Middle English Dictionary Entry
lak n.
Entry Info
Forms | lak n. Also lac, lakke, lack(e, lake, (?error) lat & (rare) lāk(e. |
Etymology | Prob. OE; cp. MDu. lac, MLG lak, OFris. lek & OI lakr adj. |
Definitions (Senses and Subsenses)
1.
(a) Lack, absence, want; shortage, deficiency; default of payment; ~ of sacramentes, failure to receive the sacraments; no ~ (of, no shortage (of, no deficiency (of; pens ~, q.v.; (b) for ~ of, for lack of, for want of, in the absence of.
Associated quotations
a
- ?c1335(a1300) Cokaygne (Hrl 913)29 : Nis þer no deþ, ac euer lif; Þer nis lac of met no cloþ.
- ?c1335(a1300) Cokaygne (Hrl 913)78 : Trie maces beþ þe flure..Þe frute gilofre of gode smakke; Of cucubes þer nis no lakke.
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.NP.(Manly-Rickert)B.4034 : Hir bord was serued moost with whit and blak, Milk and broun breed, in which she foond no lak [vrr. lake, lakke].
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)4.335 : He hath the sor which noman heleth, The which is cleped lack of herte.
- (c1395) Chaucer CT.Fri.(Manly-Rickert)D.1308 : An erchedekene..boldely dide execucioun In punysshynge of fornicacioun..Of contractes and of lakke [vrr. lac, lak, lakkyng, lawe] of sacramentz.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)78a/a : Wakynge is none oþir þanne lak of myȝt for to slepe, þat is, superfluyte in wakinge.
- ?a1425(c1380) Chaucer Bo.(Benson-Robinson)3.pr.3.51 : He that hath lak or nede of aught nys nat in every wey suffisant to hymself.
- c1440(?a1400) Morte Arth.(1) (Thrn)163 : Spare for no spycerye, bot spende what þe lykys, That there be largesce on lofte and no lake founden.
- c1460(a1449) Lydg.Look TM (Hrl 2255)55 : Lak of discrecioun causeth gret blyndenesse.
- (c1449) Pecock Repr.(Cmb Kk.4.26)108 : If in oon ȝeer such transmutacioun..muste make a man chaunge his moral gouernaunce..whi not..if thoruȝ hundridis of ȝeeris ben falle..manie lettis and manye vnhelpis and manye lackis of helpis?
- a1450(a1338) Mannyng Chron.Pt.1 (Lamb 131)5956 : Ȝe se nought ȝoure lak! Ȝour kyng can nought hym seluen were!
- a1450(1412) Hoccl.RP (Hrl 4866)2834 : Þus of lawe lak [vr. the lak] Norysshith wrong and castith riȝt a-bak.
- c1450 ?C.d'Orl.Poems (Hrl 682)19/551 : I haue of woo so gret an aboundaunce That teeris salt my hewe doth alle forstayne, But sende me, lord, a lak and make me fayne As moche of weele as y haue displesaunce.
- c1460 Oseney Reg.163/8 : Þenne we..be i-holde to þe foresaide Abbot..for euery lacke or Defawte of this maner of payment.
- a1475 Godstow Reg.(Rwl B.408)98/6 : And yf hit happened that..the forsaid seruyce..be I-letted, they at Godestowe by some of theire chapeleyns shold fulfille the lak of the forsaid seruyce.
- a1500(?c1440) Lydg.HGS (Lnsd 699)606 : Lak of discrecioun sett iobbardis vpon stoolis.
- a1500(a1460) Towneley Pl.(Hnt HM 1)206/85 : If oure lawes were thus-gatys lorne, men wold say it were lake of lare.
b
- a1350 Lord þat lenest (Hrl 2253)30 : Ȝof þer lyþ a loket by er ouþer eȝe, þat mot wiþ worse be wet, for lat [read: lac] of oþer leȝe.
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Mcp.(Manly-Rickert)H.48 : And with his speche the cook wax wrooth and wraw, And on the manciple he gan nodde faste For lakke of speche.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)prol.808 : Thus thei lefte it [the Roman Empire] out of honde, For lacke of grace, and it forsoke.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)7.2077 : O Julius, lord of the lawe, Behold mi conseil is withdrawe For lacke of gold.
- (c1395) Chaucer CT.Mch.(Manly-Rickert)E.2271 : For lakke of answere, noon of hem shal dyen.
