Middle English Dictionary Entry
assai n.
Entry Info
Forms | assai n. Also asai. |
Etymology | AF; CF essai |
Definitions (Senses and Subsenses)
1.
(a) The testing or a test of quality (as of a metal or other object); assaying of metal; putten in ~; after the ~ of London, according to the London standard of quality; (b) of god ~, of good quality or make; of ~, of proven quality; etc.; (c) the testing (of a report or problem).
Associated quotations
a
- [ (1347-8) RParl.2.209b : L'Office de la Garde & l' Assaie de votre Monoye de St. Sever en Gascoigne. ]
- (c1395) Chaucer CT.CY.(Manly-Rickert)G.1338 : Vn to the goldsmyth..They wente and putte thise teynes in assay.
- ?a1425 Mandev.(2) (Eg 1982)80/21 : Þe dyamand..þis es þe assay [Tit: preef] whilk þai make.
- a1450(?1420) Lydg.TG (Tan 346)1192 : Þenk þat in fire hou men ar wont to fyne This purid gold, to put it in assay.
- (1457) LRed Bk.Bristol2.184 : Pewturuessell..of gode, lawfull and sufficiant metell aftur the rewle and asay of London.
- (a1475) Recipe Painting(2) in Archaeol.J.1 (Sln 73)155 : Assay it [lapis lazuli]..er than thu bye it with the moste verrey assay.
- c1475(c1450) Idley Instr.(Cmb Ee.4.37)1.1155 : Olde malice gynneth roote and ruste: It is brotell at assaye.
- a1550 *Norton OAlch.(BodeMus 63)2089 : To make assaye whether they be well wrought or nay.
b
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)5.4156 : Medea..tok a swerd was of assay.
- a1400(c1303) Mannyng HS (Hrl 1701)1428 : Þe bregge..was euer of swyche a-say þat þer-ouere myght no man passe But he were clene of euery trespas.
- a1450 Gener.(1) (Mrg M 876)6037 : Ne had his helme be goode of assay, He had died.
- a1450 Parton.(1) (UC C.188)8308 : Armure..Of strenger assayes ne better devyse.
- a1450-a1500(1436) Libel EP (Warner)675 : Havenes..wyde and depe and of ryght gode assayes.
- a1450-a1500(1436) Libel EP (Warner)925 : Instrumentis of werre of beste assay.
- a1500 PFulham (Jas 43)242 : Money of fyne asaye..ne no coigne yclyppyd.
c
- (a1387) Trev.Higd.(StJ-C H.1)1.425 : How fer euere þat stoon Be i-bore of eny moon, A nyght he gooþ hoom his way. Þat he fonde by assay.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)5.273 : Forto put it in assai..He [Midas] toucheth that, he toucheth this, And in his hond al gold it is.
- a1425(c1385) Chaucer TC (Benson-Robinson)4.1508 : What wit were it to putten in assay..If that ye myghten come ayeyn or no?
2.
(a) A testing of character or personal traits (such as faithfulness, friendship, faith, fortitude); trial, ordeal; (b) character or personal qualities (as demonstrated by trial).
Associated quotations
a
- c1390(1377) Death Edw.III (Vrn)5 : Frendschip is but a vanyte..Þei beo so sliper at assai..so fikel in heore fai.
- c1390 Talking LGod (Vrn)34/10 : Is eny..so douhti as þou art..founden in a say?
- c1390 Heil be þow Marie Moodur (Vrn)5 : Heil beo þow, Marie Moodur..Heil, soþfast soule, in vche a-say!
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)5.3239 : Whan it [man's fidelity] comth unto thassay, Thei finde it fals.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)7.4785 : So mai we knowe bothe tuo Unwarli what oure wyves do, And that schal be a trewe assay.
- (c1395) Chaucer CT.WB.(Manly-Rickert)D.290 : Oxen, asses, hors, and houndes, They been assayed at diuerse stoundes..But folk of wyues maken noon assay [vr. assayes] Til they be wedded.
- (c1395) Chaucer CT.Cl.(Manly-Rickert)E.621 : O, nedelees was she tempted in assay!
- (c1395) Chaucer CT.Cl.(Manly-Rickert)E.697 : Of wommen wolde I asken fayn, If thise assayes myghte nat suffise.
- (c1395) Chaucer CT.Cl.(Manly-Rickert)E.1166 : It were ful hard to fynde now a dayes In al a toun Grisildis thre or two; For if that they were put to swiche assayes [etc.].
- ?a1400(a1338) Mannyng Chron.Pt.2 (Petyt 511)p.142 : Whan he had regned here & felt of fele assaies Foure & tuenty ȝere..he died.
- c1400(c1378) PPl.B (LdMisc 581)10.253 : Suche as þow semest in syȝte, be in assay y-founde..And lat no body be bi þi beryng bygyled.
- (a1402) Trev.DCur.(Hrl 1900)64/13 : Whanne þe ȝere of assaye [in a religious order] is y-do, þei schul be fonge to behote obedience.
