Middle English Dictionary Entry
hōm n.
Entry Info
Forms | hōm n. Also home, ham(e, whom & om, am & (?errors) hem, heom. Pl. hōmes, etc. & (early) hāmen, heomen. |
Etymology | OE hām |
Definitions (Senses and Subsenses)
1.
(a) A residence, dwelling, house, palace; also fig.; hous and ~, house and home; (b) a shelter for hogs, a pen; (c) the zodiacal sign as the seat of a planet; also, the abode of the planets and stars [quot.: Wars Alex.]; (d) fig. the seat of love, truth, etc.; (e) an estate; a homestead; (f) a building, hall.
Associated quotations
a
- a1131 Peterb.Chron.(LdMisc 636)an.1129 : Se þe þæt ne wolden done forgede his circe & his hus & his ham.
- c1175 Orm.(Jun 1)1608 : Ȝiff þu mihht forrwerrpenn..Þi..wif & child & hus & ham & freond & land & ahte..mihht tu lakenn swa þin Godd..Wiþþ lac.
- c1275(?a1200) Lay.Brut (Clg A.9)20368 : He is inne Scottlonde..& hames forberneð and waldeð al ure lond.
- c1275(?a1200) Lay.Brut (Clg A.9)29416 : Monie of þan londen, and of þan heomen [altered to: hamen], heo binomen heore namen.
- a1225(c1200) Vices & V.(1) (Stw 34)35/4 : For ðessere eadi hope hie forlateð fader and moder, wif and children, hus and ham, and alle worldes wele and blisse.
- a1275 Þene latemeste dai (Trin-C B.14.39)6 : Al hit wole a-gon: Is lont & is lude, is hus & is hom.
- a1300 Worldes blis ne last (Rwl G.18)23 : Al þe blisse of þisse liue Þu shalt..henden in wep Of huse ant home ant child ant wyue.
- c1300 Lay.Brut (Otho C.13)10023 : Þe king..heom an hond solde mochil deal of londe al aboute Catenas, þar hii homes makede.
- c1300 SLeg.John (LdMisc 108)44 : To þe Cite of Efese..he com, Þare he hadde him-sulue hous and hom.
- c1325(c1300) Glo.Chron.A (Clg A.11)7702 : He caste out of house & hom of men a gret route & binom hor lond.
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Mcp.(Manly-Rickert)H.229 : The tiraunt is of gretter myght By force of meynee for to sleen doun right And brennen hous and hoom.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)5619 : It [the chest] spird was wit þe lid, Noght fer fra þe kinges hame [rime: fame; Trin-C: home].
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)14019 : Simond..sir was o þat ham [rime: scam].
- c1400(a1376) PPl.A(1) (Trin-C R.3.14)3.88 : Þat fuyr shal falle & forbrenne..Þe hous and þe homes of hem þat desiren To haue ȝeftis in ȝouþe or in elde.
- c1400(?c1390) Gawain (Nero A.10)12 : Langaberde in Lumbardie lyftes vp homes.
- c1400 Ihesu my lefe (BodDon c.13)5 : My delite & my hame, Ihesu, my blisful kynge.
- (1440) PParv.(Hrl 221)244 : Hoome, or dwelly[n]ge place: Mancio.
- a1450 Castle Persev.(Folg V.a.354)1479 : I haue synnyd..In þe dedly synnys seuene, boþe in home & halle.
- c1450(?a1400) Wars Alex.(Ashm 44)4048 : Haue ȝe na houses ne na hames ne holis in to bery?
- c1450 Pilgr.LM (Cmb Ff.5.30)82 : It is defended..that no man bere out of his hoom neither scrippe ne burdoun.
