Middle English Dictionary Entry
libertẹ̄ n.
Entry Info
Forms | libertẹ̄ n. Also libertī(e, libertei. |
Etymology | OF liberté |
Definitions (Senses and Subsenses)
1.
(a) Freedom of action, freedom to do as one chooses; opportunity; at ~, at one's own disposal, at one's choice; also, free to act; at god ~, uninhibitedly; (b) scope of activity; authorization, permission; at ~, authorized; (c) uncharted freedom, license; at ~, with unwise looseness; (d) freedom of the will, free choice; ~ of arbitre (of fre wille, of willing and nilling); at ~, by free will.
Associated quotations
a
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)7.2815 : He threw..The gold out of his hond anon And seide hem that he wolde non, So that he kepte his liberte To do justice and equite.
- (c1395) Chaucer CT.Cl.(Manly-Rickert)E.145 : I me reioysed of my libertee, That selde tyme is founde in mariage.
- (c1395) Chaucer CT.Fkl.(Manly-Rickert)F.768 : Wommen of kynde desiren libertee And nat to been constreyned as a thral.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)4.5126 : Whanne þei wern at her liberte..allone prively, Þis Anthenor..Gan his purpos..expresse.
- a1425(c1385) Chaucer TC (Benson-Robinson)2.773 : Sholde I now love, and put in jupartie My sikernesse and thrallen libertee?
- a1456(a1426) Lydg.Mum.Hertford (Trin-C R.3.20)138 : To graunte hem fraunchyse and also liberte, Sith þey beoþe fetird and bounden in maryage.
- (1426) Let.in Ellis Orig.Let.ser.2.1102 : Like it youre noble Grace..to graunte youre licence..he att his owen fredam and libertee..for to mowe passe the See.
- (?1440) Palladius (DukeH d.2)4.744 : [Bulls] musten ben abstened ffrom generacionis liberte Til they therto be verry hoot.
- (1442) Visit.Alnwick230 : See to thoe of your susters that..hafe fallen here afore, that thai hafe none occasyone ne libertee to falle here aftere.
- c1450(?a1405) Lydg.CBK (Frf 16)661 : Ye may to-gedre speke What-so yow list at good liberte.
- (1473) Visit.Episc.Lin.in Archaeol.48251 : They thinke it was at theyr lyberte to take wat preste þey lyke.
- a1500 Imit.Chr.(Dub 678)10/4 : Hit is riȝt a gret þinge a man to stonde under obedience..& not be at his ovne liberte.
- c1500(?a1475) Ass.Gods (Trin-C R.3.19)63 : Thys traytour Eolus hath many of my places Dystroyed..he shall make hyt pleyn Yef he to hys lyberte may resorte ayeyn.
b
- (c1395) Chaucer CT.Mch.(Manly-Rickert)E.1726 : Ianuarie was bicome hir knyght And wolde bothe assayen his corage In libertee and eek in mariage.
- a1425(c1385) Chaucer TC (Benson-Robinson)5.285 : With the kyng Priam alday was he, So that it lay nought in his libertee Nowher to gon.
- a1456(c1425) Lydg.Valentine (Trin-C R.3.20)115 : In choys of love þer is gret libertee.
- (?a1439) Lydg.FP (Bod 263)2.2537 : Whan resoun faileth..And sobirnesse hath lost his liberte..And vice off vertu hath an apparence.
- c1475(a1449) Lydg.OFools (LdMisc 683)118 : Nyht riotours that wil no wareyn spare, With-oute licence or ony lyberte.
- c1450(?c1408) Lydg.RS (Frf 16)p.131 : Curtesy..graunted him lyberte to goo wher him lyst.
- (1463) GRed Bk.Bristolpt.1.p.66 : All the Inhabitauntis..in tymes hereto foore haue hadd thair Free libertee, that all maner of cloths that schold passe in Sherman is playt haue be evenyd..withoute..payment makyng.
- (1463) Will Bury in Camd.4922 : I will she haue hire liberte at alle leffull tymes to go in to the chapell.
