Middle English Dictionary Entry
ax(e n.(1)
Entry Info
Forms | ax(e n.(1) Also ex(e. |
Etymology | OE æcs, æces, ex, æxa. |
Definitions (Senses and Subsenses)
1.
(a) An edged tool, an ax; ?also, an adze; boching ~, ?a broaching ax; chip ~, a small ax for shaping timbers, a chipping ax; mason ~, a mason's ax or adze; (b) a battle ax; carlele ~, Carlisle ax; Denes ~, a Danish ax; Devonish ~, a Devonshire ax; ~ of (for) werre; wi-ax(e, cp. wi, n.; (c) an executioner's ax.
Associated quotations
a
- c1175(?OE) HRood (Bod 343)24/33 : Þa yrsode he..& het him mid bringæn swa fela æxæ swa mon biȝeten mihte.
- c1175 Orm.(Jun 1)9946 : Ure Laferrd Jesu Crist Iss tacnedd þurrh þatt axe.
- c1275(?a1200) Lay.Brut (Clg A.9)16970 : He lette axien..gode wurhten þe mid æxe [Otho: axe] cuðe wurchen.
- c1230(?a1200) *Ancr.(Corp-C 402)104a : Ȝef þe axe [Nero: eax; Recl.: ax] ne kurue, ne spitelsteaf ne dulue.
- c1325(c1300) Glo.Chron.A (Clg A.11)11199 : An vewe wilde hinen..wiþ axes þuder come & þat ȝat to hewe.
- (1364-5) Doc.Finchale in Sur.Soc.6p.lxvii : Haxes de ferro.
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Dc 369(1))Is.10.15 : Whethir shal glorien the ax aȝen hym that hewith in it?
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Mil.(Manly-Rickert)A.3569 : Thow..hast..eek an ax to smyte the corde atwo.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)250a/a : Tabula..is a longe schyngul and brode, cloue wiþ ax.
- (1404) Will York in Sur.Soc.4331 : Lego Thomæ..omnia utensilia schoppe meae pertinencia, videlicet cultellos, axis, & rapes.
- a1425 *Medulla (Stnh A.1.10)59a/b : Securis: an eax or an hacchot, hewynge hoke.
- (1433) in Rec.B.Nottingham 2140 : Unum par trestes..ij axes chipp', pretii iij s. iiij d.
- (1440) PParv.(Hrl 221)144 : Ex, instrument: Securis.
- (c1450) Capgr.St.Aug.(Add 36704)17/31 : A ȝong child..with an ex in his hand..began for to hewe.
- (a1451) Will York in Sur.Soc.45101 : Item j mason ax, ij d.
- (1460) Acc.R.Dur.in Sur.Soc.9989 : Item, in le fleshlardar..j haxe, j flayngknyfe.
- (1465) Doc.Finchale in Sur.Soc.6p.ccxcix : Le storhovs..j bochyng axs.
- ?c1475 *Cath.Angl.(Add 15562)7a : An Axe for masons: Ascis, Asciculus.
- a1500(?a1450) GRom.(Add 9066)370 : The mayster sente for the buchere, with his axe and his knyfe, for to sle the hogges.
b
- c1275(?a1200) Lay.Brut (Clg A.9)2310 : Al þu scalt toscæne mid scearpe mire eaxe [Otho: gisarme].
- c1275(?a1200) Lay.Brut (Clg A.9)7478 : Heo liðede togadere mid heore speren longe, mid axen [Otho: axes], mid sweorden.
- c1300 Lay.Brut (Otho C.13)4591 : He igrop on ax [Clg: wiæxe].
- c1325(c1300) Glo.Chron.A (Clg A.11)7476 : Þe normans..mid speres & mid flon vaste of hom slowe, & mid suerd & mid ax.
- c1330(?a1300) Arth.& M.(Auch)9223 : Wiþ mace & ex & fauchoun, Mani kniȝt laide oþer adoun.
- (c1385) Chaucer CT.Kn.(Manly-Rickert)A.2124 : Som wol..haue an ax, and som a mace of steel.
- c1400(?c1390) Gawain (Nero A.10)2223 : He keuerez bi a cragge..wyth a felle weppen, A denez ax nwe dyȝt.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)3.3456 : Withoute swerde, spere, axe, or shelde.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)3.3590 : With exis [vr. hexis], rounde, brode, and large, On basenettis..þei smyte.
