Middle English Dictionary Entry
oker n.(1)
Entry Info
Forms | oker n.(1) Also okker, okur, hoker, okre, ocur, occur, occour, occar. |
Etymology | ON; cp. OI okr. |
Definitions (Senses and Subsenses)
1.
(a) The lending of money at interest; also lending at exorbitant interest, usury; also fig.; don (usen) ~, to practice lending at interest, commit the sin of usury; fallen in ~, become indebted (to sb.); (b) wrongfully using or withholding goods taken as a pledge; (c) unjust profit by extortion or fraud; (d) profiting by someone else's usury; (e) interest; ?also, any ill-gotten gain; borwen to ~; paien ~, to pay interest on a loan; taken ~, accept or receive interest; gain excessive profit; yeven til (to) ~, lend (sth.) at interest; also fig.
Associated quotations
a
- c1230(?a1200) Ancr.(Corp-C 402)105/18 : Þe Vox of ȝisceunge haueð þeose hwelpes..Gauel, Oker, festschipe, prinschipe of ȝeoue oðer of lane.
- (1357) Gaytr.LFCatech.(Yk-Borth R.I.11)92/512 : Covatise..is principaly done opon twyn wise: Ane is wrangwisely to gete any thing..Als be..Stalthe, falshede, or oker.
- c1390 11 Pains(3) (Vrn)254/126 : Þei vsuden Ocur and vsuri; Merciable weore þei nouht.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)27836 : O couaitise..cums..Iuel eging, ocur [Frf: oker], and symoni.
- a1400 Ancr.(Pep 2498)138/21 : Synne is þe deuels gouel..Þe lengere we lyen þere inne, þe more we fallen in Oker aȝeins hym.
- c1400 Spec.Chr.(1) (Bod 89:Brown)29 : Be þou no thefe nor thefes fere..Okir ne symonye come þou none nere, But conscience clere kepe aye trewly.
- ?a1425(a1415) Wycl.Lantern (Hrl 2324)129/15 : Vnriȝtwisnesse & okir, julling and treccherie, haþ not stintid in þe weies of hir.
- a1425 Wycl.Serm.(Bod 788)1.259-260 : Goddis oker is leueful and gracious, for God okuriþ not wiþ man, but ȝif God make þe encrees; and al þe vantage of þis okir, God kepiþ to man and not to him.
- a1425 Wycl.Serm.(Bod 788)2.252 : Take hede to okur [vrr. ocur, oker] and oþer synnes þat sownen not in charite.
- 1425(a1400) Spec.Chr.(1) (Lnsd 344)153/11 : Septem mortalia peccata:..Of fals couetise & wynnynge sinfullye, Of oker [vr. okre, okur, okker, occur, hoker] & eresie, of sacrilege & symonie.
- c1425 Treat.Sins Usury (Hrl 45)228 : Oker scheweþ hym in many maneres; The firste manere is when a man leneþ and takiþ for his lone by couenant made byfore.
- c1425 Treat.Sins Usury (Hrl 45)229 : Þis lener is more curteys þen is þat other, and ȝit he doþ oker but if he stoppe in þe ȝeyne payement of þe dette as moche as he took.
- c1425 Treat.10 Com.(StJ-O 94)29 : Ocur is on diuerse maneres: As if þou take outh for þe lone, Or sellest derre for þe lone & for þe respite of þe lone, or delay of time.
- (1440) PParv.(Hrl 221)362 : Ocur, or vsure of gowle: Usura.
- a1450(a1425) Mirk IPP (Cld A.2)379 : Welle he wot þat oker hyt ys, And lene xij d. to haue xiij.
- c1450 Okure þrow (Eg 2810)p.230 : Okure þrowe crafte of okerrers Schewis hit on mony maners; Þe firste manere is qwen a mon firstys his þinge And takys oghte fore þe fyrstynge.
- ?c1475 *Cath.Angl.(Add 15562)88b : To do okire: ffenerare..vsurari.
- a1500(c1340) Rolle Psalter (UC 64)54.11 : In thaim failis not okire, for thai aske mare in all thyngis than thai gif.
- c1450(c1400) Tundale (Clg A.2)53 : Thorow okker [vr. ocur] wolde he sylver lene, For fyfe shylyng he wolde have tenne And noþyng lene for goddys sake.
- a1500 Mandev.(3) (Rwl D.99)424 : Grekes arn cristen men..but ȝit varye they somdeel fro vs..Also they seyn that oker is noo deedly synne.
- ?a1525(?a1475) Mand.& Sultan (BodeMus 160)30 : In lichery like bestes ar they, In occar, falshed and robbare.
- 1591(?a1425) Chester Pl.(Hnt HM 2)450/349 : Occurre [vr. Occoure] I used wylfullye. Wanne I never so much therebye, To Holye Church never taythed I.
b
- a1400(c1303) Mannyng HS (Hrl 1701)2394-5 : Ȝyf þe be leyde a borde to wedde..Ȝyf þou hyt vse aȝens hys wylle..hyt ys boþe okyr [vr. gowl] and þefte; Okur hyt ys, for þe outrage To take þy catel and haue auauntage.