- (c1395) Chaucer CT.Sq.(Manly-Rickert)F.430 : She swowned now and now for lakke of blood.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)2.3773 : We be nat egal of myȝt nor of renoun, For lak of men, with hym to holde a felde.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)4.1566 : Þe Grekis fauȝt with hem..Til briȝt Phebus was at goynge doun, Þat Troyens, of necessite, For lak of lyȝt entre þe cyte.
- (1422) MSS PRO in App.Bk.Lond.E.305 : I, Wylyam Howse, feffe my brothers son, Jafaray, In all þe londes þat I haue, for lac of eyre male.
- a1425(c1385) Chaucer TC (Benson-Robinson)2.909 : White thynges wexen dymme and donne For lak of lyght.
- ?a1425 Orch.Syon (Hrl 3432)95/8 : O, how myche solace þei schulen haue whanne þei schulen be in her bodyes glorified! Which solace, albeit þei schulen not haue into þe day of doom, ȝit schulen þe soulis haue no peyne for þe lak of her bodies.
- c1432-a1500(c1390) Chaucer L.St.(Robinson)7 : Al is lost for lak of stedfastnesse.
- (1433) RParl.4.445a : Havynge consideration to the feblesse..of youre Porte of Melcombe..as it semed welle, by the losse that John Roger and other hadde ther late, for lakke and scarcete of helpe of peuple.
- a1450-a1500(1436) Libel EP (Warner)841 : For if wee leese it [Calais] wyth shame of face, Wylfully, it is for lake of grace.
- (1450) RParl.5.206a : In case eny hurt or inconveniens come to the said Castell..for lak of vitaile, or that the Souldeours there, for lake of payement of theyre wages..depart from the said Castell.
- (a1464) Capgr.Chron.(Cmb Gg.4.12)182 : Whan thei were gadered, for lak of vitaile, thei robbed the cuntre and took awey ox, schep, corn, mony.
- (a1470) Malory Wks.(Win-C)1166/2 : Alas..that I shulde be thus shamefully slayne, for lake of myne armour.
- a1475 Godstow Reg.(Rwl B.408)314/38 : Yf hit happened the forsaid abbesse and Couent..to suffre distreynyng or harme..for defaute or lak of acquytaunce of the said Mighel.
- c1475(c1450) Idley Instr.(Cmb Ee.4.37)1.679 : For as a shippe in the see..Ys ouerthrow..So is a man for lak of temporall goodis.
- a1500 *Chartier Treat.Hope (Rwl A.338)6/11 : Like as must that is put into a tunne and for lake of attendaunce breketh both his barris and dryvith owte the bong.
- a1550 *Ripley CAlch.(BodeMus 63)54a : These philosophers..Medlyth and blonderith with many a thinge..ffor Lacke of trewe vnderstandynge.
2.
(a) Fault, failing; misdeed, offense, sin; disfigurement, blemish (spiritual, moral, or physical); don ~, to commit an offense; in ~ of, thurgh ~ of, through the fault of; with ~, faulty; (b) withouten ~, without fault, faultless, flawless; stout, strong [quot.: c1380]; -- also as tag: without fail, truly, indeed; (c) blame, censure; (d) harm, danger; (e) in phrases: finden (setten, yeven) ~, to find fault, offer a criticism; finden ~ in (of), find fault with (sb. or sth.), discover a shortcoming in (sb. or sth.); leien ~ on, putten in ~, putten ~ in, setten ~ on (upon), find fault with (sb. or sth.), reproach, blame; yeven the ~ of..to, attribute the blame for (sth.) to (sb.); haven gret ~, ?commit a grave misdeed, ?merit great censure.
Associated quotations
a
- a1300 Hit bilimpeð (Corp-O 59)14 : Fader & sune & holi gost, on god in þrimnesse, inne þe nis lac ne lest, auȝ alle holinesse.
- a1325 SLeg.Bridget(2) (Corp-C 145)227 : Oþer binime hure on of hure lymes, oþer som lac hure sende, War þoru þe mannes herte fram hure miȝte wende.
- c1325(c1300) Glo.Chron.A (Clg A.11)8534 : Vor he was somdel ssort he clupede him courtehese..Oþer lak nadde he non bote he nas noȝt wel long.
- c1330(?a1300) Arth.& M.(Auch)2724 : He was..hende & gent & wiȝt..Wiþ him was non iuel lac.
- (1340) Ayenb.(Arun 57)32/33 : Vor huanne þe man is sleuuol him ot ssriue, he uoryet his lackes [Vices & V.(2): defautes] and his zennes.
- (1340) Ayenb.(Arun 57)62/12 : Þet is zoþ; he is wel guod man, and ich hine louie moche, ak he heþ zuich a lac ine him, and þet me uorþingþ.