- a1425(c1385) Chaucer TC (Benson-Robinson)4.46 : They fighte..And with hire axes out the braynes quelle.
- (1437-8) Will York in Sur.Soc.3063 : Optimum doblet meum et unum Carlele axe.
- c1440 Degrev.(Thrn)342 : With scharpe axis [Cmb: axus] of stele, Mony knyghte gart he knele.
- c1540(?a1400) Destr.Troy (Htrn 388)1588 : Armurers, Arowsmythis with Axes of werre.
- (1451) Lin.DDoc.49/6,34 : My best axe for werre..a hole harnas of plate & a naxe of were.
- c1475 Guy(1) (Cai 107/176)3585 : A deuonyssh axe he bare in his honde.
- a1500 Arth.& M.(Dc 236)112 : Þey fouȝtyn wiþ axes & wiþ sperys long.
c
- (a1438) MKempe A (Add 61823)30/6 : Þe most soft deth..was, to be bowndyn hyr hed & hir fet to a stokke, & hir hed to be smet of wyth a scharp ex for Goddys lofe.
- (1450) Paston2.147 : There was an exe, and a stoke, and oon of the lewdeste of the shippe badde hym ley down his hedde.
- a1500 On 1391 (StJ-O 209)p.161 : The ax was sharpe, the stokke was harde.
2.
(a) In compounds and phrases: ~ hed, axhead; ~ helve, ax handle; ~ lengthe, distance equal to the length of an ax; ~ smith, a maker or repairer of axes; (b) in proverbial expressions: holden the ~ bi the helve, to be in control of a situation; be well off; hongen up the ~, to cease from activity, stop trying, give up; putten the ~ in the helve, to solve a problem, find the right answer; the ~ is at the rote, etc., the day of reckoning has come.
Associated quotations
a
- (1299) in Fransson Surn.153 : Adam le Exsmyth.
- (1303) in Fransson Surn.153 : Le Exsmicht.
- c1330(?a1300) Arth.& M.(Auch)5178 : Non durst him neiȝe his ax lengþe.
- c1330(?a1300) Arth.& M.(Auch)5203 : Wawain wiþ his ax helue Lepe þo fet ten & tvelue.
- a1385(1353) Cust.Chichester in Sus.RS 3168 : John Axsmith.
- (1388-9) Acc.Abingdon in Camd.n.s.5158 : iij axheluis.
- (1411) in Rec.B.Nottingham 286 : j axhed, j d.
b
- c1175 Orm.(Jun 1)10063 : Þatt axe shollde þa beon sett Rihht att te treowwess rote.
- c1275(?c1250) Owl & N.(Clg A.9)658 : Hong up þin ax, nu þu miȝt fare.
- ?a1300(c1250) Prov.Hend.(Dgb 86)st.47 : For ofte wen mon wenez best..þe ax is at þe rote.
- c1300 SLeg.(LdMisc 108)461/150 : Þis luþere men..miȝhten hangen up heore Ax and leuen weork, for luyte huy þare wonne.
- ?c1335 Swet ihc hend (Hrl 913)p.82 : Þe ax is at þe rote.
- c1325(c1300) Glo.Chron.A (Clg A.11)11771 : Lute ich abbe iwonne; Ich mai honge vp min ax.
- (c1384) WBible(1) (Dc 369(2))Mat.3.10 : The axe is putt to the rote of the tree.
- c1400(?c1390) Gawain (Nero A.10)477 : Heng vp þyn ax, þat hatz innogh hewene.
- a1450(c1410) Lovel.Grail (Corp-C 80)28.410 : Thus wolde he han declared it be him selve, but ȝit Cowde he not putten the Ex In þe helve.
- a1450 Castle Persev.(Folg V.a.354)153/2672 : He helde þe ex be þe helue; þou he wyl to foly falle, it is to wytyn but hym selue.
Supplemental Materials (draft)
- c1450(a1425) MOTest.(SeldSup 52)6053 : In hys ax hede þat he suld rayse well sexty C weght þer was; And all of stele, þe story says, and brygh glyterand as any glas.
Note: Postdates 2.(a)
Supplemental Materials (draft)
Note: For chip(ping ax, ax chip', etc., see notes attached to chip-ax n.