- a1456(a1449) Lydg.BC (Trin-C R.3.20)95 : Who greueþe hem [women] with worde or chere, Let him be-ware of suche assayes.
- c1450(?a1400) Quatref.Love (Add 31042)340 : Blyssede be þat trewlufe so meke..and stabill at assaye.
- c1475(?c1425) Avow.Arth.(Tay 9:French&Hale)435 : A mons happe is notte ay; Is none so sekur of asay Butte he may harmes hente.
- c1450 Capgr.St.Kath.(Arun 396)1.119 : There where thei put in ful sharp assay, These vessellis of gold, martyrs I mene.
- a1500(?a1390) Mirk Fest.(GoughETop 4)31/18 : Ion come out of þe..brennyng of þe fure..And oþer assay he had full hard.
- a1500(a1460) Towneley Pl.(Hnt HM 1)100/13 : He that most may When he syttys in pryde, When it comys on assay is kesten downe wyde.
b
- (c1384) WBible(1) (Dc 369(2))Phil.2.22 : Forsoth knowe ȝe assay of him.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)8.2411 : That outward feignen youthe so, And ben withinne of pore assay.
- a1425(?a1400) RRose (Htrn 409)4350 : Love is of so hard assay.
3.
(a) A test of arms, combat; an attack or sally; (b) fig. a sally (as of the Devil or an enemy).
Associated quotations
a
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)2.580 : Þe walles wern..Maskowed with-oute for sautis and assay.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)2.795 : Eueryche to putten oþer at assaye In iustis..and also in tornay, To preve her force.
- a1425(a1396) Maidstone PPs. (Wht)734 : To a-saye ech a man with scharpe asayes.
- a1450(c1433) Lydg.St.Edm.(Hrl 2278)395/1037 : He hadde eek hardynesse, Eek at assaies passyng delyuernesse.
- a1450 Parton.(1) (UC C.188)8447 : Doune of hys stede he leepe lustyly, Whan his assays he had do.
- c1540(?a1400) Destr.Troy (Htrn 388)3903 : Parys was..wode on his fos, fful siker at asaye.
- c1450(?a1400) Roland & O.(Add 31042)528 : We schall..Wyn Citees & townnes..& gode horses at assaye.
- c1450(?a1400) Wars Alex.(Ashm 44)5370 : Many athill kniȝtis Þat ere..sekire at a-say.
- a1500(?c1450) Merlin (Cmb Ff.3.11)219 : Lordinges!..now let see youre cheualrye, for now be ye come to the assay.
b
- (?a1439) Lydg.FP (Bod 263)3.4598 : She dide hir besi cure, Enmytes & mischeuys to procure Ageyn the kyng bi mortal fel assaies.
- c1450(c1400) Vices & V.(2) (Hnt HM 147)83/1 : To aȝenstonde þe deuel in alle assaies.
4.
Ceremonial tasting (of food or drink); taken ~, to sample; cup of ~, a ceremonial cup for such tasting; basin of ~, a basin for testing wash water; also, a taste or foretaste.
Associated quotations
- a1450(a1400) Medit.Pass.(2) (Add 11307)1581 : Of þat drynk he tok asay And turned also swyde þe hed away.
- (1465) Feast Neville(2)101 : The Carver must take with his brode Knyfe a title of the uppermost Trencher, and geve it to the Panter to eate for thassay thereof, and of the Bread geve assay in lyke maner..The Marshall taketh the Cup of assay, and the Cupbearer putteth foorth water into the sayde Cup, and drynketh it for the assay therof..and then powreth forth water out of the Bason of estate into the Bason of assay. Then the Lorde or maister of the house doth geve the Towel ende to the cheefe dignitie..to holde tyll the Bishop have washed, and then all other do washe in their degree in Basons prepared for them.
- (1465) Feast Neville(2)102 : Of fowle, take the assay therof at the outsyde of the thygh or wynge.
- c1475(c1445) Pecock Donet (Bod 916)2/8 : Forto ȝeue..afore assaie [?read: a foreassaie]..of þe ful feeding.
- a1500 Rule Serve Ld.(Add 37969)14/30 : In þe same wyse þe seware þat stondyth shall do as þe sewer þat knelythe, except þe knelynge and þe assay.
5.
(a) Investigation, examination, inspection; observation, experience; also, power of observation, reason [quot. c1600]; (b) what is observed or observable; evidence, sign; (c) maken ~, have sexual experience.
Associated quotations
a
- (a1387) Trev.Higd.(StJ-C H.1)1.73 : Schort witted men and litel of assay [Higd.(2): of lytelle experience; L paucae experientiae].
- (a1387) Trev.Higd.(StJ-C H.1)1.75 : It is i-knowe by experience and assay þat in euery eclips of þe mone þe erþe makeþ a rounde schilde.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)18b/a : In hem [evil spirits] is more knowinge of þinges þan is in men, and þat somdel for sotilnes of wit & for longe lif & assay.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)84a/b : Constant[ine] techiþ many oþir experimentis & assaies.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)169b/a : Valeies ben Demed bi asaie [L per experientiam]..trubily with grete aire and þikke.