- c1475(c1445) Pecock Donet (Bod 916)135/1 : If eny clerk..wole nedis make þe foorme þerof to be his ful reule..bi ferfet reducciouns, or into hoom bringing of þingis being oute or aroume, I wole not werne him.
b
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)296a/a : Tame swyne knowen her owne hous and home and lerne to come þerto wiþ outen guyde.
c
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)108b/b : Þise signes beþ Iclepid housis, for þey beþ þe home & þe wonynge place of planetis.
- c1450(?a1400) Wars Alex.(Ashm 44)27 : Þai..Of þe ordere of þat odde home þat ouer þe aire hingis Knew þe kynd, & þe curses of þe clere sternys.
d
- c1175 Orm.(Jun 1)3550 : Illc mann shule cumenn ham..inntill rihht Crisstenndom..Intill þatt soþfasstnessess ham Þatt mann wass shapenn inne.
- a1400 Crist made to man (Htrn 512)29 : Loue, loue, where shalt þou wone?..For cristis herte þat was þin hoome -- He is deed, now hast þou noone.
- c1400(a1376) PPl.A(1) (Trin-C R.3.14)10.45 : Anima, þat oueral in þe body wandriþ, Ac in þe herte is hire hom.
e
- a1225(?OE) Lamb.Hom.(Lamb 487)49 : Riche men..habbeð..feire huses and feire hames.
- c1230 Ancr.(Corp-C 402)58/8-9 : Heo schal beo greattre ibollen, leafdiluker leoten of þen a leafdi of hames, ȝef ha makeð hire wrað aȝeines gult of sunne.
- c1450(c1405) Mum & S.(2) (Add 41666)602 : He taughte þaym..þaire tithing to bringe Of al manier grene..Of fructe and of floxe in felde and in homes.
f
- c1450(?a1400) Wars Alex.(Ashm 44)4902 : Ȝit was a mynstir on þe mounte..Þis hame at houes on þis hill was in þe hiȝe est.
- c1450(?a1400) Wars Alex.(Ashm 44)5279 : Þe kyng..þe castell..entres, Silis in with þat semely in-to a somere-hall..Þare ran a reuire..vndire þat riche hame.
2.
(a) A town, a city; (b) one's native town or land; (c) a place for habitation, resting place, refuge; ~ of heven, heaven; hatel ~, hell; holi ~, the kingdom of heaven; long ~, a final resting place, the grave; also, future life.
Associated quotations
a
- c1275(?a1200) Lay.Brut (Clg A.9)19455 : Þa wes Verolam a swiðe kinewurðe hom.
- ?a1300 Maximian (Dgb 86)239 : I rod þoru-out rome, Richest alre home.
b
- c1275(?c1250) Owl & N.(Clg A.9)1751 : Hwat, miȝte [Jes-O: nuȝte] ȝe..his hom! He wuneþ at portes hom, At one tune ine dorsete.
- c1450(c1350) Alex.& D.(Bod 264)46 : He wolde fare wiþ his folk in a faire wise To biholden here hom and non harm wirke.
c
- c1175(?OE) Bod.Hom.(Bod 343)134/3 : We beoð ihatene & ilaðode to þam haliȝe hame..þær ðe Almihtiȝ Drihten leofæð ant rixæð.
- c1225(?c1200) SWard (Bod 34)16/139 : O helle, deaðes hus..heatel ham & heard wan of all wontreaðes.
- c1230(?a1200) Ancr.(Corp-C 402)180/12 : Þe pilegrim i þe wordes wei, þah he ga forþward toward te ham [Nero: hom] of heouene, he sið & hereð unnet.
- c1300 SLeg.Magd.(2) (LdMisc 108)38 : Deiden fader and Moder..Men..to heore longue home brouȝten heom ful sone.
- a1350 Middelerd for mon (Hrl 2253)45 : Hom vnholdest her is on wiþouten helle.
- a1400(c1303) Mannyng HS (Hrl 1701)9194 : Þy traueyle shalt þou sone ende, For to þy long hom sone shalt þou wende.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)994 : Out es put sua wreched adam Of paradis, þat rich ham.
