Middle English Dictionary Entry
perilǒus adj.
Entry Info
Forms | perilǒus adj. Also perilus, -os, perillous, -ius, perelous, -us, -eous, perellous, -us, -is, -es, peral(o)us, pereil(l)ous, periolous, (error) perueylosse & perlous, -us, -is, -io(u)s, -iouz, -ioux, -ius, -eous, -eus, (?error) perlaous & paril(l)ous, parel(o)us, parellos, paraillous, parels & parlous, -ious, -ius, -es; sup. perilousest & perelouste, -lust, -lest. |
Etymology | OF perillos, -ous, -use, -euse, -eux. |
Definitions (Senses and Subsenses)
1.
(a) Of a situation, phenomenon, place, action, etc.: involving exposure to physical injury, death, or destruction; dangerous; of a wound: severe, posing a threat to life; also fig.; (b) ~ cough, ~ hos, a dangerous disease marked by coughing; ?consumption; ~ is, it is perilous; ~ of, in danger of causing (sth.); ~ cas, ~ passage, vale ~, etc.; (c) in Arthurian lore: sege ~, the seat at the Round Table reserved for the knight who should achieve the quest of the Grail; castel ~, chapele ~, forest ~, ~ lake, etc.; (d) susceptible to injury, vulnerable.
Associated quotations
a
- c1300 SLeg.Patr.(LdMisc 108)70 : He nolde lete for no-þing þene perilouse wei to wende.
- a1325 SLeg.(Corp-C 145)35/82 : Attelaste hy come To a dep water perilous, þer men adreinte ilome.
- a1375(1335-1361) WPal.(KC 13)1191 : Þere þe pres was perelouste, he priked in formest.
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Bod 959)2 Kings 2.26 : Wheþer knowist þout not þat perelous be despeir?
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Co.(Manly-Rickert)A.4332 : Herberwyng by nyghte is perilous.
- (c1395) Chaucer CT.Mch.(Manly-Rickert)E.1783 : O perilous fyr in the bedstraw bredeth.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)118b/b : It is perilous to ȝeue laxatif drinkes.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)157b/b : Passynge of þe see is perilouse for priue rokkes þat ben y-hidde vndir watir.
- c1400(?c1390) Gawain (Nero A.10)2097 : Þe place þat ȝe prece to ful perelous is halden.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)3.1272 : He ȝaf Hector a ful perillous wounde.
- a1425(c1395) WBible(2) (Roy 1.C.8)2 Mac.4.16 : Perelouse contension hadde hem, and thei folewiden her ordynaunces.
- a1425(?a1400) RRose (Htrn 409)4713 : Love..is Caribdis perilous.
- ?a1425 *Chauliac(3) (Htrn 95)46b/b : Woundes þat persen alle þe brayne panne ben perillous, and ȝit þo woundes þat touchen þe webbes off þe heued ben more perilous, and ȝitt þo woundes þat touchen þe substaunce of þe brayne ben moste perillous.
- ?a1425 Mandev.(2) (Eg 1982)64/19 : þat way es full lang and perlious and of grete trauaile.
- c1436 Ipswich Domesday(2) (Add 25011)95 : For blood drawyn of foot or of fist or of other debaat, be the penaunce awarded after that the betyng be perlous.
- c1436 Ipswich Domesday(2) (Add 25011)177 : Ȝif they fyndyn ony wyn that be corrupt and perlous to drynkyn for mannys body..the ballives of the toun shal doo shakyn out that wyn in the hie strete.
- (a1438) MKempe A (Add 61823)101/20 : Owr Lord Ihesu Crist bad hir gon hom in haste to hir hostel, for þer schulde come gret wederyng & perlyows.
- c1440(?a1400) Morte Arth.(1) (Thrn)569 : In at the portes of Pavye schall no prynce passe Thurghe the perelous places for my pris knyghtes.
- c1460(a1449) Lydg.2 Merch.(Hrl 2255)310 : Of etikes ther be kyndes thre, But oon ther is pereilous in special.
- a1450(a1401) Chastising GC (Bod 505)124/14 : Sum tyme of vnkyndeli humours wexen perlous feueres.
- ?a1450(?c1400) Wycl.LFCatech.(Lamb 408)51/804 : Al þo þat wast here godis in glotony..be parlows theuys, for þey stele fro pore men here sustynaunse.
- c1450(?a1400) Wars Alex.(Ashm 44)3949 : Out of þis perlaous [read: peralous] place he past with his ost.
- c1450(1410) Walton Boeth.(Lin-C 103)p.4 : Þere is none more parelouse pestilence Þan hyhe estates gyffen vnto schrewes.
