Middle English Dictionary Entry
lighten v.(1)
Entry Info
Forms | lighten v.(1) Also light(e, lightein, liȝt(e(n, liht(e(n, licte, lī̆ten, lit(t)e, lith, liȝthen & (early S) leiȝten. Forms: sg. 3 lighteth, etc. & light, (early) liht, licht; p. lighted(e, etc. & light(e, liȝt(e, liht(e, lī̆te & liste; pl. liȝteden & liȝten, lihten, lī̆ten; ppl. i)lighted, etc. & light(e, ilight, liȝt(e, iliȝt, i)liht, liȝth, lith, ligh. |
Etymology | OE; cp. A līhtan, sg. 3 līhteþ, p. līhte, ppl. -līhted, -līhte; WS lī(e)htan, sg. 3 lī(e)ht, p. lȳhte. Also cp. OE lē(o)htan. |
Definitions (Senses and Subsenses)
1.
(a) Of lights, lanterns, etc.: to emit light, shine; of fire: burn, blaze; refl. of the sun: shine; impers. lighten, flash; -- with or without hit; ppl. lightinge, of incense: clear; pure; of spots or blotches on skin: shining, bright; (b) of the day or daylight: to dawn; become light; impers. cause (the day) to dawn; be light; -- with hit; (c) of the sun, moon, stars, torches, fires, etc.: to shed light on (sb., sth., a place); illuminate (the night); render bright or lustrous; also fig.; ~ to, of lightning: light up (the earth); (d) to light the way of (sb.), furnish light for; fig. guide (sb. or his actions), inspire (the world), be an example to.
Associated quotations
a
- c1300 SLeg.(LdMisc 108)198/37 : Hit bi-gan to þondri and hauli, leiȝten and eke rine.
- c1330(?a1300) Arth.& M.(Auch)8762 : Merlin come..& vnsp[enn]id his dragoun, Fer þat kest of þe mouþe, vair, So it liȝted in þe air.
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Bod 959)Ex.25.37 : Þou schalt make seuen lanterns & þou schalt putte hem apon þe candilstyke þat þei liȝten [WB(2): schyne; L luceant] eche aȝenys oþer.
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Bod 959)Num.8.2 : Þe seuene lanternys..aȝeyns þat paarte þat þe candelstyk byholdeþ, þei owyn to liȝtyn [WB(2): schyne; L lucere].
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Bod 959)Lev.13.2 : A man in whas skyn & flesch were sprongyn diuerse colour or bleyne oþer as eny þyng liȝtynge [WB(2): schynynge; L lucens]; þat is to sey, a plage of lepre.
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Bod 959)Lev.14.56 : Þis is þe lawe of al lepre &..of weem liȝtynge [WB(2): schynynge; L lucentis].
- c1400(?a1300) KAlex.(LdMisc 622)2060 : Þe olifauntz tofore hij diȝtteþ, Als erly as þe sonne hym liȝtteþ.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)1.1644 : Sche koude make þe wyndes for to blowe, To thondre and liȝte & to hayle and snowe.
- a1425(a1382) WBible(1) (Corp-O 4)Ex.30.34 : Tak to thee..ensence moost liȝtynge [Bod 959: liȝtnyng; WB(2): purest; L lucidissimum].
- ?a1425(c1400) Mandev.(1) (Tit C.16)39/37 : His lampe schal lighte..withouten touchinge of ony man.
- a1450 Mandev.(3) (BodeMus 116)43/1 : His lampe lytith by the self, if he be worthy, by the grace of God.
- ?a1475 PParv.(Win)276 : Lyhtyn [Hrl 221: Lyghtenyn] or levenyn: Coruscat.
- a1500(?a1390) Mirk Fest.(GoughETop 4)183/22-3 : The secunde fyre was made of wod forto bren and forto lyght, for Saynt Ion was a lavntyrne brennyng and lytyng.
b
- c1275(?a1200) Lay.Brut (Clg A.9)28314 : Ase þe dæi gon lihte, heo bigunnen to fihten.
