Middle English Dictionary Entry
socǒur n.
Entry Info
Forms | socǒur n. Also socoure, soccour, sokour(e, socur(e, soccur, sokur, socor(e, sokor(e, soker & sucour, succour(e, sukour, sucur, succur(e, succor, suker & soucour, soukour, soucore & (errors) scour, sour. |
Etymology | From socǒurs n. (taken as pl.) & AF soccour, socur, succour, suc(c)ur, souccour (vars. of OF secor). |
Definitions (Senses and Subsenses)
1.
(a) Aid, assistance, help; support, encouragement; also, spiritual aid, spiritual comfort; don ~ (to, to give assistance to (sb.), help; (b) relief, alleviation of a condition; remedy, alternative, recourse; respite; withouten ~, without possibility of remedy, without relief or alleviation; without recourse; without respite; don ~ upon, to relieve (a person's need); taken ~ of, take recourse to (flight); (c) provision, sustenance; place of ~, a guesthouse; (d) ben holden to hire ~, to be bound to aid her (by way of making amends).
Associated quotations
a
- c1300 SLeg.Becket (LdMisc 108)60 : Heo cam..Ouer þe se sauf and wel þoruȝ grace þat heo hadde Of Iesu crist and socur of men þat hire ouer ladden.
- a1375(1335-1361) WPal.(KC 13)962 : But i þe sunner haue socour of þat swete mayde..alle the surgens of salerne ne schul saue mi liue.
- (a1387) Trev.Higd.(StJ-C H.1)5.449 : Also for refresshynge and socour of way farynge men þere clere welles were in þe hye weyes, þe same kyng heet arere postes and honge þere schelles oþer coppes.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)3.2670 : Whilom Theucer in a stede Gret grace and socour to him dede.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)58a/b : Also þe guttes ben I-clustred & I-bounde togedre so þat þe lasse haue socour of [L innitantur] þe more and smale & feble of þe gretter & strenger.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)24058 : Thinc ai o þat stur þat þi sun þar born in place Noght gain his will bot wit his grace, Vs all to do succur.
- c1400(c1378) PPl.B (LdMisc 581)20.169 : Lyf fleigh for fere to fysyke after helpe, And bisouȝte hym of socoure and of his salue hadde.
- (1423) Pet.Sutton in Fenland NQ 7307 : The..tenaunts..stonde in way of utter destrucion without youre grace and succoure for the luf of God and in way of charyte.
- a1425(c1333-52) Minot Poems (Glb E.9)1/7 : Trew king þat sittes in trone..Vnto me send þi socore sone.
- a1425 Dial.Reason & A.(Cmb Ii.6.39)31/23 : Sum tyme wen men loken lest after socour, þanne is goddis grace ner þan þe bischops dole.
- c1430(c1386) Chaucer LGW (Benson-Robinson)1476 : She sendeth blythe To witen if that any straunge wight With tempest thider were yblowe a-nyght, To don him socour.
- a1450(c1410) Lovel.Grail (Corp-C 80)49.62 : Disceyved art þou..ȝif Ony socour In hem thou wene.
- c1450(a1425) MOTest.(SeldSup 52)2382 : To moyses fast þen can þei gang for socur os to þer soueran syre.
- c1460 Chaucer TC (Hrl 1239)2.1354 : But to pandare alwey was Recours..And hym bysought of Rede and som socoure [Corp-C: socours].
- ?a1475(a1396) *Hilton SP (Hrl 6579)1.29.18a : Wiþ þat he crieþ wiþ disir of herte and wiþ speche of mouþ to oure lord for socour and help.
- a1500(?a1400) Torrent (Chet 8009)919 : Meche folke of that contre Come hether for sokor of me.
- a1500(?a1430) Lydg.Pilgr.(Stw 952(1))16333 : O blysfull lady..yiff thow puttest me a-way and Refusest my komynge, whedir shulde I fferther fflen to ffynde sokour or eny helpe?
- a1500(a1460) Towneley Pl.(Hnt HM 1)30/254 : I traw from the trynyte socoure will be send.
- a1500(c1477) Norton OAlch.(Add 10302)1453 : Morouyre ye most for youre socowre Know theffectis of þe qualitees fowre, Callid hete, colde, moisture, & drynys.