- (c1450) Boothe be ware (CotR 2.23)p.228 : The Pole is so parlyus men for to passe, That fewe can ascape hit of the banck rialle.
- (a1470) Malory Wks.(Win-C)194/24 : I purpose me to passe many perelles wayes and to ocupye the Empyre that myne elders afore have claymed.
- (a1470) Malory Wks.(Win-C)599/31 : The speare wente into hys syde and hurte hym a grete wounde and a perelous.
- c1475(1392) *MS Wel.564 (Wel 564)121a/a : If it so bifalle þat akþe or ony discrasioun comeþ to a wounde, þe signe is boþe perilous & yuele.
- c1475(a1449) Lydg.Expos.PNoster (LdMisc 683)290 : Lord, in this perlous, dredful pilgrymage, Saue us from daunger and al aduersyte.
- c1475(c1450) Idley Instr.(Cmb Ee.4.37)1.385 : Of a dronken man be ware..He is full perleous in ony season.
- c1475 Chartier Quad.(1) (UC 85)227/10 : And yit by the richesses ill to gete, daungerous to kepe, perilous to distribute, doloreuse for to lose.
- ?c1475 *Cath.Angl.(Add 15562)92b : Perlious [Monson: Parellos]: discriminosus, periculosus.
- a1500(c1477) Norton OAlch.(Add 10302)2059 : Sapour shuld be moch better Iuge Then colour or odour, and more refuge, were not taste a perilous thing while oure stone is in worching.
- a1500 *Lanfranc CP (Wel 397)21b/28 : Among all woundys, þe woundes in þe hede is most perelus [L periculosiora].
- a1475 *Sidrak & B.(Lnsd 793)1633 : Wheþer is it perilouser to haue Hete or colde, þi-self to saue?
b
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)1.1483 : I aforne of þis perillous cas..haue tolde þe al þe cas.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)2.2273 : Ful perlous is displese hem or disturbe.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)4.2002 : Perllous is þe goddis to illude.
- ?a1425(c1400) Mandev.(1) (Tit C.16)32/31 : I haue not seen it..because þat þere ben to many perilouse passages [Man.(2): perlious wayse; F perilouses passages].
- ?a1425(c1400) Mandev.(1) (Tit C.16)187/6 : Somme clepen it the vale of deueles, & somme clepen it þe vale perilous.
- ?c1425 Chauliac(2) (Paris angl.25)516/7 : Þe kittynge in þe bledder is perilouse of þe crampe, and of flowynge of blode, and of festrynge.
- c1440 Thrn.Med.Bk.(Thrn)21 marg. : For þe perilous coghe.
- c1450(c1440) Scrope Othea (StJ-C H.5)97/4 : Þe good knyȝt schoulde not put him in no perlious [vr. perilous] passage ayens þe counceil of his good freendes.
- c1450 Mandev.(4) (CovCRO Acc.325/1)2328 : This is a well perilous passage..The hardiest man in alle myddille erde To gone þerebi must ben afferde.
- ?c1450 Stockh.PRecipes (Stockh 10.90)99/5 : For þe perlious cowgh. Take sawge, ruwe, comyn, and pepyr, and do hem togedir in a panne with hony; and drynke þer-of at mowre a sponfull, and at nyght anoþer.
- c1450(a1400) Libeaus (Clg A.2)282 : Þe knyȝt þey gon y-se, J-armeþ bryȝt of ble, Vp-on þe Vale Perylous [Lamb: Poynte Perylous].
- a1500(a1460) Towneley Pl.(Hnt HM 1)36/431 : This is a perlous case; help, god, when we call!
- a1500(?a1475) Guy(4) (Cmb Ff.2.38)11376 : Then he was in a parels case.
- a1500 Hrl.2378 Recipes (Hrl 2378)101/5 : For man or wommane þat hath þe perliouse coughe.
- ?a1500 Henslow Recipes (Henslow)69/11 : For þe perliouz hos. Nyme sauge and rewe, [etc.].
c
- c1450(?a1400) Parl.3 Ages (Add 31042)470 : Merlyn with his maystries..sett the sege perilous so semely one highte, There no segge scholde sitt..Bot Sir Galade the gude, that the gree wanne.
- (a1470) Malory Wks.(Win-C)101/34 : In the Sege Perelous there shall nevir man sitte but one, and yf there be ony so hardy to do hit, he shall be destroyed.
- (a1470) Malory Wks.(Win-C)280/4 : Whan he com to the Chapell Perelus [F Chapelle Perilleuse]..he sawe by hym there stonde a thirty grete knyghtes.