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Bod 959)1 Kings 29.10 : Whenne fro nyȝt ȝee schul rijsen, & it begynneþ to dai liȝten [Corp-O: to liȝte day; WB(2): to be cleer; L dilucescere], goth.
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Bod 959)2 Kings 17.22 : Þei passedyn Jordan to þe tyme þat þe dai liȝtede [WB(2): it was cleer dai; L dilucesceret].
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)1.2176 : Whan thei sihe it lyht, Thei gon hem forth.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)24942 : Þe lem can light; þe storm it fell.
- a1450 7 Sages(3) (Cmb Dd.1.17)555 : He lay ale nyght, Til on the morwen the day lyȝt.
c
- a1200 Trin.Hom.(Trin-C B.14.52)109 : Þe sunne..liht al þis mindenerd, and te strerres on heuene and te mone.
- c1275(?a1200) Lay.Brut (Clg A.9)25595 : A berninge drake..mid his feure he lihte al þis lond-riche.
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Bod 959)Ex.14.20 : The aungell of þe lord..& with hym to gyþer þe pyler of þe clowde..& þer was a derk clowde & liȝtyng [WB(2): liȝtnynge; L illuminans] þe niȝt.
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Dc 369(1))Ps.76.19 : Thi shynyngus liȝteden [WB(2): schyneden; L Illuxerunt] to the roundnesse of the erthe.
- (c1385) Chaucer CT.Kn.(Manly-Rickert)A.2426 : The fires brenden vpon the auter brighte, That it gan al the temple for to lighte.
- c1390 Castle Love(1) (Vrn)778 : Þe foundement þat faste to þe roche liȝþ, And þe feire greneschipe þerwiþ, [Þat is] þe Maydenes bileeue so riht Þat haþ al hire bodi iliht.
- c1390 Castle Love(1) (Vrn)794 : Þe þridde heuȝ..is þe clere loue and briht Þat heo [Mary] is al wiþ iliht.
- (c1395) Chaucer CT.Fkl.(Manly-Rickert)F.1050 : Lord Phebus..Lucyna..That of the see is..queene..Ye knowen wel, lord, that right as hir desir Is to be quyked and lighted of youre fyr.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)9986 : Þe fundement..Neisthand þe roche..painted es wit grene heu..Þat es end o þat mayden clene Lightand hir hali hert sua scene.
- c1430(c1386) Chaucer LGW (Benson-Robinson)2506 : Tymes foure the mone hath hid hire face..And foure tymes lyghte [vrr. liht, light] the world ageyn.
- c1540(?a1400) Destr.Troy (Htrn 388)6038 : Agamynon..commaundyt..Torchis and tendlis the tenttes to light.
d
- a1200 Trin.Hom.(Trin-C B.14.52)161 : Þe sa storre shat of hire þe liht þe lihteð sa farinde men.
- c1350 Apoc.(1) in LuSE (Hrl 874)p.9 : Þe prelates..owen to liȝtten þe lewed þat ben in derknesse of vnconnyng.
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Pars.(Manly-Rickert)I.1036 : Men sette it on a candelstikke to lighten the men in the hous.
- c1400 *Bk.Mother (Bod 416)43/1 : Þis example [vr. lampe], as Christ seiþ, bitokeneþ þin entencioun þat schulde be simple, liȝtynge alle þine werkis to þe worshup of God.
- a1500(?a1390) Mirk Fest.(GoughETop 4)216/14 : Þe wheche martyrdome..schynyth to al holy chirch and lyghtyþ al þe worlde.
2.
(a) To light (a lantern, torch, candle), set (a fire) burning; burn (sth.); ~ up, also fig.; (b) of a vessel: to be heated; (c) ppl. lighted, lighted, ignited, shining; (d) to brighten (someone's eyes); (e) to make (the blind) see, give sight to.
Associated quotations
a
- ?a1160 Peterb.Chron.(LdMisc 636)an.1140 : Me lihtede candles to æten bi.