- (1340) Ayenb.(Arun 57)177/18 : And þous is þe ssrifte y-hol huanne me zayþ alle þe lackes [Vices & V.(2): defautes], greate and smale.
- (1340) Ayenb.(Arun 57)201/15-6 : Þis yefþe deþ away alle uelþe of herte, and hire clenzeþ parfitliche of alle lackes [Vices & V.(2): tecches] and specialliche of þe lacke [Vices & V.(2): tecche] of þe zenne of lecherie.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)prol.393 : The flock withoute guide Devoured is on every side, In lacke of hem that ben unware Schepherdes.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)4/128 : Ha, who fond evere such a lak Of Slowthe in eny worthi kniht?
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)5.6077 : Covoitise..Thurgh lacke of his misgovernance..Ne can non other weie finde To gete him good.
- (c1395) Chaucer CT.Mch.(Manly-Rickert)E.2199 : I pray to god that neuere dawe the day..That I be fals, and if I do that lakke, Do strepe me and put me in a sakke.
- (c1395) Chaucer CT.Sum.(Manly-Rickert)D.2139 : I swere it..Lo, here my feith, in me shal be no lak [vrr. lacke, lakke].
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)73a/b : A seruaunt..is alwey redy..to do what likeþ and plesiþ his lord, þat he haue no lak [L incommodum] neþir defaute [L defectum] of seruise.
- a1400(c1303) Mannyng HS (Hrl 1701)2383 : Þou art a þefe..Ȝyf þou do custummablyche swych lak, To begyle þy mayster be-hynde hys bak.
- a1400(c1303) Mannyng HS (Hrl 1701)2984 : For yn þe syxte [commandment] þer y spake, y touched of þys yche lake.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)21945 : Þar-fore for crist þan preche i yow..Þat yee, þat in þis lake [Frf: ricolage] es lend, Has euer thoght opon yur end.
- ?a1400(a1338) Mannyng Chron.Pt.2 (Petyt 511)p.29 : Constantyn of Scotlond, þat I are of spak, Brak his feaute sone, of treson it is lak..& slouh our Inglish men.
- c1400(c1378) PPl.B (LdMisc 581)10.262 : Si culpare velis, culpabilis esse cauebis..God, in þe gospel, grymly repreueth Alle þat lakken any lyf, and lakkes han hem-selue.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)2.4749 : Saue hir browes Ioynden y-fere, No man koude in hir a lake espien.
- a1425 Mannyng HS (Bod 415)4217 : Bakbytere, he haþ a lak, He ys a treytur behynd þy bak.
- c1425 Glo.Chron.A (Hrl 201)p.389 : Tueye luþer lackes [vr. lawes; B: lakkes] he adde wyþ hym al out: In spenynge he was fol large, in herte þoru out prout.
- c1430(c1386) Chaucer LGW (Benson-Robinson)1534 : He was wis, hardy, secre, and ryche..There nas no lak but that he was agast To love.
- (1440) PParv.(Hrl 221)285 : Lak, or defawte: Defectus, defeccio.
- (?1440) Palladius (DukeH d.2)4.915 : A staloun asse..blaak Or moushered or reed it [read: is] to been hadde..And discolour in browes hath a laak [rime: taak]..That their ospringe Of variaunt coloures forth they bringe.
- a1450 PNoster R.Hermit (Westm-S 3)50/9 : Þat werk is blynd or wiþ lak, what so euere it be, ȝif it ne be ledde wiþ skil.
- a1450 7 Sages(3) (Cmb Dd.1.17)2146 : A burgeis..hadde a popynjay at spake, And wyst by hys wyf a lake, And tolde hym, when he ham cam, Anothyr lotby scho nam.
- a1450-a1475 Lydg.TB (Bergen)2.2264 : Þat no spirit ȝou meue folyly To gynne þing þat after wil ȝou schende, For lak [vr. lat] þat ȝe se nat to þe ende.
- c1450(c1350) Alex.& D.(Bod 264)220 : Non haþel undur hevene so holi is founde Þat mihte alegge any lak, our lif to reprove.
- c1450(1369) Chaucer BD (Benson-Robinson)958 : I knew on hir noon other lak, That al hir lymmes nere pure sewynge.
- c1450(c1375) Chaucer Anel.(Benson-Robinson)110 : Ther nas no lak with which he myghte her wite, She was so ferforth yeven hym to plese.
- c1540(?a1400) Destr.Troy (Htrn 388)12106 : Þe pupull..presit full þik To se þat louely be lost, þat no lak did.
