Middle English Dictionary Entry
bē̆nden v.(1)
Entry Info
Forms | bē̆nden v.(1) Also binde. Forms: sg. 3 bendeth, bent; p. bend(e, bent(e, bended; ppl. bend(e, bent(e, i)bend, ibent. |
Etymology | OE bendan & bend. |
Definitions (Senses and Subsenses)
1.
(a) To draw back the string of (a bow); also, to bend (a bow) and attach the string; (b) in proverbial expressions: that ever this bowe was bent, that this matter was ever begun; thei benten never his bowe, they have had no experience with him (Love); were nou the bowe bent in swich maner as it was first, if the situation were such as it was in the beginning; (c) to prepare (a siege engine) for shooting or casting; to bend the bow of (an arbalest), draw down the beam of (a mangonel); also, to aim or shoot; (d) to draw (a sword); ~ up, to pull up (a drawbridge); (e) to spread out or extend (sth.); to stretch (sth. over sth. else), fasten upon; ~ on the cross (tre), to crucify; to pitch (a tent), spread (a net), set (a sail); refl. to stretch oneself out; (f) ?to stretch (sth.) tight; refl. to tense oneself.
Associated quotations
a
- ?a1300 Jacob & J.(Bod 652)194 : Þe king was out iwent to þe wode, to ssete mid his bowe ibent.
- c1300 SLeg.Edm.King (LdMisc 108)45 : Huy benden [Hrl: bende] heore bouwene and stoden afeor.
- c1325(c1300) Glo.Chron.A (Clg A.11)372 : He bende [B: bent] is bowe & sset anon.
- c1325(c1300) Glo.Chron.A (Clg A.11)7733 : So stif mon he was in armes, in ssoldren, & in lende, Þat vnneþe enimon miȝte is bowe bende [B: benden].
- (1340) Ayenb.(Arun 57)174 : He heþ his oȝene boȝe ybent and adraȝe.
- (a1387) Trev.Higd.(StJ-C H.1)7.75 : In þe oþer side stood a ȝongelynge wiþ a bowe ibent [L extento arcu; Higd.(2): a bende bowe].
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Mcp.(Manly-Rickert)H.264 : His bowe he bente and sette ther inne a flo.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)3.983 : Juno let bende hire parti bowe.
- a1400 NVPsalter (Vsp D.7)36.14 : He bent [L intenderunt] his bowe with his hande [Eg: þar bogh þai bended wiht þar hand].
- a1450(?c1421) Lydg.ST (Arun 119)3492 : In al hast he bent a sturdy bowe.
- a1425(?a1400) RRose (Htrn 409)1336 : And at a braid he gan it bende, And tok hym of his arowes fyve.
- (1435) *Anc.Pet.(PRO)130.6460 : His felyship, with swordes drawe & bowes bend..redy to haue slayn the said commissarye.
- c1450(c1400) Vices & V.(2) (Hnt HM 147)176/3 : God haþ y-bent his bowe and bigynneþ to drawe.
- (1454) Paston2.313 : xij persons of the same felowshipp, with bowys bent and arowys redy in thair handys.
- ?a1475 Ludus C.(Vsp D.8)40/162 : My bow xal I bende wyght and sett myn hand euyn to shete.
- a1500(?a1450) GRom.(Hrl 7333)3 : He hath bend his bowe and goith ny to þe ymage for to shete.
- c1500 King & H.(Ashm 61:Hazlitt)53 : Every archer to hys tre, With bowys redy bent.
b
- a1425(c1385) Chaucer TC (Benson-Robinson)2.861 : Swich manere folk..Defamen Love, as nothing of him knowe; Thei speken, but thei benten nevere his bowe.
- c1450(c1370) Chaucer ABC (Benson-Robinson)29 : Were now the bowe bent in swich maneere As it was first, of justice and of ire, The rightful God nolde of no mercy heere.
- ?a1475 Ludus C.(Vsp D.8)47/140 : Thyn owyn fadyr þi deth must be; Alas þat evyr þis bowe was bent.
c
- c1325(c1300) Glo.Chron.A (Clg A.11)11093 : Arblastes sone & ginnes wiþoute me bende & ssote inward vaste inou.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)2.6435 : What with..gonnys grete, for to cast stonys, Bent to þe touris, riȝt as any lyne.