- c1225(?c1200) St.Kath.(1) (Einenkel)1400 : Tis ferliche fur schal lihten in ow þe halwende lei of þe hali gast, þe..ontende þe apostles.
- c1300 SLeg.(LdMisc 108)285/266 : He..liȝte ane candle and bi-heold þis frere.
- (c1300) Havelok (LdMisc 108)585 : Blou þe fir, and lith a kandel.
- (c1384) WBible(1) (Dc 369(2))Luke 8.16 : No man liȝtinge [WB(2): litȝneth; L accendens] a lanterne hilith it with a vessel.
- (1389) Lond.Gild Ret.in Bk.Lond.E.(PRO C 47/var.)49/65 : Þer schul be founde v tapres rounde..for to ben iliȝt on heye feste dayes.
- c1390(?c1350) Jos.Arim.(Vrn)191 : Þei lihten two torches and to þis treos wenten.
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Pars.(Manly-Rickert)I.1036 : A citee may nat ben hyd that is set on a montayne, ne men lighte nat a lanterne and put it vnder a busshel.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)20718 : Wel mani kandels was þer light.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)3.5705 : Of pure gold was foure lampis liȝt.
- c1425 Castle Love(2) (Eg 927)1184 : He that has the sunneliȝt vpon a fair day, For many torches if he liȝt, no better se he may.
- (1439) EEWills114/4 : I..ordeyne..eche of the ij taperys..þer to be lighte and brenne at Salue tyme.
- (1440) PParv.(Hrl 221)304 : Lyghteyn [Win: lyȝtnyn] or kyndelyn fyyr or candelys: Accendo.
- a1450-1509 Rich.(Brunner)2959 : The Sarezynes..lyȝten [vrr. lighted, lytyn] torches abouten þe wal.
- c1450(c1350) Alex.& D.(Bod 264)234 : Þouȝ ludus of þe lem lihtede an hundred, Hit scholde nouht lesen his liht.
- (1451) Capgr.St.Gilb.(Add 36704)93/2 : He is not wone to lyte a lanterne and hide it vndyr a buschell.
- ?a1475 Ludus C.(Vsp D.8)33/136 : Goddys wyll..it is þat my tythyng with fyre is lyth.
- ?a1475(a1396) *Hilton SP (Hrl 6579)1.48.33a : What womman is, þat whilk haþ lost a dragme, þat sche ne wile liȝten a lanterne and kesten here hous vpso doun and seken it?
- ?a1475(a1396) *Hilton SP (Hrl 6579)1.48.33a : Þou maiȝt liȝten vp an oþer lanterne, þat is, þe reson of þi sowle.
- a1500(?a1390) Mirk Fest.(GoughETop 4)62/12 : Scho bade an angell take a gret serge and lyght hyt.
- a1500(1422) Yonge SSecr.(Rwl B.490)237/13 : The mecche of a candill whych is y-lyghtid Is y-nurshit by the oile Wych is about hit.
b
- (1387) Will in Bk.Lond.E.210/29 : Y will þat John Edmund [haue] al þe led þat light in þe stuys.
c
- c1300 SLeg.Kenelm (LdMisc 108)119 : Þis treo..schon wel briȝte..berninde wex and laumpes al-so þicke brenninde and liȝte.
- c1390 Chart.Abbey HG (Vrn)358 : Muche folk comen þere wiþ liȝt lanternes and drawen swerdes.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)4.5978 : Þei went on processioun..To þe toumbe of Achilles at nyȝt, Only to fette on her tapris liȝt Sacrid fire.
- ?a1425(a1400) Brut-1377 (Corp-C 174)313/21 : Þo King..and oþer noble and grete lordes, with candels ylight and crosse ybrought forth..sworen þat same othe.
- ?a1425 Mandev.(2) (Eg 1982)50/20 : If men caste in to it a lanterne light, it fletez abouen.
