Middle English Dictionary Entry
as(s)aut n.
Entry Info
Forms | as(s)aut n. Also (late) assat, assault. |
Etymology | OF |
Definitions (Senses and Subsenses)
Note: Cp. saut.
1.
(a) An armed attack or encounter; a military expedition or raid; also, a siege; yeven (maken) ~; (b) a weapon of offence; (c) an (unlawful) attack against a person or property; assault, infringement; burglary [quot. 1475].
Associated quotations
a
- c1325(c1300) Glo.Chron.A (Clg A.11)3636 : Þe asaut was somdel tou, & colgrim..& badulf..Aslawe were at þulke asaut.
- c1325(c1300) Glo.Chron.A (Clg A.11)11258 : Mani was þe vair biker & þe vair asaut..bituene þe castel & þe toun.
- c1325(c1300) Glo.Chron.A (Clg A.11)11599 : Sir edward..wiþoute sette vaste Stronge ginnes..aboute an þre wouke þe asaut bituene hom ilaste.
- c1330(?a1300) Arth.& M.(Auch)213 : Þat we forlorn at þis asaut [vr. asauȝt], Al we wite it þi defaut.
- c1330(?a1300) Tristrem (Auch)1442 : Asaut to þat dragoun Tristrem toke þat tide.
- a1375(1335-1361) WPal.(KC 13)2708 : Of þe segges þat þe sege holden, & of þe selcouþ a-sautes þat þei samen ȝolde.
- (c1385) Chaucer CT.Kn.(Manly-Rickert)A.989 : By assaut he wan the citee.
- ?a1400(a1338) Mannyng Chron.Pt.2 (Petyt 511)p.43 : Kyng Suane gaf assaut, þe walles to assaile.
- c1400(?a1300) KAlex.(LdMisc 622)5220 : Beres and lyouns..Ȝeuen hem many assaut..And slowȝen many..Of kyng Alisaunder kniȝttes.
- c1400(?c1390) Gawain (Nero A.10)1 : Siþen þe sege & þe assaut watz sesed at Troye.
- c1400(?c1390) Gawain (Nero A.10)2525 : Þe segge & þe asaute.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)2.615 : Þoruȝ þe wal..wer grete gunnys sette, For assaut and sodeyn aventurys.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)2.2321 : Al þat longeth to assautis marcial.
- a1425(c1395) WBible(2) (Roy 1.C.8)2 Mac.10.16 : Thei maden asawt [L impetum] in to strengthis of Idumeis.
- a1425(?a1400) RRose (Htrn 409)4175 : They [ne] dredde noon assaut Of gyn, gunne, nor skaffaut.
- a1425(?a1400) RRose (Htrn 409)7336 : Every man Now to assaut that sailen can!
- a1425 Siege Troy(1) (LinI 150)738 : Þeo schipes..Ȝeuen asaute to þe wal.
- (?a1439) Lydg.FP (Bod 263)6.2172 : Thre thousand Iewes vndir the wal wer founde Ded at thassat.
- c1440(?a1400) Morte Arth.(1) (Thrn)3032 : The kynge þan to assawte he sembles his knyghtez, With somercastell and sowe appon sere halfes.
- a1450(1408) *Vegetius(1) (Dc 291)58b : Ȝif eny sodeyn asaauȝt of enemyes ben made.
- a1450-a1500(1436) Libel EP (Warner)994 : Gonnes assayled, but assaute was there none.
- a1500(?a1475) Guy(4) (Cmb Ff.2.38)642 : Harrawt..to dewke Myrande he made asawte; Of hys hors he hym caste.
- c1500(?a1475) Ass.Gods (Trin-C R.3.19)1049 : Vyce..Purposyng the felde with assawte to wyn.
b
- c1350 MPPsalter (Add 17376)37.2 : Þyn a-sautes [WB(1): arwis; L sagittae] ben ficched to me.
c
- (c1384) WBible(1) (Dc 369(2))Deeds 14.5 : Whanne asawt [WB(2): an asaute; L impetus] of hethen men and Jewis was maad..for to stoone hem.
- a1400 PPl.B (Trin-C B.15.17)14359 [20.216] : Sleuthe with his slynge An hard assaut [vr. saut] he made.