- c1425(c1400) Ld.Troy (LdMisc 595)15713 : The Troyens then to batayle ȝede..And bende her alblastes & her bowes.
- (?a1439) Lydg.FP (Bod 263)8.1984 : Vlcanvs..gan hym reedi make To beende his gunnys with thonder & with leuene.
- a1450(1408) *Vegetius(1) (Dc 291)46b : Hem nediþ to haue..springolis, trepegettis, bowes of brake, arblastes, bend wiþ vise.
- a1450-1509 Rich.(Brunner)4327 : A mangenel he leet bende, To þe prys-tour a ston gan sende.
- c1450(?a1400) Siege Milan (Add 31042)1602 : New vetailles þe bretons broghte..And Bendis vp þaire engyne.
- c1450(c1400) Sultan Bab.(Gar 140)420 : Tho Ferumbras ordeynede anone To bende the Engynes to the town.
- a1475 Siege Troy(1) (Hrl 525)208/1760 : Men shuld bende an engynne, And þere-vppon leyn him And cast him to þe kyng of grece.
- a1500(?c1450) Florence (Cmb Ff.2.38:Vietor)859 : They wyth owte yngynes bende, And stones to þe walles þey sende.
d
- c1380 Firumb.(1) (Ashm 33)2776 : Þe draȝbrig vp þay bente.
- ?a1475 Ludus C.(Vsp D.8)3/85 : His suerd was than ful redy bent.
e
- c1350 Cmb.Ee.4.20.Nominale (Cmb Ee.4.20)286 : F. se abote et estent, W. bowith and bent hire.
- 1372 Þu sikest sore (Adv 18.7.21)20 : Þi bodi is bent Vp-on þe rode tre.
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Dc 369(1))Is.51.13 : The Lord..bente [L tetendit; WB(2): stretchide abrood] heuenes and foundede the erthe.
- c1450 Ponthus (Dgb 185)41/34 : They sawe a fair tente bente.
- c1450 Capgr.Rome (Bod 423)160 : This day..crist on þe crosse was bent.
- (a1460) DSPhilos.(Helm)101/29 : Wommen haue nettis made redy and bente for to take men inne.
- ?a1475 Ludus C.(Vsp D.8)153/65 : On byttyr tre he xal be bent.
- c1475(c1399) Mum & S.(1) (Cmb Ll.4.14)4.72 : Þey bente on a bonet and bare a topte saile.
- a1500(c1386) St.Erk.(Hrl 2250)182 : As he [Jesus] was bende on a beme, quen he his blode schedde.
- a1500(?a1400) Morte Arth.(2) (Hrl 2252)990 : A clothe that ouer the bote was bente, Sir Gawayne lyfte vp.
f
- c1380 Firumb.(1) (Ashm 33)545 : Þe Sarsyn..wax wroþ..& bente hym brymly as a bor, & vp hym gan to sterte.
2.
(a) To curve or turn (sth.), bend, twist; flex (a limb); bente mone, a quarter moon; to become bent, curve, be flexible; of a dragon: to coil; of a river or coast: to wind; (b) to arch or raise (one's brows); p. ppl. bent, of eyebrows: arched; (c) to reflect (light, an image).
Associated quotations
a
- c1330(?a1300) Arth.& M.(Auch)1486 : To dragouns þer layen ybent.
- (a1387) Trev.Higd.(StJ-C H.1)4.217 : Iulius..wolde bende [vr. beende; L retorqueret] his heer from þe pol toward þe foreheed.
- (a1387) Trev.Higd.(StJ-C H.1)4.317 : A craftes man hadde i-founde a craft of temperynge of glas, to make þe glas tough i-now to bende and wende.
- c1390 Castle Love(1) (Vrn)743 : For heuene-bouwe Is abouten I-bent Wiþ alle þe hewes þat him beþ I-sent.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)4.2985 : The hevene lich unto a bowe Sche bende.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)64a/b : Synewes benden and folden þe lymes.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)158b/a : It [Mediterranean]..passeþ by diuerse turnynges and wendynges and bendeth northward.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)173b/b : Aquitania..hath þat name..of bendyng and wyndyng waters of þe ryuer leyre.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)252b/b : Þey [twigs] crokeþ and bendeþ dounward toward þe erþe.
