in ~, to make specific accusations; speken in ~, be specific, speak plainly; (b) in detail; condescenden in ~, to explain in detail, get down to particulars; (c) individually; one by one; (d) privately; speken in ~; (e) especially; more than anything else.
Associated quotations
a
- 1389 Nrf.Gild Ret.52 : Ordeynd it was..on þe same day in special to haue a messe of requiem.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)7.216 : For yit withouten eny forme Was that matiere universal, Which hihte Ylem in special.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)4.4853 : Whan Paris wente for Eleyne, Grounde & rote, to speke in special, Were þou, Enee, and cause principal.
- a1425(c1385) Chaucer TC (Benson-Robinson)1.901 : There is som pitee Amonges alle thise..in general..se that thow, in special, Requere naught that is ayeyns hyre name.
- ?c1425 Chauliac(2) (Paris angl.25)393/13 : Avicen forsothe defendeth in speciall all thing þat haþ to mykel swetenesse an properly dates.
- a1450 Treat.Music (Lnsd 763)265 : Yyf þe more numbir conteyne thries þe lasse, þan it is callid in sspecial tripla.
- c1450 Capgr.Rome (Bod 423)39 : Þis place þus mad in þe honour of..neptune god of þe see in special.
- (a1460) Bokenham Sts. (Adv Abbotsford B3)113.38 (v.2:p.192) : Bisshops, abbottis and priours and othir men of the chirche of diuers statis and regions .. al to rehersyn in synguler and special wolde askyn grete tyme and so myght causyn vrkesommenesse, wherfore we passen ovir that at this tyme.
- a1475(?1445) ?Lydg.Cal.(Rwl B.408)156 : I cry vnto ȝow now, al on a rowe, In special to martyr Boneface.
- c1475(c1445) Pecock Donet (Bod 916)17/28 : Ferþirmore, in more special as to þe iiije manere of speche, sone, þou schalt vndirstonde þat 'charite'..is more general þan is 'moral vertu.'
- (1476) Stonor2.6 : Sir, I ame callyd apon..for þe monys the wheche Davyd owyt, and in spesyall of the good man of þe marmayd.
- a1500(c1410) Dives & P.(Htrn 270)1.245 : He is nout boundyn for to accusyn in special but he mowe prouyn it.
- a1550(c1477) Norton OAlch.(Sln 1873)3047 : Of this hete in speciall Anaxagoras said thuse, [etc.].
b
- (c1395) Chaucer CT.Mch.(Manly-Rickert)E.1221 : What sholde I yow reherce in special Hir hye malice? she is a shrewe at al.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)12a/a : Of þe propirtees of aungels we schal bigynne to speke of hem fir[st] in general and þanne in special.
- c1415 Chaucer CT.Mel.(Corp-O 198)B.2424 : Ȝe han wel taught me as in generalle..now wolde I fayn þat ȝe wolde condescende in special and telle me how þat likeþ ȝou.
- ?c1425 Chauliac(2) (Paris angl.25)79/5 : It schal be schewed in special withinforth.
- (c1449) Pecock Repr.(Cmb Kk.4.26)562 : Y speke not of thilk mater in special here..for lengthe which this present book schulde haue.
- ?a1475(a1396) *Hilton SP (Hrl 6579)1.57.38b : As vnto þis I seie þat i kan nouȝt, ne wile nouȝt, telle þe in special hoo synniþ in pride dedli.
c
- (c1385) Chaucer CT.Kn.(Manly-Rickert)A.1017 : But by hir cote armures and by hir gere The heraudes knew hem best in special.
- c1450(a1400) Lavynham Treat.7 Dead.Sins (Hrl 211)1/8 : Y haue purposyd..to reherse be proces & be ordre what bronchis & bowys growyn owt of hem [seven deadly sins] in specyal.
- a1500(c1410) Dives & P.(Htrn 270)1.167 : Syth þer ben so many maner of wychecraftis þat it mon nouȝt ben told in special, Y preye þe tel me in general what is wychecraft.
d
- a1425(?a1400) PCounsel.(Hrl 674)135/2 : I speke at þis tyme in specyal to þi-self, & not to alle þoo þat þis writyng scholen here in general.
- ?a1425 Orch.Syon (Hrl 3432)231/5 : Now þerfore I speke to þee in special, and bi þee to alle in general.
- c1540(?a1400) Destr.Troy (Htrn 388)11374 : Oftsythes hit is sene..Þat spokyn is in speciall spredes o fer.
e
- (c1387-95) Chaucer CT.Prol.(Manly-Rickert)A.444 : For gold in phisik is a cordial, Therfore he loued gold in special.
- (c1390) Gower CA 1st Concl.(Bod 902)8.2948* : To him [Chaucer] in special Above alle othre I [Venus] am moost holde.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)prol.120 : The world is changed overal And therof most in special That love is falle into discord.
- c1450(c1440) Scrope Othea (StJ-C H.5)90/28 : Þer be ijo þingis þe which in special we schuld eschewe.
- a1450(1391) Chaucer Astr.(Benson-Robinson)introd.5 : I..wel considre..thy besy praier in special to lerne the tretys of the Astrelabie.
- c1484(a1475) Caritate SSecr.(Tak 38)161/15 : Than be þer summe metys þat in specyal gendyr malencoly.