- (a1470) Malory Wks.(Win-C)308/20 : And thou were as wyght as sir Launcelot..thou shalt not passe a pace here that is called the Pace Perelus.
- (a1470) Malory Wks.(Win-C)363/12 : Sir Gareth of Orkeney was a noble knyght that wedded dame Lyonesse of the Castell Parelus.
- (a1470) Malory Wks.(Win-C)481/19 : A contraryous wynde blew them unto the costis of North Walis, ny the Foreyste Perelus [F la forest de Darnantes].
- (a1470) Malory Wks.(Win-C)548/12 : They rode that tyme tylle a lake that was that tyme called the Perelous Lake [F Lac aventureux].
- (a1470) Malory Wks.(Win-C)860/8 : He lad hym to the Syege Perelous, where besyde sate sir Launcelot, and the good man lyffte up the clothe and founde there the lettirs that seyde thus: 'Thys ys the syege of sir Galahad the Hawte Prynce.'
- (a1470) Malory Wks.(Win-C)989/7 : He cam to another shippe where kynge Mordrayns was..in the Porte of Perelous Roche.
- 1543(1464) Hardyng Chron.B (Grafton)p.131 : Galaad..sate hym downe in the siege pereleous Of the table rounde.
d
- a1475 Sidrak & B.(LdMisc 559)6805 : The eyen..perleous [Lnsd: perilous] þey are for they ben tendre and ethe to deare.
2.
Causing dread or fear; dreadful, terrible; of a person, animal, etc.: capable of doing harm, formidable [often difficult to distinguish from 1.].
Associated quotations
- c1380 Firumb.(1) (Ashm 33)1702 : Þe geant ys..pereillous on ys pray.
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Mk.(Manly-Rickert)B.3109 : I am perilous with knyf in honde, Al be it that I dar nat hire withstonde.
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Th.(Manly-Rickert)B.1999 : Ther cam a greet geaunt; His name was sire Olifaunt, A perilous [vrr. parlious, parlous; doughty] man of dede.
- (c1404) *Exch.Misc.Deed (PRO) (PRO)6-28d : Y supposid he was a perelouse man, &, if hit happid othir than well, he meyȝt haue desesid me & oure place.
- (c1410) York MGame (Vsp B.12)29 : The boor þat is in hys iii yere or litel more passed is more perilous and more swift and more harme doþ þan an olde boor.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)1.3324 : Þat was a beste gret and monstruous..Of whom þe brethe more perillous and wikke Was þan þe eyr of any pestelence.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)2.7708 : Þe people is ful sauage..perellous to mete.
- c1425(c1400) Ld.Troy (LdMisc 595)13666 : The Gregeis hem cleuen alle doun And bere hem ouer her hors arsoun That men myght here a perlusoun [read: perlus soun].
- a1450(?c1430) Lydg.DM(1) (Hnt EL 26.A.13)400 : Oo parilous stroke shal make the lese al.
- c1450(c1440) Scrope Othea (StJ-C H.5)117/27 : Vlixes..wende to a retourned in-to his contre þrough manye grete & parlious [vr. perilous] tormentis.
- a1450(c1410) Lovel.Grail (Corp-C 80)12.5 : Sire kyng, newe tydinges I bringe to þe, That ben bothe Evel and perylous.
- a1450 Gener.(1) (Mrg M 876)3959 : Many strokes thei yaue to-gedre thoo, And ful parlous that day wer delt.
- c1450(?a1400) Wars Alex.(Ashm 44)530 : Thik schouris hire thrat, tholid mekill soroȝe, Many peralus pull, grete payne suffirs.
- c1450(?a1400) Wars Alex.(Ashm 44)5431 : Þan pas þai thethen till a place of perlious bestis.
- c1450 ?C.d'Orl.Poems (Hrl 682)171/5106 : Might y hir reche, anoon y shulde hir sle; Yee, nar ye holde, ye are to perlous bee.
- c1450 Mandev.(4) (CovCRO Acc.325/1)2435 : Wilde swine..more perilous..ben iholde Than ben the addres manyfoolde.
- (a1470) Malory Wks.(Win-C)73/11 : For and I wyste thou seyde soth, I wolde do so perleous a dede that I wolde sle myself to make the a lyer.
- (a1470) Malory Wks.(Win-C)235/21 : Ye shall fynde in yondir woodys many perellus knyghtes; They woll putte furth bestys to bayte you oute of numbir.
- (a1470) Malory Wks.(Win-C)296/32 : That tyrraunte that besegyth her and destroyeth hir londys..is one of the perelest knyghtes of the worlde.