- (a1464) Capgr.Chron.(Cmb Gg.4.12)153 : Than were the munkis at her lyberte to have a new eleccion.
- a1500(1465) Leversedge Vision (Add 34193)30 : 'I cannot,' he seid, 'lyf in erth but I haue that liberte of kissyng,' for he seid it was the vse of his cuntre.
c
- (c1395) Chaucer CT.Mch.(Manly-Rickert)E.1282 : They lyue but as a bryd or as a beest, In libertee and vnder noon areest.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)2.5743 : Licour..Lothneth tongis, & doth hem loude carp And causeth hem to walke at liberte..Wiþoute avys or discrecioun.
- c1450(a1449) Lydg.Endure(2) (Add 36983)40 : Ner he that can not sey well in noo degre, Butt lete his tung iangle att libertee.
d
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)4.2412 : Texecute..Whiche þei ne myȝt by destyne remewe, Nor for parchas at liberte eschewe, For Antropos wil suffre it be noon oþer.
- ?a1425(c1380) Chaucer Bo.(Benson-Robinson)4.pr.6.31 : Men weren wont to maken questiouns..of the ordre of destyne..and of the liberte of fre wil.
- ?a1425(c1380) Chaucer Bo.(Benson-Robinson)5.pr.2.21 : Wherfore in alle thingis that resoun is, in hem also is liberte of willynge and of nillynge.
- ?a1425(c1380) Chaucer Bo.(Benson-Robinson)5.pr.3.18 : Yif that God knoweth byforn nat oonly the werkes of men, but also hir conseilles and hir willes, thanne ne schal ther be no liberte of arbitrie.
- c1450(1410) Walton Boeth.(Lin-C 103)289 : This wolde I seen..If in youre chois is any liberte, Oþer elles þat þis cheyne of destyne Constreyneth all þe movyng of oure wyt.
- a1475(?a1430) Lydg.Pilgr.(Vit C.13)20564 : The goode to savacioun, The evele vn-to dampnacioun, Constreyned no-thyng by destyne, But by ffre wyl and lyberte.
2.
(a) Freedom from physical restraint or hindrance; freedom from captivity; at ~, free from captivity; also, without being cramped; at (god) ~, without hindrance; (b) the condition of being a free man, political freedom; freedom from servitude or persecution; (c) freedom from disturbance or disease; security.
Associated quotations
a
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Mcp.(Manly-Rickert)H.174 : Euere this brid wol doon his bisynesse To eschape out of his cage..His libertee this brid desireth ay.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)1.2026 : Ȝouthe haue no liberte To specifie þat her hert wolde; Þei kepe hem cloos.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)2.710 : Eueryche from oþer to be sette a-sonder, Þat þei myȝt, for more comodite, Eche be hem silfe werke at liberte.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)3.5377 : He cast his shelde at his bak be-hynde, To welde hym silf at more liberte.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)4.541 : Grekis trustly myȝt assure Whan þat hem list, at good liberte, Withoute daunger entre þe cyte.
- a1450(?c1421) Lydg.ST (Arun 119)3508 : Kyng lygurgus graunted a pardoun To this lady that..She was restored to her liberte.
- a1425(?a1400) RRose (Htrn 409)2762 : Man in prisoun sett..maketh wene that he shall be Delyvered and come to liberte.
- (a1470) Malory Wks.(Win-C)258/4 : Were I at my lyberte, as I was, I wolde prove hit on youres that she is the treweste lady unto hir lorde lyvynge.
- (a1470) Malory Wks.(Win-C)1195/18 : The quene shall have her lyberte.
- a1475(?a1430) Lydg.Pilgr.(Vit C.13)13145 : I may do to hyre no wronge, Nor the fforteresse wynne, As longe as she halt hyr with-Inne; But yiff..she go a-brood..and haue hyr lyberte.
- ?a1475 Ludus C.(Vsp D.8)102/148 : Helle may holde hym be no lawe But þat he may pas at hese lyberte.