- c1450(?a1400) Wars Alex.(Ashm 44)1816 : Quat lake lyse in vs, lord..Þus, causeles, for oure kynge encumbird to worthe?
- c1460(?c1400) Beryn (Nthld 55)1682 : [The burgess] with his felaw spak Of such maner mater, þat faylid nevir of lakk.
- a1500(?c1370) ?Chaucer Comp.A.(Benson-Robinson)57 : Yit is al this no lak to hir, pardee, But God or Nature sore wolde I blame.
- c1450(a1375) Octav.(2) (Clg A.2)1394 : He..seyde he hadde lerned marchalsye..And all maner of hors he knew, Bothe the lak and þe vertu.
b
- c1300 Body & S.(5) (LdMisc 108)p.57 : Thei weren ragged, roue, and tayled, With brode bulches on here bac..No was no lime withoute lac.
- (c1300) Havelok (LdMisc 108)191 : He garte þe erl suere Þat he sholde yemen hire wel, With-uten lac, wit-uten tel, Til þat she were tuelf winter hold.
- c1330 Body & S.(5) (Auch)p.42 : Bi skil þou art ybrouȝt adoun, And y go quite wiþouten lac.
- c1330 Orfeo (Auch)39/460 : Þou art lene, rowe, & blac, & sche is louesom, wiþ-outen lac [vr. lake].
- c1350(a1333) Shoreham Poems (Add 17376)140/301 : Al hyt was god, wyþ-oute lak, Hard and nesche, wyte and blacke, And al þat was.
- c1380 Firumb.(1) (Ashm 33)5488 : He..prykede to hym wyþ a spere..Þe schaft was god & with-oute lak, And huld forþ styf and noȝt ne brak.
- c1390 Cato(1) (Vrn)131 : Whon þou blamest oþer men, Þyn oune Iuge þou ne be; Þer nis no mon with-outen lak.
- a1400 Cursor (Frf 14)138 : Of adam wil I telle, of abraham and of Isaac, þat haly weren, wit-oute lake [Göt: lac; Vsp: make].
- a1400 Cursor (Frf 14)3120 : Wele loued abraham ysaac, his cely sone wiþ-outen lak [Vsp: saac].
- ?a1400(a1338) Mannyng Chron.Pt.2 (Petyt 511)p.95 : Malde hight þat mayden..Fair scho was..& gode withouten lak.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)5.408 : In his herte fully dissepeired Þat he vnwarly was so euele appaired Vn-to Grekis..Beinge vngilti and with-outen lak.
- a1425(?c1350) Ywain (Glb E.9)264 : A ful grete bulge opon his bak -- Þare was noght made withowten lac.
- a1425(?c1350) Ywain (Glb E.9)1133 : Hir thoght [he] was withowten lac, Bot no word to him sho spak.
- a1425 Christ.Belief (LoC 4)3/102 : Wen a modere bers a child luuely and graciouse and in alle his lymes wele perfourenyssed wythouten lak or last, þen comes þhe medewyues befor hire to glade hire.
- c1425 Castle Love(2) (Eg 927)489 : Now on man more parfit and withouten lak Than euer was Adam..is fre to plede for vs.
- a1450(c1410) Lovel.Grail (Corp-C 80)50.150 : This watir it is bothe depe and blak; I ne dar not þer-Onne gon, with-Owten lak.
- a1450(c1410) Lovel.Merlin (Corp-C 80)1149 : Thanne the justice..thike two women token beside, and of hem axeden, with-owten lak, ȝif it were soth.
- a1450 St.Editha (Fst B.3)3242 : Meke & myelde he was wt-ouȝt prude, & mony other vertwys he hadde, wt-ouȝt lake.
- a1450 Yk.Pl.(Add 35290)74/109 : I am thy lorde, with-outyn lak, To lengh þi liffe euen as me list.
- a1450-1509 Rich.(Brunner)274 : All togyder coleblacke Was his horse, without lacke [vr. lakk].
- c1450(c1400) Sultan Bab.(Gar 140)1185 : The Arson he smot ther awaye, And the botelles of bawme, withoute lake, That uppone the grene ther thai laye.
- a1500(c1340) Rolle Psalter (UC 64)16.4 : Thou proued my hert; that is, thou alowed it as withouten lake [vr. lacke]..and amange all this, wickidnes is noght funden in me.
- a1500(a1460) Towneley Pl.(Hnt HM 1)68/118 : I am thy lord, Wythouten lak, to lengthe thi lyfe euen as I lyst.