- (a1470) Malory Wks.(Win-C)355/14 : He is callyd the Browne Knyght wythoute Pyte, and he is the perelust knyght that now lyvyth.
- (a1470) Malory Wks.(Win-C)800/33 : He sawe a dragon in the courte, passynge parelous and orryble.
- a1475 Hrl.Bk.Hawking in Studia Neoph.16 (Hrl 2340)8 : Batigis ben perlys, for, if haukes ete them, they woll caste her fethers.
- (1475) Stonor1.158 : They wryte on there speres, 'yf I hytte the, sheryfe the; yf I mysse the, blysse the'; thesse bene parles wordes.
3.
(a) Spiritually dangerous, perilous to the soul; wicked, sinful; morally corrupting; also fig.; cursing ~, an ecclesiastical interdict; ~ is, it is spiritually dangerous; (b) dangerous to one's social standing or position of influence; ?dangerous to one's virtue; (c) inauspicious; ~ daies, unlucky days.
Associated quotations
a
- (1340) Ayenb.(Arun 57)16/33 : Prede..is..þe meste periluse ziknesse þet is of oþren.
- (1340) Ayenb.(Arun 57)28/28 : Þis zenne is zuo perilous þet onneaþe me may come to riȝte uorþenchinge.
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Pars.(Manly-Rickert)I.359 : The dede of this venial synne is ful perilous [vrr. wol parlyous, full perlious], for it amenuseth the loue that men sholde han to god.
- (1395) Wycl.37 Concl.(Tit D.1)136 : Nothing in this lif, and most in this tyme, is hardere and traueilousere and perilousere than the office of bisshop or of prest othir of dekene.
- a1400(c1303) Mannyng HS (Hrl 1701)6599 : Þys custom ys also perylous, To lede a man to þe alehous To do hym drynke out of resun.
- a1400(c1303) Mannyng HS (Hrl 1701)9653 : Mydwyfe ys a perylus þyng But she kunne þe poyntes of crystenyng.
- ?a1400(a1338) Mannyng Chron.Pt.2 (Petyt 511)p.210 : Þis wo was lastand in cursyng perilouse.
- c1400 *Bk.Mother (Bod 416)63/18 : Aȝenus gostliche meselis..wolde God þat þei dwelde wiþoute toun as oþer meselis don, for þei ben worse and more perelous and more harm don.
- c1400 *Bk.Mother (Bod 416)198/17 : Parelous it is to truste to weigoers in þis world.
- a1425(a1400) PConsc.(Glb E.9 & Hrl 4196)1086 : For-þi þis world es perillius to lufe.
- a1425(a1400) Paul.Epist.(Corp-C 32)2 Tim.3.1 : Knowe þou þat in þe laste dayes schal instande perylouse tymes.
- a1425 Serm.in Med.St.17(2) (Add 37677)227 : It is pereilous to deile wiþ þis hokterie, siþ it doþ awoy charyte, witoute whom no man may be sauyd.
- ?a1425 Orch.Syon (Hrl 3432)401/32 : Sich oon wirkiþ as a fool, for he wil swymme wiþ hise owne armes in þis perelous see, which is ful of tempestis & wawis, tristinge in his owne wrecchid kunnyng.
- ?c1430(c1383) Wycl.Leaven Pharisees (Corp-C 296)3 : Ypocrisie is fully contrarie to crist..and it is comunly þe moste perylous synne of alle.
- ?c1430(c1400) Wycl.Obed.Prel.(Corp-C 296)31 : But where ben falsere anticristis, perilousere heretikis, & cursedher blasphemeres.
- (1435) Misyn FL (Corp-O 236)53/19 : No þing sothely is more perlius, fowler, more stynkand to man, þan to put hys mynde in womans lufe.
- (?a1439) Lydg.FP (Bod 263)7.1142 : Ther be foure pereilous & reprouvable: Slouthe, Lecherye..Auarice..Glotonye.
- c1450(c1440) Scrope Othea (StJ-C H.5)89/13 : Þe world is more perlious [vr. perilous] to creaturis whan it is esy þan whan it is scharpe.
- a1450(a1396) Hilton CPerf.(Paris angl.41)18 : Fleschly loue..is..moost feendly, moost perelous, and moost contrarie to þe chastite of Cristis loue.
- a1450(c1400) Wor.Serm.(Wor F.10)33/371 : It is a perlus texst, but a man take þe glose þer-with.
- a1450(1412) Hoccl.RP (Hrl 4866)2222 : Perillous is a man his feith to breke.