- c1440 PLAlex.(Thrn)78/5 : A man hadd in his hand a lyght candill; many oþer candills may be lyghted þare at.
- a1450(1408) *Vegetius(1) (Dc 291)104b : Anoþer sleithe is to lete adoun of the walles wiþ ropes men wiþ lanternes I-light and wiþ grete balles of herdes I-dipped in oyle.
- a1450 St.Editha (Fst B.3)1952 : Jhesu, þat were of Mary y-bore, Ȝeue me grace to haue my lampe lyȝt.
- c1450(c1380) Chaucer HF (Benson-Robinson)769 : Flaumbe ys but lyghted smoke.
- c1450(?a1400) Wars Alex.(Ashm 44)4232 : Many liȝtis of a liȝt is liȝtid othire-quile, And ȝit þe liȝt at þam liȝtis is liȝtid as before.
- c1450 Alph.Tales (Add 25719)340/23 : Euerilk day..was broght vnto hym a lofe of bread and a pygg with wyne & a light candyll.
- ?c1450 Knt.Tour-L.(Hrl 1764)23/33 : He fonde euer the candell light.
- (a1460) Bokenham Sts. (Adv Abbotsford B3)139.69 (v.2:p.388) : Fraunceys with his brethiren .. reseyuyd this prudent maydyn comyng with a lygh lampe in hyre handys, that ys to seyne with exempler bryghnesse of gode werkys.
- a1500(?a1400) Morte Arth.(2) (Hrl 2252)3533 : Saw he..A tombe..And..There-on An herse..With an C tappers lyghte.
- a1500(?a1390) Mirk Fest.(GoughETop 4)118/19 : When all [candles] ben quenchyd, ȝet on leueþe lyght.
- a1500(a1460) Towneley Pl.(Hnt HM 1)223/599 : Thou shall weynd before, And bere with the a light lantarne.
- a1500 Ihesu þt was borne (Adv)35 : Iesus..send luf and charite in-to þis londe, þat consyons moth kepe his kandul lyȝth.
d
- a1425(c1385) Chaucer TC (Benson-Robinson)4.313 : O woful eyen two..she is queynt, that wont was yow to lighte.
e
- a1275 Louerd asse þu ard (Trin-C B.14.39)273 : Dede he areirede & þe blinde liste.
- (1340) Ayenb.(Arun 57)56/25 : At cherche kan god his uirtues sseawy and do his miracles, þe blynde to liȝte, þe crokede to riȝte.
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Bod 959)Tob.14.1 : He is liȝtid [WB(2): liȝtned; L illuminatus] to seen.
- a1400 NVPsalter (Vsp D.7)145.6 : Lauerd lightes blinde þat mai noghte se.
3.
(a) To shine brilliantly, become intensely bright, be resplendent; also fig.; ppl. lightand, of the Virgin Mary: shining, radiant; (b) of the glory of God: to illuminate (the New Jerusalem); of Christ or his glory in his descent into hell: illuminate (the sinners); of angelic radiance: light up (the earth); (c) to cause (God's countenance or presence) to shine (on man); ~ to.
Associated quotations
a
- c1275 Ken.Serm.(LdMisc 471)215/46 : Si gode beleaue licht and is bricht ine þo herte of þo gode Manne ase gold.
- c1300(?c1225) Horn (Cmb Gg.4.27)23/386 : Of his feire siȝte, Al þe bur gan liȝte [vrr. licte, lyhte].
- c1330 Orfeo (Auch)33/371 : When it schuld be þerk & niȝt, Þe riche stones liȝt gonne [vr. schone so cun].
- c1390 Castle Love(1) (Vrn)718 : Þe þridde heuȝ..so is icast Þat wiþinnen and wiþouten Þe castel lihteþ al abouten.
- (c1426) Audelay Poems (Dc 302)158/104 : Of þi body borne He was..lamp lyȝtand in euere place.