- a1500 Mirk Fest.Revis.(Hrl 2247)79/5 : Worshipfull frendis, all Holy Chirch ioyeth and gladdeth in mynde of þe blesfull byrth of oure savioure..on Cristemas night, in grete helpe and socoure and mercy to mankinde.
- c1500(?a1475) Ass.Gods (Trin-C R.3.19)1205 : Som eke for socour drew to Circumcysion, But by hym cowde they gete but small fauour, For he in that company was had but in derysion.
b
- a1375(1335-1361) WPal.(KC 13)1052 : Þanne seiȝ þei no socour but sunder þanne þei moste.
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Bod 959)Judith 15.1 : Whan al þe ost hadde herd olofernes of-heueded, fleiȝ mynde & counseil fro þem & with onely trembling & dreede stired, tooken socour of fliȝt.
- (a1387) Trev.Higd.(StJ-C H.1)1.63 : Þe londe is drie wiþoute socoure [Higd.(2): presidye; L præsidio].
- (a1387) Trev.Higd.(StJ-C H.1)5.229 : Þey..robbede eche oþer for socour [vr. suker] of þe peril of honger þat þey sigh hem schulde befalle.
- (c1391) Gower CA Suppl.(Hnt EL 26.A.17)7.3287* : Thou hast do thi riht Of that thou haddest me behiht, To do socour upon mi nede.
- (c1395) Chaucer CT.Fkl.(Manly-Rickert)F.1357 : On thee, fortune, I pleyne, That vnwar wrapped hast me in thy cheyne, For which tescape woot I no socour [vr. scour] Saue oonly deeth or dishonour.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)94a/a : Somtyme he castiþ out wormes at þe mouþe, & schortliche þe euel is pestilence & moreine, sleinge anon but if þere be hasty socoure & remedye.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)2.3055 : Lat hym go hyde hym in þe temple strong..To wake and praye by deuocioun With-oute socour, a-dayes and a-nyȝtes.
- a1425(?c1375) NHom.(3) Leg.(Hrl 4196)13/224 : Thre clerkis..demid war by þe Emperoure To suffer dede withouten socoure.
- a1425(?a1400) RRose (Htrn 409)3840 : Thou shalt be bounde And fast loken in a Tour Withoute refuyt or socour.
- (?1440) Palladius (DukeH d.2)1.978 : Amydde a vyne, another thyng, socour ffor euery myscheef is a seecalf hide.
- c1450(c1440) Scrope Othea (StJ-C H.5)101/22 : He fond pleyes ful sutil and faire for to disporte knyȝtis therwiþ in þe tyme of socour & reste.
- c1450(a1425) MOTest.(SeldSup 52)11070 : Þin oyle sall þe avayle to tym þat god sum socour send.
- a1475(a1456) Shirley Death Jas.(Add 5467)16 : He..kouth thynk on none other socoure, bot start to the chymney and toke the tonges of yren..and undir his fete he myghtily brest up a plaunch of the chambur flore.
- a1500(c1477) Norton OAlch.(Add 10302)1262 : Excesse for on half quarter of an howre May destroye alle, therfore chiefe socowre Is..To know of the sympring of owre stone.
c
- c1330(?c1300) Amis (Auch)1667 : He schuld haue noiþer mete no drink, No socour of non oþer þing For hir after þat day.
- (a1387) Trev.Higd.(StJ-C H.1)4.137 : He made places of socour [L xenodochia] for pore men.
- a1425 Arth.& M.(LinI 150)529 : Þey..neo hadde socour of nothyng..vnneþes mete and dryng.
- a1500(a1460) Towneley Pl.(Hnt HM 1)27/157 : For thaym is my counsayll that som socour be soght..Thay must haue corn and hay And oder mete.
d
- a1400(c1303) Mannyng HS (Hrl 1701)2186 : Ȝyf þou rauysshe a mayden powre, Þou art holdyn to here socoure, And þat shal be at here wylle, For as she wyl, þou shalt fulfille.
2.
Military assistance provided by an individual or an armed host; coll. & pl. military reinforcements; comen to ~, to come to (someone's) rescue; don ~, provide (sb.) with reinforcements; senden to ~ of, send (sb.) to the aid of (sb.).