- c1450 Const.Masonry(1) (Clg A.2)86 : Ȝyf þou suwe a wordyer mon Then þy self þou art on, Lette þy Ryȝth sholdur folow his bakke, For nurtur þat ys, with-owten lakke.
c
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)prol.188 : For after deth clerkis lityl drede..of a tyraunt the trouthe to expresse, As men disserue..With lak or prys þei graunt hem her guerdoun.
- c1425 Castle Love(2) (Eg 927)998 : Man sal ȝelde acompt then of al that God him sende..In wikked word and wikked dede then sal be gret lak.
- (?a1439) Lydg.FP (Bod 263)1.6698 : Goode and wikked abide in eueri place; Ther price, ther lak, lat hem be reseruyd To outher parti as thei han disseruyd.
d
- a1400(c1303) Mannyng HS (Hrl 1701)7452 : Comun wymmen take þou noght For many kas þat may falle..Moche wo þan ys swyche to take, For þese þre lakkes sake.
- c1540(?a1400) Destr.Troy (Htrn 388)7617 : The grekes..menit hom sore, As folis þat folily hade faren fro home, To put hom in perell..And might haue lengit in hor lond & þe lak voidet.
e
- c1390 Disp.Virg.& Cross (Vrn)501 : Þe queen a-cordet wiþ þe cros And aȝeyn him spak no more speche..Oure ladi leide on him no lak.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)2.394 : Detraccioun..thogh he preise, he fint som lak..That al the pris schal overcaste.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)3.561 : And every tale..I thenke and peise in my balance..And thanne, if that I finde a lak Of eny word that I mispak..Anon my wittes I despise.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)3.682 : He, which wolde noght forsake His Pacience..seide how that he fond no lak In nothing which sche hadde do.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)5.6290 : Juno..wroth and hastif, In pourpos forto do vengance, Cam forth..And to Calistona sche spak, And sette upon hir many a lak.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)7.2084 : This kniht was wroth, and fond a lak In themperour, and seide thus, 'O, thou unkinde Julius,' [etc.].
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)1.4085 : Duke Nestor firste, sturdy as a wal, In whos manhod was neuer founde lake.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)2.198 : And [in] enewyng, wher ȝe fynde a lak, I axe mercy, or I fro ȝow twynne.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)5.3499 : No wyȝt gladly so sone ȝeveþ lak, Specialy be-hynden at þe bake, As he, in sothe, þat can no skyl at al.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)879/103 : And for þou art enlumined with no floures Of rethorik..þou most abide alle showres Of hem þat list sette on þe a lak.
- a1425(c1385) Chaucer TC (Benson-Robinson)2.1178 : She..gan..this lettre for to rede, Avysed word by word in every lyne, And fond no lak, she thoughte he koude good.
- c1430(c1395) Chaucer LGW Prol.(2) (Benson-Robinson)298 : Here maydenhede..was nat kept for holynesse, But al for verray vertu..And for men schulde sette on hem no lak.
- (1440) *Capgr.St.Norb.(Hnt HM 55)1746 : Thei put in þe werk a ful grete lak, But for al þis, our Norbert hatz no doute.
- c1460(a1449) Lydg.PPeace (Hrl 2255)141 : Esaw wolde haue founde a laak, Cause that Iacob was put out of prees.
- a1450(1412) Hoccl.RP (Hrl 4866)1530 : Þus ben we bytrayed And disclaundrid and put in wyte and lak, fful gilteles.
- a1475(?a1430) Lydg.Pilgr.(Vit C.13)2964 : And in swych caas, thow hast gret lak, To haue the swerd..Commyttyd vn-to thy power, Out of the skawberk, yt to vse.
- a1475(?a1430) Lydg.Pilgr.(Vit C.13)14393 : He wyl make an Argument..Wher that yt be ryht or wronge, Sette a prys and sette A lak, And preue also that whyht ys blak.
- a1475(?a1430) Lydg.Pilgr.(Vit C.13)14633 : But yiff thys mantel wer asyde..ffolkys wolden..Hunte at me in euery place, Sette on me ful many a lak.
- a1475(?a1430) Lydg.Pilgr.(Vit C.13)24145 : In their [Age and Sickness] comyng I fonde gret lak, and evene thus to me they spak.
- a1500 Mirror Salv.(Beeleigh)p.90 : That man lays, als men says, the crosse on cristis bakke, Whilk to the ordeignaunce of godde, of his synne gyves the lakke [L Qui peccatum suum divino ordinatori attribuere videtur].
- c1500(?a1475) Ass.Gods (Trin-C R.3.19)369 : In eloquence..he passyd all the pak, For in hys talkyng no man cowde fynde lak.