- c1500(?a1475) Ass.Gods (Trin-C R.3.19)1272 : Ye do me wrong..to put thys creature..Cleerly from hys liberte.
b
- (c1375) Chaucer CT.Mk.(Manly-Rickert)B.3750 : This world hadde hym in awe For lesynge of richesse of libertee.
- c1450(?a1400) Wars Alex.(Ashm 44)4348 : For all oure libertes elike ere lante vs & paysed; And to sett him in-to seruitute a syn vs it thinke.
- c1450(?a1400) Wars Alex.(Ashm 44)4418 : Ȝe lett men of þar libertes at þam oure lord grauntid, Thryngis þam in-to thraldom.
- c1450 Capgr.St.Kath.(Arun 396)2.990 : The puple was sumtyme free And had no lord, but iche man reuled hym-selue; Thus cam thei thanne oute of her liberte; Be her fre choys, ten of hem..shuld no lenger..doo no labour, but reule the contre.
- c1450 Capgr.Rome (Bod 423)35 : Thus standyng þe cherch at his liberte, mech cristen puple come to rome in pilgrimage.
c
- a1425(?a1400) RRose (Htrn 409)4312 : Now Jelousie full well may be Of drede devoid in liberte.
- (?1440) Palladius (DukeH d.2)3.938 : I preuyd haue ykytte yf that they [fruit trees] be, They wol been owt of vice in liberte.
3.
(a) Freedom from ecclesiastical or Mosaic prescriptions, Christian liberty; ~ of the gospel; (b) freedom from the bondage of sin.
Associated quotations
a
- (c1384) WBible(1) (Dc 369(2))Rom.8.21 : The ilke creature schal be delyuered fro seruage of corupcioun in to liberte of the glorie of the sones of God.
- (c1384) WBible(1) (Dc 369(2))1 Cor.10.29 : Wherto is my liberte, or freedom, demyd of anothir mannus conscience?
- (c1384) WBible(1) (Dc 369(2))2 Cor.3.17 : Forsoth where is the spirit of God, there is liberte [WB(2): fredom].
- ?c1430(c1400) Wycl.PPriests Benef.(Corp-C 296)253 : Þei dampnen not curatis þat don wel here office, so þat þei kepen liberte of þe gospel & dwellen where þei schullen most profite.
b
- c1390 Psalt.Mariae(1) (Vrn)455 : Þe peple holpen beo bi þe..to þe furste liberte Þei beo restored a-ȝeyn.
- (?a1430) Hoccl.MG (Hnt HM 111)76 : Ioie & honour be..To him and thee, þat vn-to libertee Fro thraldam han vs qwit.
- 1447 Bokenham Sts.(Arun 327)6642 : Beth reulyd by equyte If ye lyst to reioyse yow of lyberte..Who-so..folwyth þe lust of senswalyte..He ne may for al hys hy lynage The tytyl auoydyn of seruage.
- (a1449) Lydg.PPs.102 (Trin-C R.3.20(1))29 : With his blood he made þy raunsoun..And in his mercyes he gyveþe þee liberte, Whane for þy synne þe feonde doþe þee manace.
- a1500(?c1425) Spec.Sacer.(Add 36791)232/23 : The nombre of fifti..betokeneþ the yere of ioye..in the whiche schall be foryeuenes and full liberte.
- a1500 12 PTrib.(2) (Rwl C.894)400 : Ne trow not hem þat be not streyned with þese bondis to be in verry liberte, þouȝ þei han þat þei asken.
4.
(a) Law A legal privilege or exemption not granted to all; right of an enfranchised citizen; right of the commons; also, the royal prerogative; also fig.; (b) legal privileges or legal jurisdiction of a corporate body, such as a county, city, university, the church, etc.; (c) a privilege or immunity attached to certain land or property; (d) land over which a privilege or jurisdiction extends; of a city: a district outside the city limits but under the city's jurisdiction; of a county: an area not subject to the sheriff's jurisdiction; (e) authority, power, control.