- c1450 Heil be þou marie þe (Lamb 853)27 : Heil þe lanterne þat is ay liȝthond [vr. lightand]!
b
- c1350 Apoc.(1) in LuSE (Hrl 874)p.147 : I seiȝ an Aungel come adoun from heuen þat haþ gret power, & he liȝtted þe londe wiþ his glorie.
- c1350 Apoc.(1) in LuSE (Hrl 874)p.192 : Þe Cite nad no mestere of sonne ne of mone, for þe briȝtnesse of god haþ liȝtted it.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)18156 : He come in wit a blisful beild, Þe lauerd self in his godd-hede..All lighted [Ld: ligtyd] þe lem þat come wit him.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)18194 : Quat er tu þat sua wit þi leme Lightes adam barn-teme?
c
- c1350 MPPsalter (Add 17376)66.1 : God haue mercy on vs and blisce vs and lyȝt [L illuminet] hys face vp us.
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Bod 959)Ps.66.2 : God haue merci of vs & blesse to vs, liȝte-to his chere vp on vs.
4.
(a) To be illustrious, luminous; (b) of truth: to become clear, be evident; (c) ppl. lighted, made famous or illustrious.
Associated quotations
a
- c1300 SLeg.Becket (LdMisc 108)1382 : Heo [the Church] ne mai no leng liȝte.
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Pars.(Manly-Rickert)I.1037 : So shal youre light lighten bifore men that they may seen youre goode werkes.
- a1500(1422) Yonge SSecr.(Rwl B.490)205/1 : Youre lyght so lyght afore men that thay mowen See youre good workys.
b
- ?a1425(c1380) Chaucer Bo.(Benson-Robinson)3.m.11.13 : And thanne thilke thing that the blake cloude of errour whilom hadde ycovered schal lighte more clerly than Phebus hymself ne schyneth.
c
- a1500(?a1425) Lambeth SSecr.(Lamb 501)63/21 : Yn þys a [c]ourt shal be lightyd.
5.
(a) Of God, Christ, saints, gifts of the Holy Ghost: to shed spiritual light upon (the world, church, or a country), illuminate; bring (sth.) to light; (b) of God, Christ, Holy Ghost, the Virgin Mary, alms, prayers, faith, etc.: to enlighten (man, the soul, heart, mind, etc.); ~ til (to), fill (sb.) with spiritual light; ~ min eien, enlighten my eyes (i.e. soul).
Associated quotations
a
- c1175 Orm.(Jun 1)7279 : Crist is..soþ sunnebæm Þatt all þiss werelld lihhteþþ.
- a1300 Edi beo þu (Corp-O 59)12 : Heuene quene..of þe sprong a leome newe þat al þis world haueð iliȝt.
- c1300 SLeg.Dunstan (LdMisc 108)20 : Of þulke holi child..Al enguelond scholde beo iliȝt.
- c1350 Apoc.(1) in LuSE (Hrl 874)p.147 : Goddes son..com in to þe erþe & liȝtted holy chirche.
- c1400 Apoc.(1) in LuSE (LdMisc 235)p.8 : Liȝtyd [Hrl 874: By þe seuen Candelstickes þat seint Iohan seiȝ is bitokned holy chirche, þat is liȝtned of þe seuen graces of þe holy gost].
- a1425(a1400) Paul.Epist.(Corp-C 32)1 Cor.4.5 : Þe lord..schal lyghte [L illuminabit] þe hydde thynges of derknesses and schal make opyn þe counseylys of þe hertys.
b
- c1175(OE) Bod.Hom.Dom.Quadr.(Bod 343)48/16 : Ælmesse..liht þæs monnes mod.
- c1175 Orm.(Jun 1)18943 : Iwhillc mann..lihhtedd iss Þurrh lihht off rihhte læfe..Crist to manne brohhte Þurrh fulluhht & þurrh Crisstenndom.
- c1175 Orm.(Jun 1)18987 : Iwhillc an lifisshe mann..Iss lihhtedd wiþþ soþ heffness lihht I Crisstenndom þurrh trowwþe.
