Middle English Dictionary Entry
mirk(e adj.
Entry Info
Forms | mirk(e adj. Also mirc, merk(e, merck, marke. |
Etymology | ON; cp. OI myrkr. |
Definitions (Senses and Subsenses)
1.
(a) Of things: dark in color; that cannot be seen; also fig.; (b) of places: lacking light, dark, dusky; also fig.; (c) of the day, weather, clouds, mists, etc.: dark, overcast; of darkness: heavy, thick; ~ even (evening, midnight, night); ~ as the night; fig. ~ night, spiritual adversity, lack of grace; ~ skies, gloom; sorrow; (d) of luminous bodies: darkened, obscured; of Lucifer after the fall from Heaven: dark, dim; (e) of a place: secret, obscure.
Associated quotations
a
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)1.2731 : Herynes, with hir copis myrke, Þe heuenyng be-gonne for to dirke.
- c1450 Alph.Tales (Add 25719)488/29 : He feld a blak myrk thyng welter betwix hym & his wyfe, and he mot fele it wele bod he myght noght se itt.
- ?a1475(a1396) *Hilton SP (Hrl 6579)1.52.35b : Þou schalt finden a mirk ymage and a peinful of þin oune sowle.
b
- a1400 Cursor (Frf 14)1764 : Þe sunne and mone þaire bemys..hide; myrke [Vsp: Merkind; Göt: It mirked] was al þe werlde wyde.
- ?c1400 Cursor (Arms 57)17872 : Adam..Bigon þenne to glade in hast, wiþ patriarkes and prophete, In merke setes þere þei sete.
- c1400(c1378) PPl.B (LdMisc 581)1.1 : What this montaigne bymeneth and þe merke dale..I shal ȝow faire schewe.
- a1425(a1400) PConsc.(Glb E.9 & Hrl 4196)456 : Man..was consayved synfully With-in his awen moder body..Þar duellid man in a myrk dungeon And in a foul sted of corupcion.
- ?a1425 Mandev.(2) (Eg 1982)149/21 : Beȝond þir ilez..es..bot wastez and wildernessez and..a myrk land, whare na man may see.
- (?a1439) Lydg.FP (Bod 263)5.228 : Bi a woman..He was holp out of that merk prisoun.
- c1450(?a1400) Wars Alex.(Ashm 44)4077 : Þan drafe he..in a deyne entris, A wilsom wast..As mirke as any mydniȝt.
- 1451 Tundale (Roy 17.B.43)393 : Þai come to ane other walay Þat was both depe and myrke [vr. marke].
- a1475 Liber Cocorum (Sln 1986)p.33 : Kepe hit fro ayre..In cofer or huche or seler merke.
- a1500(c1340) Rolle Psalter (UC 64)34.7 : Wha is that vggis not with a way that is bath myrke and sklither.
- a1500 Hilton CPerf.(Petyt 524)14 : Brynge hem in thi mynde to the presence of Iesu Crist, as if thou woldest take a thynge out of a myrke [vr. derk] place for to knowe what it is.
c
- (c1300) Havelok (LdMisc 108)404 : Ihesu crist..makede mone On þe mirke nith to shine.
- ?a1425(?c1350) NHom.(3) Pass.(RwlPoet 175)2963 : Mirk it wex with-outen lyght; Þe day semed als it war nyght.
- c1390(?a1300) Stations Rome(1) (Vrn)194 : But þou most take Candel liht, Elles þou gost Merk as niht.
- c1390 ?Hilton Qui Habitat (Vrn)56/12 : Niht be-tokneþ aduersite & wontyng of cumfort bodiliche & gostliche, As whon..grace with-draweþ & leueþ a soule in merknes..But he a-bydeþ in þis merke niȝt.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)15726 : Ful merck [Göt: mirk; Trin-C: derke] it was þe night.
- a1400 Cursor (Göt Theol 107)6053 : God..mirknes made mar þan niht, Sua mirk [Trin-C: merke; Vsp: thik] þat nan miht oþer se.
- a1400 NVPsalter (Vsp D.7)17.13 : He set mirkenes his lurkinge lange, His telde to be in his vmgange, Mirke watres þat ware ofe hewe In þe kloudes.