- c1400(?c1390) Gawain (Nero A.10)2224 : He keuerez bi a cragge..wyth a felle weppen, A denez ax..With a borelych bytte bende by þe halme.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)2.2382 : Þe bente mone þat wexe can & wane.
- a1425(c1385) Chaucer TC (Benson-Robinson)3.624 : The bente mone with hire hornes pale.
- ?a1425(c1380) Chaucer Bo.(Benson-Robinson)3.m.2.39 : But yif the hand of hym that it bente leet it goon ageyn, anoon the crop loketh upryght to hevene.
- ?a1450 Lanfranc (Add 12056)5/39 : Of bonys þat buþ bende withouten brekynge.
- c1450 Lond.Chron.Cleo.(Cleo C.4)120 : No fote wold he flee, Til his basonet to his brayn was bent.
- a1500(?c1450) Merlin (Cmb Ff.3.11)117 : He afficched hym so in the sturopes that the horse bakke bente.
- ?a1500 Knight & W.(Ashm 61)383 : Euery angell a deuyll hente And thyrst þem, þat there rybbys bente.
b
- a1350 Most i ryden (Hrl 2253)18,25 : When heo on me loh, ybend wax eyþer breȝe..Heo haþ browes bend an heh.
- a1350 A wayle whyt (Hrl 2253)26 : Hire bende browen, þat bringeþ blisse.
- c1380 Firumb.(1) (Ashm 33)1954 : Þe Amyral bende ys browes rowe & clepede is consaile.
- (a1387) Trev.Higd.(StJ-C H.1)1.9 : Now men..as enemyes, whette her tunges and bende hire browes [L supercilia arcuerent].
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Mil.(Manly-Rickert)A.3246 : Hir browes two..were bent and blake as any slo.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)7.4418 : Forth thei wente, With yhen greye and browes bent.
- c1400(?c1390) Gawain (Nero A.10)305 : His rede yȝen he reled aboute, Bende his bresed broȝez.
- a1425(?a1400) RRose (Htrn 409)861 : Bente were hir browis two.
- c1475(c1399) Mum & S.(1) (Cmb Ll.4.14)3.214 : He drough him to an herne..With grette browis ybente and a berde eke.
- c1475(c1450) Idley Instr.(Cmb Ee.4.37)2.B.2343 : Depart freely..And not with frownyng visage and browes bent.
- c1600(c1350) Alex.Maced.(Grv 60)181 : Rose-red was hur rode..Bryght browse ibent, blisfull of chere.
c
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)24a/a : Þe liknes of a þing comeþ þerfrom to a schewere & is jbend & reboundid.
3.
(a) To have a tendency (to do sth.), be inclined (to sth.); impel (sb. to do sth.), turn (the heart away from sth.), change (someone's mind); (b) ben bent, to be resolved (to do sth.); be determined to go (somewhere), be bound (for a place).
Associated quotations
a
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)16a/b : Noo violence of tirandise bendiþ hem to oppresse & ouersette þe neþir angels.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)18a/b : He haþ fre auysement, but it is I-bore doun and bendiþ alwey to euel.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)48b/b : Ich wolde bende here hertes from wraþþe to myldenesse.
- c1450(?a1400) Wars Alex.(Ashm 44)2243 : 'Quare to feynis þou þis fare?'..'Sire conquirour,' quod þe clerke, 'ȝoure corage to bend [Dub: bynde] And..ȝour reuth for to call.'
b
- a1450 Castle Persev.(Folg V.a.354)160 : Worthy wytis..þorwe þis propyr pleyn place, in pes be ȝe bent!
- c1460(?c1400) Beryn (Nthld 55)3848 : We be fullich bent To Isope for to wend.
- ?a1475 Ludus C.(Vsp D.8)45/64 : Now gracyous god..to saue my sone evyr more be bent.
- ?a1475 Ludus C.(Vsp D.8)156/141 : What thei haue ment ne whedyr thay arn bent, I can not se.
- a1500(a1450) Parton.(1) (Add 35288)637 : Thys grette boore..Thorowe the foreste ys bente..Tylle he come to the seesyde.