- c1175 Orm.(Jun 1)19084 : He [John the Baptist] wass filledd all Off Haliȝ Gastess lare, Þær þurrh ȝaff himm þe Laferrd Crist To lihhten menness herrtess.
- a1200 Trin.Hom.(Trin-C B.14.52)111 : Crist..is þat soðe liht, þe lihteð ech man.
- a1200 Trin.Hom.(Trin-C B.14.52)119 : Þe holi gost..lihte hem [apostles] of rihte bileue.
- a1200 Trin.Hom.(Trin-C B.14.52)127 : Þis childes witige gost lihte þe moder [Elizabeth's] gost of witienge swo þat hie witegede boðe of ure louerd ihesu cristes to cume.
- a1200 Trin.Hom.(Trin-C B.14.52)135 : Elizabet was liht of þe holie gost þe was on þe child.
- a1225(c1200) Vices & V.(1) (Stw 34)127/18 : Hlauerd, opene mine eiȝene and liht [L Illumina] his mid þe soðe lihte.
- a1225 Lamb.Hom.Pater N.(Lamb 487)63/138 : Þet he [God]..mid his halie gast us lihte.
- c1225(?c1200) HMaid.(Bod 34)40/675 : Haue eauer i þin heorte þe eadieste of meidnes..& bisech hire aa þet ha þe lihte.
- a1275 Serm.St.Nich.(Trin-C B.14.39)63/8 : Alle þat leued on god almitte, godes word hit scal hem litte.
- a1350 I-blessed beo þu (Hrl 2253)17 : Seinte Marie..Bryhte ant shene sterre cler, lyht þou me ant lere..myselue so to bere.
- c1350 MPPsalter (Add 17376)12.4 : Liȝt [L Illumina] myn eȝen, þat y slepe no time in deþ.
- (c1380) Chaucer CT.SN.(Manly-Rickert)G.71 : Thow Cristes moder..of thy light my soule in prison lighte.
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Dc 369(1))Ps.33.6 : I soȝte out the Lord..Neȝheth to hym, and beth liȝtid [WB(2): liȝtned; L illuminamini].
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Dc 369(1))Ps.117.27 : God the Lord..hath liȝtid [WB(2): ȝoue liȝt; L illuxit] to vs.
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Dc 369(1))Wisd.5.6 : Wee erreden fro the weie of treuthe, and the liȝt of riȝtwisnesse liȝtede [WB(2): schynede] not to vs.
- a1400 NVPsalter (Vsp D.7)117.25 : Gode lauerd..til vs lighted he.
- a1400 Apoc.(1) in LuSE (Pep 2498)p.20 : Þe good þat han pouste of her lyues..liȝtten to oþere þorouȝ good techynge.
- c1400 *Bk.Mother (Bod 416)48/7 : Crist..wol come into þi soule and liȝte hure.
- a1425(a1400) Paul.Epist.(Corp-C 32)Eph.3.9 : To me of alle seyntis leste is gyfen þis grace in þe folc..to lighte [L illuminare] alle þe beleefande.
- a1450 PNoster R.Hermit (Westm-S 3)3/24 : God wole liȝt my pore witt þoruȝ wissynge of his grace.
- a1450 PNoster R.Hermit (Westm-S 3)32/31 : Þe Hooly Goost þoruȝ myȝt of his mykil goodnes..schal liȝt þee wiþ glemes of his grace.
- c1450(c1370) Chaucer ABC (Benson-Robinson)74 : Glorious mayde..Kalenderes enlumyned ben thei That in this world ben lighted with thi name.
- (a1460) Vegetius(2) (Pmb-C 243)619 : Lighte me, o Lady Saynte Mary! To write wel this werk.
- a1500(1422) Yonge SSecr.(Rwl B.490)206/2 : Prayer..lightyth a man to the lowe of god.
- a1500(?a1425) Lambeth SSecr.(Lamb 501)51/9 : God..light ȝoure resoun..to persayue þe sacrament of þis science.