- a1400 NVPsalter (Vsp D.7)103.24 : Oute sal man ga vnto his werke..til euen merke.
- ?a1400(a1338) Mannyng Chron.Pt.2 (Petyt 511)p.221 : Þe day lost his coloure & mirk was as þe nyght.
- c1400(a1349) Rolle MPass.(1) (Cmb Ll.1.8:Horst.)91 : Al merk was þe wedur os it hadde ben nyȝt.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)2.451 : Þe myrke skyes blake Gan of her wo in party for to slake.
- a1450(?c1421) Lydg.ST (Arun 119)1241 : The troubly nyght myrk..Hath brought this knyght..Thorgh the Cite..Vnto the paleys.
- a1425(?a1350) Nicod.(1) (Glb E.9)658 : At vnderon was þis done; omang þam wex it mirk.
- a1425(?c1350) Ywain (Glb E.9)3606 : On þis wise lasted þat fight Fra midmorn unto mirk night.
- a1425(a1400) PConsc.(Glb E.9 & Hrl 4196)1434 : Now es myrk, now es light.
- c1425(c1400) Ld.Troy (LdMisc 595)16989 : Night is went with his merke cloude.
- (c1426) Audelay Poems (Dc 302)158/90 : Haile! lyȝter of lymbo were neuer sun chone, Bot darker þen þe myrke mydnyȝt.
- c1440(a1400) Awntyrs Arth.(Thrn)76 : The daye woxe als dirke Als it were mydnyghte myrke.
- c1440 St.Chris.(Thrn)350 : The third tyme ouer þe flod he ferde..Mirke it was, abowte midnyghte.
- a1450 St.Etheldr.(Fst B.3)678 : A litull byfore þe merke euenynge.
- a1450 Yk.Pl.(Add 35290)113/41 : Þan wolde I fayne we had sum light..It waxis right myrke vnto my sight.
- c1540(?a1400) Destr.Troy (Htrn 388)12472 : The clere aire ouercast with cloudys..With mystes full merke mynget with showres.
- c1450(?a1400) Wars Alex.(Ashm 44)2043 : Fra morne to þe mirke niȝt, maynly þa cocken.
- c1450(a1425) MOTest.(SeldSup 52)1782 : The ix [plague] then fell neyr at hand, so marke that none myȝt oþer see.
- ?a1475 Ludus C.(Vsp D.8)161/304 : Herode to þe devyll he tryst..to marre ȝow in a myrke myste.
- a1500(c1340) Rolle Psalter (UC 64)17.13 : Myrke [L tenebrosa] watere in clowdes of the aeire..that is, priue lare and hid, is..in the prophetis, and..haly prechours.
- a1500(c1340) Rolle Psalter (UC 64)104.37 : He sprede..the fyre that thai myght see in myrk nyght.
- a1500(?a1475) Guy(4) (Cmb Ff.2.38)8462 : Then was the myste boþe marke and thycke.
- a1500 RSicily (Cmb Ff.2.38)72 : Merke [vr. derk] nyght felle hym vpone.
d
- a1325(c1250) Gen.& Ex.(Corp-C 444)284 : Ðo wurð he [Lucifer] drake ðat ear was knigt; Ðo wurð he mirc ðat ear was ligt.
- a1400(c1300) NHom.(1) Gosp.(Phys-E)p.99 : Quen crist deyed..The sunne..witdrew The bemis and was mirk als niht.
- a1425(?a1400) RRose (Htrn 409)5339 : The shadowe maketh her bemys merke.
- a1425 NPass.(Cmb Gg.5.31)207/1772 : Þe sternys was myrke with owten lyght.
- c1425 Yk.Hours Cross (Yk-M 16.K.6)57 : Þe sone be-gane to wax myrk qwen iesu gun dy.
- a1450 Yk.Pl.(Add 35290)401/110 : Þe sonne was mirke..youre vaile raffe in youre kirke.
- a1500(?a1400) SLChrist (Hrl 3909)2018 : Hit [the star] shone continuely..As wel quen sunne was shynyng As in nyȝt quen hit was merke.
- a1500 SLeg.Pass.(Vsp A.3)959/82 : Þe son wex merke, þe erth quoke.
e
- a1425(?c1375) NHom.(3) Leg.(Hrl 4196)68/380 : Vnto þe queller gaf he mede, In mirk stede forto do þat dede.