- c1425 Treat.Sins Usury (Hrl 45)229 : Þe tenþe manere of oker is whan a man leneþ mone..vpon a wed of catel moeble to a certeyn day, and for he is noght payed at þe day, wiþholdiþ þe wed for euere..Or if a man wereþ or enpeyreþ þe wed þat is leide him for dette, he mote allowe and abate in þe payement as moch as þe wed is enpeyred by him or ellis he synneþ moker [read: in oker].
- c1425 Treat.10 Com.(StJ-O 94)29 : Ocur is..if þou lene a weed to a day be enprise, & he breke þe day, þou takest alle.
- c1450 Okure þrow (Eg 2810)p.232 : Þe tente maner of okure may be..quen a mon withaldes fore ay A wed þat layde is to a day.
c
- a1425 Iesu þat wolde (LdMisc 463)p.192 : If a man haue for neode Leid to wedde on of his wede..And he þat it haþ in wolde Hereþ telle it mot beo solde..And byeþ it haluendel fo [read: for] nought, A foul coueitise þat is And an oker for soþe ywis.
- c1425 Treat.Sins Usury (Hrl 45)p.229 : The seuenþe manere of oker is when a man seeth þat an oþer moste nede haue þing þat he haþ to sille, and silleþ it at þe hyer pryse bycause of þe nede.
- c1440(a1349) Rolle 10 Com.(Thrn)12/11 : Here es forboden gillery of weghte..of mett or of mesure, or thorow okyre.
- a1450(a1425) Mirk IPP (Cld A.2)372 : Vsure and okere þat beth al on..God taketh myche on gref To selle a mon in hys myschef Any þynge to hye prys.
- c1450 Okure þrow (Eg 2810)p.232 : Þe xii maner of okur is..quen a mon wille firste or lene Syluer ore corne to symple men..Þen puttes he þaim to travayle In his werkis þat he wolde were wroȝte.
d
- c1425 Treat.Sins Usury (Hrl 45)229 : The þridde manere of oker is when a man haþ good or catel..whiche þat he wote wel þat his forfadres or eldres wonnen wiþ oker..The ferþe manere of oker is when a man haþ a seruant þat wynneþ him good with oker, and he wot it and takiþ hit.
- c1450 Okure þrow (Eg 2810)p.230 : Þe thride maner of okure kyde Is..Als qwen a mon ȝeldes [?read: heldes] a þing Þat his frendes wan here in okerrynge.
e
- c1230(?a1200) Ancr.(Corp-C 402)166/2 : Sunne is þe deofles feh þet he ȝeueð to okere & to gauel of pine, & eauer se mon lið lengre in his sunne, se þe gauel waxeð of pine i purgatoire.
- c1350 MPPsalter (Add 17376)14.6 : He..ȝaf nouȝt hys tresour to oker [vr. vsurye; L usuram] and ne tok ȝiftes up innocent.
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Bod 959)Deut.28.12 : Þou shalt okere to many folkys, & þy self shalt not borwe to oker [WB(2): take borewyng; L fænus accipies] of eny man.
- a1400 NVPsalter (Vsp D.7)14.6 : He þat to his neghburgh sweres And noght biswikes him ne deres; Ne his siluer til okir noght es giuande..Noghte sal he be stired in ai.
- a1400 Roy.Counsels (Roy 17.B.17)66 : Be large & fre. Be not fole large. Take none oker. Do no symonye.
- a1425 Wycl.Serm.(Bod 788)1.259 : Y shulde have axid after my moneie, wiþ oker [L cum usuris] þerof.
- a1450 Form Excom.(1) (Cld A.2)64 : Alle þat makuth or wryteth statutes þat oker schulde be payed, or ȝif þat hit be payud, & be not restorud..þei ben a-cursud.
- c1450 Okure þrow (Eg 2810)p.230 : Alle is okyr þat men so tas.
- c1425(?c1400) Wycl.Apol.(Dub 245)111 : Wil þu not do almis of oker and vsur..ffor þe decre seiþ, Þe offring of wickid þing is filid.
- a1500(c1340) Rolle Psalter (UC 64)14.6 : Qui pecuniam suam non dedit ad vsuram..he that gaf noght his katel til okyre.
- c1450(c1400) Tundale (Clg A.2)58 : Okker he toke in eche wyse.
Supplemental Materials (draft)
- c1425 Mirror LM&W (Hrl 45)132/21 : The sixte manere of oker is when a man silleþ corn, beeste or oþer catel & leneþ it to þe bigger to a certeyne day & silleþ it þe derrer for þat lone & noght alloweþ it in þe payement.
Note: 6th manere - doesn't seem to be covered in our treatment.--per REL
- c1470 Hardyng Chron.B (Grafton)285 : Great plaintes were made of okoure [vr. ocre] & usury.
Note: New spelling