4.
(a) To stoop, bow; refl. to bow; bow to (sb.), bend (the knees), bow (the head); (b) to submit (to sth.), yield; (c) to bring down (sth.), overcome, destroy.
Associated quotations
a
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)5.3589 : He scholde make his sacrifise..on knes doun bent.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)284a/b : Þey beþ ytaught..to do him reuerence and to bende þe knees in worschipe of him.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)285a/b : Wiþ wonder affeccioun and loue, þay bendeþ hemself.
- a1425(c1385) Chaucer TC (Benson-Robinson)2.1378 : So reulith hire hir hertes gost withinne, That though she bende, yeet she stant on roote.
- c1450(?a1400) Wars Alex.(Ashm 44)1620 : He obeschid so lawe & bende [Dub: bowed so to] þe bischop.
- a1456(a1402) *Trev.Nicod.(Add 16165)95b : Baners..bende adowne þe heuedes and worshiped Ihesus.
- a1456(a1402) *Trev.Nicod.(Add 16165)96a : Þey bend adowne and worshiped him nought by oure doyng..Let vs se ȝif þe baners beende hem self.
- ?a1475 Ludus C.(Vsp D.8)80/250 : Hefne and helle here kneys down bende.
b
- a1400 Cursor (Frf 14)1584 : Þe fende wende..Þat alle sulde til his wil bende.
- (1440) *Capgr.St.Norb.(Hnt HM 55)796 : Euermode now so sar gan bende On to the skole of his maystir dere, That he forsaketh al þing.
- a1450(?1404) As þe see (Dgb 102)34 : Oo prouerbe loke ȝe preue, Ȝe þat wole to resoun bende.
- c1450(c1375) Chaucer Anel.(Benson-Robinson)186 : Her daunger made him bothe bowe and bende And, as her liste, made him turne or wende.
- ?a1475 Ludus C.(Vsp D.8)55/117 : He byddyth þe euer more, with hert bent both ffadyr and modyr to wurchep Alway.
c
- (a1387) Trev.Higd.(StJ-C H.1)4.7 : He bent so doun þe citees so þat, þeyȝ me souȝt þe Sampnium in þat place Sampnium, it myȝt nouȝt be founde.
5.
(a) To turn, go, hasten; refl. turn (around); ~ bones, exert oneself; ~ eres, to turn (one's) ears, listen; (b) to bring (sth.) about, cause, do.
Associated quotations
a
- c1390 Psalt.Mariae(1) (Vrn)685 : Beende [L inclina] þyn eres bisyliche To pore mennes preyere.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)7.4749 : Thanne every man..to hire he bende.
- a1425(c1385) Chaucer TC (Benson-Robinson)2.1250 : Lo, Troilus..thiderward gan bende Ther as they sete.
- c1450(c1405) Mum & S.(2) (Add 41666)947 : I bente me aboute and bode atte dore.
- c1460(?c1400) Beryn (Nthld 55)3879 : The Steward & þe Burgeyse from þe court bent In-to hir owne placis.
- c1475(c1399) Mum & S.(1) (Cmb Ll.4.14)3.76 : Þei busked fro þe busches..and bent to him wardis.
- a1500(a1460) Towneley Pl.(Hnt HM 1)30/253 : To begyn of this tree, my bonys will I bend.
- a1500(a1460) Towneley Pl.(Hnt HM 1)365/384 : To hir buxumly I red that we bende.
b
- c1400(?c1390) Gawain (Nero A.10)2115 : He hatz wonyd here ful ȝore, On bent much baret bende.
- ?a1475 Ludus C.(Vsp D.8)338/31 : Alas for ruthe, his deth thei bent in a ffowle place.
- a1500 Methodius(3) (Stw 953)601 : So mekyll fylthe xall be bent, Þat yt ys schame and velony.
6.
bendbowe, archer.
Associated quotations
- 1662(c1280) Bk.Vale Royal in LCRS 68 (Hrl 2064)200 : William Bendbowe.
Supplemental Materials (draft)
- a1475 Gawain & CC (Brog 2.1)365 : Her armus small, her mydyll gent, Her yȝen grey, her browus bente, Of curttessy sche was perfette.
Note: Additional quote(s) for 2.(b)