Associated quotations
- c1325(c1300) Glo.Chron.A (Clg A.11)11980 : Ac euere þe sege of keningwurþe ilaste vor al þis; In siknesse hii wiþinne velle atte laste..& þat hom ne com no socour hii seie..So þat as hii nede moste, hii ȝolde vp þen castel.
- c1330(?a1300) Rich.(Auch)117/149 : Þe freyns com to her sour [?read: socur] & cast wild fir out of þe tour.
- c1330(?c1300) Bevis (Auch)11/243 : Þat erl held is swerd adrawe; Þemperur wiþ he hadde slawe, Nadde be sokour.
- a1375(1335-1361) WPal.(KC 13)1279 : Þurth his socour þanne, Riȝt fewe went a-wey vn-woundet or take.
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Bod 959)Judg.18.28 : Þe cite wiþ brennyng þei tookyn, no man outyrli berynge sokour, for þi þat fer þei dwellydyn fro Sydon.
- (a1387) Trev.Higd.(StJ-C H.1)5.259 : Vortigernus and his counseil..prayed hem to come from byȝonde þe see to doo hem help and socour.
- c1390 NHom.Narrat.(Vrn)16.266/476 : Fel aunter þat þe Emperour hedde Mester of Eustas socour, ffor he was seget of his faas.
- ?a1425(c1400) Mandev.(1) (Tit C.16)79/11 : Whan men holden sege abouten cytee..& þei withjnnen dur not senden out messagers with lettres..for to aske sokour, þei..bynden hem to the nekke of a coluer.
- (1442) Let.Bekynton in RS 56.2180 : We have ordeined here our armee to goo thider for the helpe, succor, and defense of our said cite.
- a1450(1408) *Vegetius(1) (Dc 291)29a : Þese helperes ne beþ noȝt y-joyned to þe legiouns as principal socour of þe scheltrun, but as a liȝt armure in diffens of þe scheltrun if nede were.
- a1450(c1410) Lovel.Grail (Corp-C 80)13.222 : Let vs here Abyde thre dayes Or fowre And be that tyme Getest thow More socowre; And thus tyl thow thi power have With him Mihtest þou not fyhten.
- (a1475) Fortescue Gov.E.(LdMisc 593)115 : The reaume of Englonde..is an Ile, and therfor mey not lyghtly geyte soucore of other landes.
- c1475 Body Pol.(Cmb Kk.1.5)138/28 : An othir Romayn knyght..had sent the Romayns..to the socour [F au secours] of on of their prynces.
- c1475 Guy(1) (Cai 107/176)2092 : His hede he had him benome, Had not grete socour to him the rather come.
- a1500(?a1325) Otuel & R (Fil)2348 : Wel lowde he blew tho hys horne, To haue y-had more socour.
- a1500(?c1450) Merlin (Cmb Ff.3.11)198 : Than com the socours [F li secours] on bothe sides and ther be-gan the bataile.
- a1500(c1465) SEChron.(Lamb 306)78 : They delyverd that towne and many oþere castelles in the northe to the Scottis and to the Frensshemen for to have socoure of hem.
- a1500 Conq.Irel.(Rwl B.490)49/22 : The Erle and his men weryn..two monthys besegid in the Cite of Deuelyn, and to ham come no Soccovr on lond ne on watyr.
- c1540(?a1400) Destr.Troy (Htrn 388)9570 : By soucour of your selfe, & your sad helpe, We might holly the herrehond haue now for ay.
3.
(a) Protection, refuge; defense; also fig.; place of ~; don ~, to protect (oneself); (b) a place of refuge or protection; a place of defense, stronghold; (c) protection from punishment, refuge from prosecution, deliverance from execution; pardon; ~ of lif, the sparing of (a person's) life; bidden (bisechen of) ~, to beg for pardon; crien (after) ~, ask for mercy, beg quarter; don ~ to, pardon (sins); taken ~, claim sanctuary.
Associated quotations
a
- c1330(?a1300) Rich.(Auch)117/170 : Þe folk is vrn to þe water tour For to don hem þer socour.
- c1330 Otuel (Auch)822 : Lordinges, let me o liue be, To ȝou it were lutel honour To sle me þat nabbe no socour.