- c1400(?c1390) Gawain (Nero A.10)1328 : Quykly of þe quelled dere a querre þay maked..Serched hem at þe asay.
- c1440(?a1400) Morte Arth.(1) (Thrn)4312 : A surgyn..enserches his wondes. The kyng sees, be asaye, þat sownde bese he neuer.
- (c1443) Pecock Rule (Mrg M 519)37 : The firste partie of þis trouþe..we may knowe bi open assay or experience.
- (c1443) Pecock Rule (Mrg M 519)488 : Y trowe þat herof is had wel nyȝe in ech man so greet assay and experience, þat is not nede to seie more.
- (c1449) Pecock Repr.(Cmb Kk.4.26)212 : The doom of experience and of assay..that the iȝe siȝt schewith..with lasse labour..than the heering of the eere dooth.
- c1450(1369) Chaucer BD (Benson-Robinson)552 : Ye mowe preve hyt be assay.
- c1450(c1386) Chaucer LGW Prol.(1) (Benson-Robinson)9 : Joy in hevene and peyne in helle..by assay ther may no man it preve.
- c1450(?a1400) Parl.3 Ages (Add 31042)70 : I sisilte hym [a deer] at þe assaye, to see how me semyde.
- c1475(c1445) Pecock Donet (Bod 916)54/17 : It haþ be bi surist assaie proued.
- c1600(?c1395) PPl.Creed (Trin-C R.3.15)537 : Þanne haue y tynt all my tast, touche, and assaie!
b
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)44b/b : Þicnes of berde is..a certeyn assay to knowe differens bytwene men & wymmen.
- c1430(c1395) Chaucer LGW Prol.(2) (Benson-Robinson)28 : Wel oughte us thanne on olde bokes leve, There as there is non other assay by preve.
- a1500(?c1450) Merlin (Cmb Ff.3.11)63 : Thow knowest by the assay that thow haste seyen that it is of grete dignite.
c
- (?a1439) Lydg.FP (Bod 263)1.6636 : Semiramis..off all men wolde make assaies [vr. take assaies]..Hir owne sone was nat set a-side.
6.
(a) An attempt; striving, effort; don, maken ~; (b) an enterprise; a feat; (c) fallen in ~, be tempted.
Associated quotations
a
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)1.791 : He hath put al his assay To wynne thing which he ne may Gete of hire graunt.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)2.3261 : Every man..After the lust of his assay The vice or vertu chese may.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)8.373 : The remenant..Eschuieden to make assay.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)8.2414 : Er thou make eny suche assaies To love, and faile upon the fet.
- (c1395) Chaucer CT.CY.(Manly-Rickert)G.1249 : Yet wol I make assay The seconde tyme.
- ?a1400(a1338) Mannyng Chron.Pt.2 (Petyt 511)p.341 : Noblie regned he here, bi profe & gode assaies [OF Par resoun e drait].
- c1430(c1380) Chaucer PF (Benson-Robinson)2 : The lyf so short, the craft so long to lerne; Th'assay so hard, so sharp the conquerynge.
- c1430(c1386) Chaucer LGW (Benson-Robinson)1594 : Preyinge hym that he moste don his assay To gete the fles of gold.
b
- a1450(a1338) Mannyng Chron.Pt.1 (Lamb 131)4028 : Þe note he couþe of alle layes, Of mynstrecye al þer assayes.
- c1450 De CMulieribus (Add 10304)11 : Wymen, the which haue ben..As gode as men or better..in werre, in crafte and odyre assayes.
c
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)3.717 : 'Sone, if thou..Be tempted ayein Pacience, Tak hiede upon this evidence'..'Er I falle in such assai, I thenke eschuie it, if I mai.'
7.
at al assaies, at every trial; under any circumstances, anyway [often as verse tag]; for non ~, under no circumstances.
Associated quotations
- c1390 Whon Men beoþ (Vrn)166 : Put þi trust in Godes Mercye, Hit is þe beste at al assay.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)5.4883 : Thou schalt have wonder hou it is..That such a vice myhte regne, Which is comun at alle assaies.
- a1450(?c1421) Lydg.ST (Arun 119)4462 : Her trouth was meynte wiþ non allayes, They were so trewe founde at alle assayes.
- a1425(?a1400) RRose (Htrn 409)3449 : Trust not on me, for noon assay.
- c1450(a1449) Lydg.SSecr.(Sln 2464)59 : He was so trewe founde at al assayes, prudent and wys.
- c1475(c1450) Idley Instr.(Cmb Ee.4.37)2.A.894 : So that he Worshipfully lieved ther all his dayes And kept a good houshald, at all assaies.
- c1475(c1450) Idley Instr.(Cmb Ee.4.37)2.B.1077 : They were the feirest men, at all assaies, That euer yet I haue seye in all my daies.
Supplemental Materials (draft)
- a1400 Trin-C O.9.39 Recipes (Trin-C O.9.39) 9/6 : Medle hem boþe togedere forto selle, þe werse with þe better, þerfore þu knowist þe veray asay þeroffe.
Note: Need date, sense 1.(a).