- a1425(?a1400) RRose (Htrn 409)6252 : The eleven thousand maydens..wonnen hevene unto her hom [rime: martirdom].
- a1425 Al es bot (Glb E.9)59 : When he es at his lang ham, scho eges hire be lyfe To take hire a ȝong swayn.
- ?a1425(c1390) Chaucer Truth (Benson-Robinson)17 : The wrastling for this world axeth a fal; Her is non hoom, her nis but wildernesse.
- c1440 HBk.GDei (Thrn:Horstmann)317 : Þase þat are dede..noghte with þam beris to þaire lang hame..bot a lyttill cloute of clathe to hille þaire body with.
- c1450(?a1400) Wars Alex.(Ashm 44)4650 : We erd..as qua pas a pilgrymage fra Parysch to rome, To othire hames vs hiȝe quen we ere hethen voided.
- c1450(a1425) MOTest M.7 Boys (SeldSup 52)st.41 : Þei so wyse were þan, þei haue þer hame in heuyn.
- a1500(a1460) Towneley Pl.(Hnt HM 1)147/212 : In euery place he [Christ] shall haue hame [rime: name].
3a.
In phrase at ~: (a) in or to one's house, at home; in the monastery or convent; also fig.; couchour at ~, q. v.; (b) of an animal: in its shelter or quarters; of flesh: in its natural habitat; (c) in or to one's native town; (d) in one's native land; (e) in congenial environment; (f) at hand, available.
Associated quotations
a
- c1175(?OE) Bod.Hom.(Bod 343)26/10 : Min cnapæ lið æt ham al on paralisim.
- c1175 Orm.(Jun 1)2394 : Whil þatt ȝho wass Wiþþ hire kinn att hame, Comm Godess enngell..Till hire inn hire bure.
- c1175 Orm.(Jun 1)12985 : Þeȝȝ tokenn þær to fraȝȝnenn Crist Off whære he wass att hame.
- a1225(c1200) Vices & V.(1) (Stw 34)79/15 : Hie sitteð at ham and ne hauen ðarof non ȝeswink.
- c1225(?c1200) HMaid.(Bod 34)28/452 : Hwel he bið et hame, alle þine wide wanes þuncheð þe to nearewe.
- c1230(?a1200) Ancr.(Corp-C 402)218/23 : Ancre þe naueð nawt neh honde hire fode beoð bisie twa wummen, An eauer þe leaue ed hame [Nero: hom], an oþer þe wende ut.
- ?a1300 Jacob & J.(Bod 652)64 : Þis breþren wendeþ afeld to witen here fe, Ac Iosep leuede at hom.
- c1300 SLeg.Chris.(Hrl 2277)89 : He nas bote vneþe atom þat he ne gradde also þer.
- c1300 SLeg.Marg.(Hrl 2277)180 : Þe were betere habbe bileued atom þan icome me to fonde.
- (a1387) Trev.Higd.(StJ-C H.1)4.289 : Þere were meny men þat hadde at home [Higd.(2): at their places; L domi] suche bookes.
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Mk.(Manly-Rickert)B.3128 : Thow art a maister whan thou art at hom, No poure cloistrer ne no novys But a gouernour.
- (c1395) Chaucer CT.Sum.(Manly-Rickert)D.1855 : His deeth saugh I be reuelacioun..at hom in oure dortour.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)5694 : Attam [Frf: atte ham; Göt: at þaim; Trin-C: at home] con þair fader frain, 'How had yee,' [etc.]?
- a1400 Floris (Eg 2862)84/500 : Þou shalt..The Senpere fynde at hoome; He woneth at þe brygges ende.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)2.3592 : Whi were þou wery to liue at home in pes?
- (a1438) MKempe A (Add 61823)33/26 : He led hir to spekyn wyth þe Bysshop of Lynkoln..and a-bod iij wekys er þei myght speke wyth hym, for he was not at hom at hys paleys.