Associated quotations
a
- (1404) RParl.3.549a : The Kynges entent is..for to put in execution, als ferre as he may by the lawe of his land, or by his prerogatif or libertee, alle the articles contened in the Petition of the Comune.
- (1414) RParl.4.22b : Hit hath evere be thair liberte & fredom that thar sholde no Statut no Lawe be made oflasse than they yaf therto their assent.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)5.369 : Shortly concluding..His final exile..Not-with-stondinge þe graunt & liberte Ȝoven to hym tabide in þe cyte.
- a1425(c1385) Chaucer TC (Benson-Robinson)2.1292 : It were ek to soone To graunten hym so gret a libertee, For pleynly hire entente..Was for to love hym unwist if she myghte.
- (1450) RParl.5.173a : That the graunte of the seid Subsidie, extende to charge aswell all persones Spirituelx as Temporelx..eny exemptions, privileges, immunitees, libertees, franchises, grauntes..notwithstondyng.
- (1467) Ordin.Wor.392 : Also that ther be made..no foreyn Burgeis but he be sworen to dwelle wtyn the cite, And who so doth þe contrarye that he be disfraunchised of his libertees.
- a1500(c1435) ?Lydg.DM(2) (Lnsd 699)47/500 : Yeve hidir thyn hand, thou Artificeer, For ther is founde no subtilite Bi witt of man that fro my daungeer To save hym silff can have no liberte.
b
- ?c1430(c1400) Wycl.Curates (Corp-C 296)162 : Lordis & comunes moten meyntenen..þe lawis & þe libertes of holy chirche.
- ?1435 Lond.Chron.Jul.(Jul B.2)61 : Parlement was holden in the Chambre, in which tyme the comones prayed to have here libertes and ffraunchises, the which was graunted hem.
- (1440) Let.Bk.Lond.K (Gldh LetBk K)242 : Certein persones..rescowed þe same John Knyght..and ledde hym in to þe seyntuary of seint Martyns, expressely bothe ayens þe comyn lawe of this land and ayens þe liberties and Fraunchise of þe same Cite.
- (1448) Shillingford69 : The evidencis..buth redy to shewe..the title clayme of franchises and libertees of the seide Cite of Excetre.
- (1450) Doc.Chester in Archaeol.5776 : Of which..libertees & immynitees thei have no knightes citezins, nor burgeyses of the seide comitee to any parliament out of the same comitee.
- c1450 Ponthus (Dgb 185)128/28 : Then he come to the burges and said vnto theym..'bot..if that I haue hir, I shal kepe your fraunches and your libertees.'
- (c1456) Let.Oxf.in OHS 35336 : We be seche yor hygth..ladyschyp to graunte us owre consuete libertes in oure eleccyones.
- (1467) LRed Bk.Bristol1.17 : The Mair, Communes, and Burgeyszes of our Towne off Bristowe have unto us by Peticyon schewyd that..thay..hadd and enjoyed, fro the tyme that no mynde is, a libertee withynne the seid Towne that noo persoone beyng noo Burgeys of our said Towne schold bye withynne the same any merchaundysze.
- (a1500) Doc.in Sur.Soc.8563 : Al thyes lyberteis and customes..with many othyr moo liberteis..the fore sayd Burgeses claymes for to hafe.
- -?-(a1449) Lydg.Cambridge (Cmb Mm.1.35)77 : I meane of Cambridge the Universitie, Franchised with manye a libertie.
c
- (1399) RParl.3.452a : Al other Castels, Maners, Lordeshipes, Possessions, Fraunchises, and Libertees, that thei hadden of the Kynges gyft atte that same daye.
- (1430) Doc.in Flasdieck Origurk.93 : The seid Erle and Robert Bolton, Clerk..do make..John Shardelow..haue estat..of all the castels, maners, londes..seruices, libertees, warennes..that weren..to the ffader..of the seid Erle..yn Kyngeston vpon Hull.
- (1450) RParl.5.198a : In or of any maner Lordshippes, Maners, Landes, Tenementes..Fraunchises, Libertees, Services, or Grauntes.