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Bod 959)1 Kings 22.5 : Wile þou not dwellen in þe place of strong socour [WB(2): forselet; L præsidio], weend forth & go in to þe lond of Juda.
- (a1387) Trev.Higd.(StJ-C H.1)5.227 : Were þe socour [L munitio] of the watir faillede, þere men schulde defende hem in þe lond by help of þe wal.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)65a/b : Þise kernelled fleisch were so I-spred þat þe synowis and þe artaries myȝte reste softliche þer vppon, And also þat þe synewes & þe artaries may fynde a neisch place to flee to fo[r] socour if it happiþ hem to mete wiþ ony þing þat schulde greue hem wiþ hardnes.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)9882 : Þis castel es o luue and grace, Bath o socur and o solace.
- a1425(?a1400) RRose (Htrn 409)1606 : For who so loketh in that mirrour Ther may no thyng ben his socour That he ne shall there sene some thyng That shal hym lede into laughyng [?read: louyng; F d'amer].
- c1450(c1370) Chaucer ABC (Benson-Robinson)41 : Fleeinge, I flee for socour [vr. soukour] to thi tente Me for to hide from tempeste ful of dreede.
- a1500(?c1400) EToulouse (Cmb Ff.2.38)570 : He chase the for a trewe knyght To kepe me bothe day and nyght Vndur thy socowre.
- a1500 Bevis (Chet 8009)68/1189 : Men myght mete Sarzins fleynge in yche a strete To haue socoure of theire kynge.
- a1500 Siege Jerus.(2) (Brog 2.1)82/351 : Þe conttray came to Jerusaleme for socur for fer of Waspasion, for he slow and brent in all þe conttrey.
b
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Bod 959)Josh.10.19 : Pursue ȝe enemyes & alle þe endys of hem..ne lete ȝe hem goon into þe socours [WB(2): strengthis; L præsidia] of ȝoure cites.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)171a/a : Ofte a dyche is..socour and place of defence..of walled townes and castelles.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)4320 : Fleand þou folu noght i rede For sua þou mai þe driue to ded..Quen þou art soght fra þi succur.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)5600 : Þe sauueur [Moses]..broght vs all in-to socur.
- c1400(?a1300) KAlex.(LdMisc 622)1824 : To cite, castel, and to toure, Vche man drouȝ to socoure.
- a1450(?c1421) Lydg.ST (Arun 119)1185 : But Polymyte in this tempest huge..fyndeth no refuge, Nor hym to schrowde saugh nowher no socour.
- a1425(?a1350) 7 Sages(2) (Glb E.9)3311 : Right so fares my famen with me So þat I haue no socoure Bot þis castel and þis toure.
- (1440) PParv.(Hrl 221)462 : Socowre: Refugium, confugium.
- c1475(a1400) Amadace (Tay 9)p.47 : Seche a storme as thou was inne, That thou myȝte any socur wynne, A fulle fayre happe hit wase!
- c1450(a1425) MOTest.(SeldSup 52)10722 : Ieroboam had mony jews, bot god was noyȝt þer gouernoure; þerfor þat semble sone he rews, and sadly sekes he to socoure.
c
- c1300(c1250) Floris (Cmb Gg.4.27)674 : Of vre lif nis no sucur.
- c1330(?a1300) Tristrem (Auch)3284 : Þe folk fleiȝe vnfain And socour criden schille.
- c1330(?c1300) Bevis (Auch)260 : Þerl knewlede to þemperur; Merci a bad him and sokour And is lif.
- (a1387) Trev.Higd.(StJ-C H.1)2.45 : He ordeyned þat plowȝmen solowes, goddes temples, and hiȝe weies..schulde haue þe fredom of socour, so þat eueriche man þat fley to eny of þe þre..schulde be safe for pursuyt of alle his enemyes.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)18742 : Of erth it come þe first man..þe toþer us come fra heuen ture, þat broght us saghtnes and succure.
- ?a1400(a1338) Mannyng Chron.Pt.2 (Petyt 511)p.142 : Henry for his trespas did fulle grete honour To þe martir Saynt Thomas, for mercy & socour.
- a1450(?c1421) Lydg.ST (Arun 119)3235 : Socour is non, nor ther may be non red, lich my desert, but that I mot be ded.