- (1440) *Capgr.St.Norb.(Hnt HM 55)954 : It is not weel at hom at our hous.
- (a1470) Malory Wks.(Win-C)53/21 : He ys oute; He ys nat at home.
- ?a1475 Ludus C.(Vsp D.8)44/46 : Fare weyl..Evyn here at hom þou me a-byde; I must go walkyn.
- a1500(?a1400) KEdw.& S.(Cmb Ff.5.48)966 : Whi playes þou not 'passilodion' As þou did ȝisterday at home?
- a1500(1442) Let.Marg.Anjou in Camd.86 (Add 46846)80 : He..visited my lady youre wif at whom at youre place.
b
- c1230(?a1200) Ancr.(Corp-C 402)74/13 : Þet flesch is her ed hame, as eorðe þe is in eorðe.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)294a/a : Whanne his [the cat's] skynne is y-brende, þanne he abydeþ at home.
c
- c1175 Orm.(Jun 1)3543 : Illc mann shollde cumenn ham Inntill hiss aȝhenn birde, Forr þær to reccnenn till þe king An peninng..& tatt mann shollde hiss name þær Att hame o write settenn.
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Pard.(Manly-Rickert)C.569 : Whan a man hath dronken draghtes thre And weneth that he be at hoom in Chepe, He is in Spaigne.
- (c1395) Chaucer CT.WB.(Manly-Rickert)D.528 : He som tyme was a clerk of Oxenford And hadde laft scole and wente at hom to bord With my gossyb.
- c1450(?a1400) Chestre Launfal (Clg A.2)84 : Þey schull with þe go, At hom þe for to bryng.
- a1525(?1434) Cov.Leet Bk.157 : That he send for þe most sufficient persones that shal-be at whome.
d
- c1275(?a1200) Lay.Brut (Clg A.9)2436 : Guendoleine he sende into hire fader londe..Þa wæs Guendoleine at hame [Otho: atom]..heo hit mænde to alle monnen.
- ?a1300 Jacob & J.(Bod 652)343 : Betere ȝou is to swinke & erne ȝoure mete þenne at hom to deye on hunger & on hete.
- c1300 SLeg.(LdMisc 108)257/27 : He wende out of contreie, Ake is guode fader and is Moder..he bi-lefte him atom bi-hinde.
- a1350 Flem.Insur.(Hrl 2253)5 : Betere hem were at home in huere londe Þen forte seche flemmysshe by þe see stronde.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)2.925 : He lefte at hom to kepe his wif..Elda forth with the Bisschop eke.
- c1400 PPl.C (Vsp B.16)6.199 : Truþe at hom [Hnt: Ȝe þat secheþ seint Iame and seyntes of rome, Seicheþ seint treuthe in sauacion of ȝoure saules].
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)4.1825 : So many prince..Þat han..I-lost her lyf and I-spent her blood, Whiche myȝt haue ben ful wel at hom in pes.
- c1430(c1386) Chaucer LGW (Benson-Robinson)2036 : Forsake I wol at hom myn herytage And, as I seyde, ben of youre court a page.
- c1450(c1350) Alex.& D.(Bod 264)381 : We holden hit a vertu at hom in oure lande, Among þe men of our march mercy unknowe; For we ben meved to no man mercy to grane.
- c1540(?a1400) Destr.Troy (Htrn 388)9337 : Oure buernes with baret britnet in feld, Þat might haue leuet in hor lond, as lordes at hame.
- c1450(?a1400) Wars Alex.(Ashm 44)148 : Men of his burȝ..he by-hind him at hame withoute hede leuyd.
e
- c1400(?a1387) PPl.C (Hnt HM 137)11.28 : He [Dowel] ys nat alway at hom among [vr. a-tom wiþ] ȝow Freres.
f
- a1450 Yk.Pl.(Add 35290)512/360 : Ȝe herde þam noght, youre eris ȝe hidde; Youre helpe to þame was noȝt at hame.