- c1460 Oseney Reg.21/20 : To-gedur with þe woodes and other thynges and libertees to þe church of saynte George perteynyng.
- a1475 Godstow Reg.(Rwl B.408)75/10 : To be had and to be holde..in weyes, in pathes, in medys..with all libertees longyng to the forsaid lond.
- (c1475) Doc.in Bk.Brome (Brm)143 : To hys [read: hym] and to hys asseyneys, my maner of Cryssygham with all hys pertinences..lyberteys, esementes, exschetes, plegys of corte, knowlages with þe lyberte of in-gate and owtte with-in þe Town and with-owte.
d
- ?1435 Lond.Chron.Jul.(Jul B.2)60 : With Inne the Rewme weren late many hundredis and libertes and ffraunchises annexed to the shires, ffor the which the shereves weren charged in a certeyn somme ffor alle the shire.
- ?1435 Lond.Chron.Jul.(Jul B.2)62 : Thouh they that dydd the trespas be with Inne the liberte and ffraunchise of Chestre, They shull be take and brought fforth as a nother.
- (1440) *Pet.Chanc.PRO ser.CP 1 file 12no.199 : Thomas Stone, porter, with Thomas Bernewell, þat tyme beyng Sheref of london..violently entred within the libertees, pryvileges, and fraunchises of the said chapell.
- (1447) Oath Bk.Colchester185 : Tho iiij men and Bailiffs..be justices of the pees in the said toun, liberte, suburb, precincte of the same.
- (1447) RParl.5.138a : Other Commissioners or Justicez in eny Sheir, Fraunchis, or Liberte of Englond.
- (1450) RParl.5.191a : Within the Libertie and Procincte of Rychemund, called Richemundshire, within the Shire of York.
- (1463) GRed Bk.Bristolpt.2.p.65 : Ȝiff eany maner persone be arrested with yn the Towne of Bristowe precynct or the lybertee of the same..there uppon fyndyth sieurtee to appere by fore the Maire and Sherreff.
e
- ?a1425 Orch.Syon (Hrl 3432)333/22 : Þou fyndist in al þing chaungyng and pryuacioun, for þei dwelle nott in þi liberte and fredom.
- (?a1439) Lydg.FP (Bod 263)3.1089 : He hath wrouht, Be fals outrage..Off lawes tweyne to breke the liberte, And difface the auctorite Off lawe ciuyle & natural also.
- a1475(?a1430) Lydg.Pilgr.(Vit C.13)3374 : With youre gouernaunce I am wroth That ye..medle of my fraunchyse..I am kome..To dyffende my lyberte.
- a1500 *Chartier Treat.Hope (Rwl A.338)83/11 : Your counseils be withowt liberte and withowt ordre, your opynyons be aftir your affeccions..and your ordinaunces withowt any effecte.
- c1500(?a1475) Ass.Gods (Trin-C R.3.19)1280 : Ye know well a rewle haue I must Withyn Macrocosme..ye shall haue your hoole lyberte Withyn Macrocosme..fre.
5.
(a) Liberality, generosity, magnanimity; (b) freedom of expression.
Associated quotations
a
- a1456(a1449) Lydg.Say.Nightingale (Trin-C R.3.20)67 : Þis briddes song, which þat we haue on honde..Betokeneþe..þe gret fraunchyse, þe gret liberte, Which shoulde in loue beo so pure and free.
- a1500(?c1425) Spec.Sacer.(Add 36791)126/32,34 : Yche man oweth for to kepe these thre: mercy, liberti, and sobrenys..libertie, for we oweþ to sende to hem that haþ noȝt purueyde hemself of foode or of ese.
b
- (?a1439) Lydg.FP (Bod 263)6.3358 : Remembraunce..that nouht forgetyn be, Liste foryetilnesse dirke nat the liberte Of cleer report.
Supplemental Materials (draft)
- -?-(?a1495) Ordin.Househ.Cecily Neville ()39* : To all sicke men is given a lybertye to have all such thinges as may be to theire ease.
Note: Need date in most senses.