2.
(a) Of eyes: dim, having poor vision; also fig.; (b) obtuse, dull, unperceptive; spiritually torpid, lacking spiritual enlightenment; (c) sinful, wicked; spiritually tarnished; (d) mournful, sad, wretched.
Associated quotations
a
- a1300 Bestiary (Arun 292)80 : Or he bicumeð cristen..hise [Man's] egen weren mirke.
- a1500(a1460) Towneley Pl.(Hnt HM 1)182/33 : Myn ees are woren both marke and blynd.
b
- c1390 Hilton ML (Vrn)289 : Whon þou disposest þe for to þenke on god..ȝif þin herte be dul & merk [vr. myrke] & þou felest nouþur wit ne sauour ne deuocion for to þenke but only a naked desyre & a weyk wille..say þi Pater noster..Aue.
- ?a1475(a1396) *Hilton SP (Hrl 6579)1.54.36b : In þis mirk conscience behouiþ þe to swinken and sweten.
- a1500(a1460) Towneley Pl.(Hnt HM 1)336/352 : Alas, we war full myrk in thoght.
- a1475 *Sidrak & B.(Lnsd 793)10530 : Be þe herte good and blood bright, And þe hernes merke and light.
c
- a1325(c1250) Gen.& Ex.(Corp-C 444)286 : Euerilc on ðat helden wid him [Lucifer] Ðo wurðen mirc and swart and dim.
- a1450(?1348) Rolle FLiving (Cmb Dd.5.64)110/66 : A trewe lufar of Jhesu Criste..sal sa schyne in vertues, þat in na parte of hym he be myrke in vices.
- ?a1475(a1396) *Hilton SP (Hrl 6579)1.43.27a : Adam..fil fro þat Blisside Trinite in to a foul, mirk, wrecchede trinite, þat is in to forȝietynge of God and vnknowynge of Hym..bestli likynge of hym self.
- a1500(c1340) Rolle Psalter (UC 64)96.2 : Ill men, cloudy & myrke in syn.
d
- a1425(c1340) Rolle Psalter (LdMisc 286)103.21 : Thou sett blyndhed in synful men and merk kumbryng of hert in thaim.
- a1500(c1340) Rolle Psalter (UC 64)17.13 : In this myrk lyf and dedly, he hid him fra vs.
3.
Obscure, unclear, incomprehensible; also, mysterious.
Associated quotations
- a1400(c1300) NHom.(1) Gosp.(Phys-E)p.98 : He..makid briht The trowthe that ar was mirk als niht.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)26105 : We sal vndo þe merk [Frf: mirk] resons And tell we siþen quilk ar þaa.
- c1400(?a1387) PPl.C (Hnt HM 137)19.198 : This is meerk [vr. merke] þyng for me..How o lord myghte lyue a þre.
- a1425 This blessyd boke (LdMisc 286)18 : The sentence is ful merke..Hit nedeth exposicyon.
- a1450(a1338) Mannyng Chron.Pt.1 (Lamb 131)259 : Now schal we telle..How Eneas com of Saphethes kynde; ffol merk hit ys for to here, Bot algate a man may lere.
- c1450 PPl.B (RwlPoet 38)11.154 : Þis matir is merke for mani of ȝow.
- c1425(?c1400) Wycl.Apol.(Dub 245)87 : Sacrifying þer sonis, or making merk [L obscura] sacrifices..þey kepe noiþer clene lif ne wedding.
- a1500(c1340) Rolle Psalter (UC 64)17.14 : Mirk is the lare of clowdis.
- a1500(c1340) Rolle Psalter (UC 64)96.2 : Til ill men..for thaire blynhede, he [God] semys myrk.
- a1500(a1460) Towneley Pl.(Hnt HM 1)197/88 : To me this law yit is it myrk.
4.
?As surname.
Associated quotations
- (1276) Hundred R.Tower 1198 : Galfridus le Merck.
Supplemental Materials (draft)
- a1425 HBk.GDei (Hnt HM 148)88/8 : Þe son with-drogh his brighnes & be-come als marke, als schewand be swilk countenaunce he rewed Crist ded.
Note: Additional quote(s)