- c1450(?1429) Lydg.Prayer KQP (Frf 16)32 : Whan we to the for helpe clepe or calle, Here oure compleyntes and lamentaciouns, And doo socour to oure offences alle.
- ?c1430(?1383) Wycl.Curse (Corp-C 296)323 : Alle þat drawen men out of þe chirche or seintuarie, whanne þei fleen þeder for sukour after here manslauȝter or þefte, ben cursed.
- c1440(?a1400) Morte Arth.(1) (Thrn)2317 : Twa senatours we are..That..Besekes the of socoure..Grante vs lyffe and lym.
- c1460(a1449) Lydg.St.Austin (Hrl 2255)230 : I..Stood accursyd for my rebellioun, Made in my liff no restitucioun; Geyn thy biddyng I myht no socour haue.
- c1450(?a1400) Wars Alex.(Ashm 44)959 : Þe renkis, all the route, reches vp þaire wapen Vn-to þis kid conquirour & cried eftir socure.
- c1450 Lond.Chron.Cleo.(Cleo C.4)132 : A ffalse Breton morderyd a wedew in her bedd..and aftyrward he toke socor of Holy Chirche at Seynt Georgis in Suthwerk.
- (a1470) Malory Wks.(Win-C)244/12 : There he suggeournys, that soveraigne, with solace at his harte, for to wete whether the senatours wolde hym of succour beseke.
4.
(a) A helper, protector, champion; also, coll. assistants, a retinue; (b) a thing which aids or protects.
Associated quotations
a
- ?c1335 Swet ihc hend (Hrl 913)p.85 : Þis sang wroȝt a frere..Iesus Crist be is socure.
- c1350 MPPsalter (Add 17376)58.18 : Þou art made my taker and my socour [L refugium].
- c1380 Firumb.(1) (Ashm 33)1192 : Þan wende forþ þe iayler & tok til hym socoure, & ladde wiþ hymen erld Olyuer & þe oþer barons foure.
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.ML.(Manly-Rickert)B.644 : Marie..If I be giltlees of this felonye, My socour be, for ellis shal I dye.
- c1400(?a1300) KAlex.(LdMisc 622)950 : Many lefdy lees her amoure, And many maiden her gent socoure.
- c1400(?a1300) KAlex.(LdMisc 622)2472 : He..fleiȝeþ away wiþouten socoure, Leteþ meigne, wijf, and childe.
- a1450(?c1421) Lydg.ST (Arun 119)758 : They..Weren destitut of a gouernour Aȝeynst her foon, hauyng no socour Hem to defend but the quene allon.
- a1425(a1382) WBible(1) (Corp-O 4)2 Kings 21.17 : Abisay, the sone of Saruye, was to hym a socour [L Præsidio].
- (?c1436) Duke Burgundy (Rome 1306)12 : Remembre the, Phelippe..How king henre the vte..was to the kynde, And alway thy socour whan thou were in distresse.
- c1450(?a1400) LChart.Chr.B (Cmb Ii.4.9)58/142 : Alle myne frendys me sone forsokne; nakyd I stode A-monge myne foone, for other soker had I none.
- a1475(?a1430) Lydg.Pilgr.(Vit C.13)4818 : Than shal Iohan hyr socour be In hyr lamentaciouns.
- a1500(?a1400) Firumb.(2) (Fil)83 : Lucafer..was my socour & my waraunt.
- a1500(?c1450) Merlin (Cmb Ff.3.11)11 : God be my socoure in my moste nede as I haue seide trouth.
- a1500(1465) Leversedge Vision (Add 34193)24 : My sowle, remembring hit ther left alone, havyng no sokur, ne wyste wheder to goo.
b
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)1.3051 : For his chefe socour Sche toke to hym a viol with licour.
- (?1440) Palladius (DukeH d.2)1.1019 : Eek the blossom greet socour is Of euery tre ther swetnesse in the flour is.
- a1450(?a1349) ?Rolle Mercy es maste (Cmb Dd.5.64)15 : Mercy es al my socoure til lede me to þe land of lyght.
- a1500 Apoc.(2) (Magd-C F.4.5)32/18 : [Hrl 171: Þe auter is Cristis fleisch] þat is sokour & refute to alle soules.