- a1500(a1460) Towneley Pl.(Hnt HM 1)383/519 : As it betyde that nedefull oght askyd in my name, ye harde thaym noght; youre eeres was hid; youre help to thaym was not at hame.
3b.
In phrase from (fro) ~: (a) away from one's house or dwelling; (b) out of town; (c) away from one's native land or country.
Associated quotations
a
- c1225 SWard (Roy 17.A.27)4/26 : Ne bið neauer his hus for þeos hinen wel iwist for hwon þet he slepe oðer ohwider fare from hame.
- ?a1300 Sirith (Dgb 86)97 : Þau he be from hom on his hernde, Ich were ounseli.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)10413 : He [Joachim] heild him fra hame [Trin-C, Ld: home].
- c1400(?c1390) Gawain (Nero A.10)1534 : Dos techez me of your wytte, Whil my lorde is fro hame [rime: game].
- ?c1450 St.Cuth.(Eg 3309)1154 : Þe fyue bates, on þe fame Þai were dryuen so farr fra hame.
b
- c1300 SLeg.Kath.(Hrl 2277)177 : Þemperour fram home was afare.
c
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)3.1905 : Agamenon batailleth To winne Troie, and it assailleth, Fro home and was long time ferr.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)4.167 : For it so longe passed is Sithe ferst than ye fro home wente.
- a1400(c1303) Mannyng HS (Hrl 1701)7902 : Take þou ensample at seynt Ierom..and go fro hom.
- (a1438) MKempe A (Add 61823)44/8 : What xal I þan do whan I am fer fro hom & in strawnge cuntreys?
- c1450(?a1400) Wars Alex.(Ashm 44)461 : Now hafe I..all to lange lengid fra hame.
4.
(a) In cpds.: ~ bakere, ?one who bakes bread at his home and sells it in the market; ~ hold, home-loving; hethinge is ~ hold, curses come home to roost; ~ pipe, a pipe supplying water to a house; ~ wope, domestic grief, woe on the home front; (b) in surnames and place names [see Smith PNElem. 1.226-9, 232].
Associated quotations
a
- (1429-30) Doc.in HMC Rep.9 App.1138b : Tryacleman, Hombaker, Clokmaker.
- c1440(?a1400) Morte Arth.(1) (Thrn)1843 : Holde, at þow hente has; it harmez bot lyttile, For hethynge es hame-holde, vse it who so will!
- 1448 *Glo.Chron.C (Arms 58:Kooper)f.114r : The hom wop and disaise of his awene men and kynnes myschape aderkede the happie destenes and chaunces of his batailles tofore ido.
- (?a1450) Lond.Charterhouse in Archaeol.58302 : Þe home pipe [first hand: This is þe pype þat bringith þe watir home & it goith fro þe hous to þe first suspirel evene south].
- 1490 *Canterb.City Rec.[OD col.] : Robertus Dehytyngton, homebaker.
b
- (1202) EPNSoc.15 (Hrt.)60 : Aldeham.
- (1248) in Löfvenberg ME Local Surnames106 : Odo de la Hombreth.
- (1269) EPNSoc.17 (Not.)247 : Gotham.
- (1274) EPNSoc.18 (Mid.)200 : Homfeld.
- (1279) in Löfvenberg ME Local Surnames106 : Will. atte Homewode.
- (1299) EPNSoc.12 (Ess.)231 : Wodenham.
- (1302) Doc.Kingswood in BGAS 22237 : Le Homelonde.
- (1327) EPNSoc.17 (Not.)48 : Dounham.
- (1332) in Löfvenberg ME Local Surnames106 : Joh. atte Homwerthe.
- (1428) EPNSoc.19 (Cmb.)191 : Fordeham.
- (1439) EPNSoc.13 (War.)145 : Sowtham.