- (1450) RParl.5.201a : The whiche grete Riot..is oon of the grettest, heynous, and moost odyous ous Riot..and moost periolous ensample to alle misdoers and Riottours.
- c1450(c1370) Chaucer ABC (Benson-Robinson)7 : Glorious virgine..Have mercy on my perillous [vr. parayllous] langour!
- c1450 Alph.Tales (Add 25719)502/7 : Onone after sho fell into a more perlious temptacion of God & of þe christen fayth.
- c1450 Dives & P.(Lchf 35)1.29 : Yt is vnlefull and perlews a man to charge his freende to come aȝen aftyr his deeth.
- c1450 Jacob's W.(Sal 103)311/28 : At þe laste hym thouȝte he ledde a parlous lyif, and he forsoke his wordly good & all þe werd..and was made a munke.
- (c1456) Pecock Faith (Trin-C B.14.45)110 : Hou perilose to the same lay persoonys this unobedience is, it is full cleerli schewid in this present book.
- ?a1475(a1396) *Hilton SP (Hrl 6579)1.72.52a : Þe steringes and þe likynges of glotonye..arn most excusable and lest perilous.
- c1475 Chartier Quad.(1) (UC 85)235/2 : O arrogaunce, mad and blynde, and litle constaunce of vertu, o moost parillous erroure in deedes of armes and of batailles.
- a1500(1422) Yonge SSecr.(Rwl B.490)132/36 : Vaynglorye is oone the moste Perueylosse synne that is.
- a1500(?a1450) GRom.(Hrl 7333)108 : The holy gost levithe the, & then hit shall be to the a perlewse case.
- a1500 Chartier Treat.Hope (Rwl A.338)78/34 : Softe slowthe is right an harde steppemodir and a perylous aduersary.
- a1475 *Sidrak & B.(Lnsd 793)7830 : Of alle lymes of þe body, Þe perilousest [LdMisc: perelousest] lym holde I The yȝe.
- a1525(1470) Rebell.Lin.(ArmsV 435)15 : If he shulde be to liberalle of his pardonne..it shulde be to perlioux and to evel example to alle other his subgettes in like case.
b
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Sh.(Manly-Rickert)B.1209 : If that he noght may, parauenture, Or ellis list no swich dispence endure..Thanne moot another payen for oure cost Or lene vs gold, and that is perilous.
c
- ?a1500 Henslow Recipes (Henslow)63/19 : Of all þat ȝere 5 [?read: 4] daze þer be perellys, þe x and þe xii day, þe xvi day and þe xviii day.
- (?a1500) MSS Montagu in HMC1 : These buthe perilous daies, as Sent Bernard seythe..There buthe perilous daies in the yeere..in the whiche daies every man schuld shonys to make matrinonye or bygynne eny longe viage or foundement..of eny other gretedoynge..There buthe iij perilous Mondaies in the yeer, as clerkes seien.
4.
In proverbs.
Associated quotations
- (?a1439) Lydg.FP (Bod 263)1.4004 : Vnder a shadwe off feyned freendliheed, Ther is no frenship so pereilous for to dreed.
- (?a1439) Lydg.FP (Bod 263)4.2587 : In cristal watres that calm & soote bee Arn pereillous pettis ful of decepcioun.
- c1450(c1440) Scrope Othea (StJ-C H.5)117/3 : Þe hiȝer þat a lord be reised, þe perlioser [vr. perliouser] is þe ouerthrowe.
- a1450 Myne awen dere sone (Vsp D.13)716 : A grete lorde þat is full of yre Is perilous as any fyre.
- c1450 Pilgr.LM (Cmb Ff.5.30)157 : Ther is noon more perilowse knyf than is a superflue morselle.
- c1475(a1449) Lydg.OFools (LdMisc 683)31 : A perlous mouth is wers than spere or launce.
- a1500(?a1410) Lydg.CB (Lnsd 699)181 : Ther is no venym so perlious of sharppnesse, As when it hath of triacle a liknesse.
5.
Error for perles adj.
Associated quotations
- a1425(a1400) Titus & V.(Pep 2014)1366 : That lord [Christ], þat is stedfast, Siþþe he doþ al dedes at wylle..is a wel perylous man.
Supplemental Materials (draft)
- (c1454) Pecock Fol.(Roy 17.D.9)114/8 : Þe dyuersite which bitwixe hem was not but in wordis oonli and in fame of þe peple..which ful oft is founde ful vntrewe, vnsubstancial and perilose.
Note: New sense. App. means "of rumor or report: not to be trusted, unreliable".