- ?a1425(c1380) Chaucer Bo.(Benson-Robinson)1.pr.4.62 : Conigaste, that made alwey assawtes ayens the prospere fortunes of pore feble folk!
- c1436 Ipswich Domesday(2) (Add 25011)97 : Ȝif ony man..make assaut to hym with swerd or knyff or staff or with ony other wepene, or yeve hym buffat or wounde.
- (1444) RParl.5.126a : Yef eny person or persones in her owne assaute smyte eny man or woman in offence of the Kynges peas.
- (1447-8) Shillingford90 : Riatours..have made meny affrayes, assautes, and other riatous mysgovernaunce ayenst the pees.
- a1475 Legal Gloss.Bokenham MAngl.(Hrl 4011)21/35 : Hame-sokene or hamefare is a-sawte made yn an howse.
2.
(a) An attack (by evil), temptation; (b) an affliction (as by misfortune or troubles); (c) an attack upon (a person's) views or doctrines.
Associated quotations
a
- c1230(?a1200) *Ancr.(Corp-C 402)52a : Heh lif, þer þe deofles asawz [vr. assauz] ofte beoð strengest.
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Mel.(Manly-Rickert)B.2613 : The flessh, the feend, and the world; thow..hast nat defended thy self suffisantly agayns hir assautes [vr. sawtis] and hir temptacions.
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Pars.(Manly-Rickert)I.729 : This vertu..dar..wrastle agayn the assautes [vrr. sautis, saute] of the deuel.
- c1450 Scrope Othea (Lngl 253)8 : By the assautes of the wacches of the enemy of helle.
b
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)4.5639 : It to conserue from al assaut & drede.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)4.6838 : With-oute assaut of any infortwne To lede her lyf in prosperite.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)5.445 : By his wysdam..he may ȝou guy From al assaunt [read: assauut] of any perturbaunce.
- ?a1425(c1380) Chaucer Bo.(Benson-Robinson)3.pr.1.15 : I dar wel now suffren alle the assautes of Fortune and wel defende me fro hir.
c
- (c1449) Pecock Repr.(Cmb Kk.4.26)71 : Summan..wole renne aȝens me with summe writingis..he makith aȝens me this assaut, in pretending as thouȝ he wole do to me as Dauid dide to Golie.
Supplemental Materials (draft)
- a1475(?a1430) Lydg.Pilgr.(Vit C.13)13310 : Thow knowest nat thassautys alle Off my werk, nor the manere..Wherso-euere that I [Venus] assaylle, Off my pray I wyl nat ffaylle.
Note: New spelling because of the th-? If not, assaut is not needed. (If so, the form thassat in the (?a1439) quot. in sense 1.(a) with initial th- should be noted as well, and the form assat removed from form section.)--per MLL
Note: Note that anyway, the form section needs redoing: the list of variant spellings there is not complete. (As one example: asauȝt.)--per MLL
Note: Postdates sense 2.(a).--per SMK
- (1460) *Acc.R.Shirborn : Assault: cum un' cobyltre.
Note: New spelling (Although assault appears in the form section, it is not in any of the quots.)
Note: Probably belongs to sense 1.(c).--notes per MLL
Supplemental Materials (draft)
- a1484 Bodies Adam Eve (Trin-C R.14.52)357/447 : Sapient men..bien assautis [L insidiati sunt] of vnresonable beestis as that thei knowe the strengthes of herbis, stones, and metals and other thynges with the whiche the rectifien their bodies.
Note: Ed.: "assautis n. pl. 'assaults, ambushes'."
Note: Editor's note: "thei bien assautis: insidiati sunt 'they lie in wait.' Wise men "lie in wait" for animals, to discover their healing secrets by observation or "experimental science." The translator of the ME Letter of Alexander to Aristotle, whose work was copied by the Hammond scribe in Worcester Cathedral Library F.172, also renders the "insidi-" root with the word assautis, in describing a trap or ambush into which Alexander's army is led..The MED records no uses of assaut with the sense of lying in wait for or ambushing one's tartet; the senses of the word are limited to overt attacks as with ModE assault."
Note: New sense.