Middle English Dictionary Entry
heir n.
Entry Info
Forms | heir n. Also heire, heier, eir(e, eier, eiir, eiur, eiȝer & hair(e, haier, air(e, aier(e, aiar, are & her(e & hier & (by false division) nair(e, naier, nere. |
Etymology | AF heir, aire (cp. CF hoir) & L hēres. |
Definitions (Senses and Subsenses)
1.
(a) One who inherits, or is entitled to inherit, the property, title, honors, etc. of a dead man; an heir or heiress; fals ~; verrei ~; kind ~, natural heir; thirde ~, the third in descent; heires and assignes [see assigne n. 1.]; from ~ to ~; (b) one who is due to inherit when the present possessor dies; (c) a son or daughter; pl. sons, posterity; son (doughter) and ~; (d) a successor in a public or ecclesiastical office; heires and (or) successoures; (e) fig. one who gains some knowledge, quality, or reward.
Associated quotations
a
- (c1300) Havelok (LdMisc 108)410 : Hwan birkabeyn was leyd in graue, Þe erl dede sone take þe knaue, Hauelok, þat was þe eir.
- c1300 SLeg.Nich.(LdMisc 108)20 : Þo is fader and is moder weren dede þis holie child Nicholas..heore eyr was.
- c1330(?a1300) Guy(2) (Auch)p.384 : Þan was his fader..Ded & birid..His air was sir Gioun.
- (1343) Cart.Whitby in Sur.Soc.69230 : Ye aforsayd Robert wylle and knawlegs for hym, his heirs and assignes, to pay..the aforsayd rente seruice.
- a1375(1335-1361) WPal.(KC 13)128 : Þouȝt sche..þat it [her own son] no schulde neuer kuuere to be king þer as þe kinde eyre, whille þe kinges ferst sone were þer a-liue.
- c1390 PPl.A(1) (Vrn)8.4 : Treuþe..purchasede him a pardoun..For him and for his heires [vr. eiȝers] euer more aftur.
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Pars.(Manly-Rickert)I.884 : Of which brekynge [of mariage] comen false heires ofte tyme, that wrongfully ocupien folkes heritages.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)2565 : He þi nere sal noght be.
- c1400(?a1387) PPl.C (Hnt HM 137)11.241 : The heritage that þe air sholde haue ys at þe kynges wille.
- (1421) Doc.in Morsbach Origurk.9 : Þe forsaide sir Thomas..sall hafe a place..called þe legh..to him and to his hers for euer-more.
- a1425 By a forest (Bod 596)208 : Men seith good gete vntrewly, the thridde heire broke it ne may.
- (1430) Doc.in Flasdieck Origurk.93 : Thys endenture..shall make..to the seides John Shardelow..haue estat, to hem and to here heirs imperpetuite.
- (1440) PParv.(Hrl 221)137 : Eyyr, or herytage: Heres.
- c1440(?a1400) Morte Arth.(1) (Thrn)1740 : His knyghttez Ioneke and Askanere..That ayarez were of Esexe and al þase este marchez.
- a1450(1401) For drede (Dgb 102)123-5 : Wiþouten heire dyeþ no man..God makeþ mony heire in a whyle.
- a1450 Yk.Pl.(Add 35290)69/7 : Kyng Pharo my fadir was..I am hys hayre.
- c1540(?a1400) Destr.Troy (Htrn 388)11684 : While hit [the Palladium] keppit is in kirke..Neuer the toune shalbe takon..Ne care fro the corone, ne the kynd aire.
- a1450 Form Excom.(1) (Cld A.2)66 : Alle þat makuth false scharterus or false heyrus wyttyngliche.
- c1450 NPass.(Add 31042)161/453* : Salomone my sone so faire Off alle this lande sall be myne ayere.
- (1451) Capgr.St.Gilb.(Add 36704)63/3 : Be heritage Seint Gilbert was very eyer of þis possession.
- (a1464) Capgr.Chron.(Cmb Gg.4.12)209 : The Kyng went into Litil Brityn, for to help Jon Mountforth, whech was very eyir therof.
- (?1474) Stonor1.146 : Thys be the stuffe of þe chapelle of Stonor, þe wyche must be left fro Eyur unto Eyur wythyn þe maner of Stonor.
- c1475(c1399) Mum & S.(1) (Cmb Ll.4.14)3.100 : Þey gaderid hem to-gedir..To helpe þe heeris þat had many wrongis.
- ?c1475 *Cath.Angl.(Add 15562)4b : An Ayre: heres.
- a1500(1422) Yonge SSecr.(Rwl B.490)134/13 : Harre roialmes ham berewyth by werre or by defaute of heyrys, or by deth of Fadyr and Sonne.
- a1500(a1450) Gener.(2) (Trin-C O.5.2)4936 : I am..The kynggez sone that here to day was slayn; And eyre to his landes.
b
- c1300(?c1225) Horn (Cmb Gg.4.27)897 : Horn..Aslaȝen beþ mine heirs..Mi Rengne þu schalt welde.
- c1300 SLeg.Judas (Hrl 2277)34 : Þo heo seȝ hit was a child manlich..Glad heo was, and hopede of him to habbe an heire.
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Bod 959)Gen.15.4 : Þis schall not be þin eyre, bot he þat schall gone oute of þi wombe, hym þou schalt haue þin eyre.
- (a1387) Trev.Higd.(StJ-C H.1)4.135 : Attalus, kyng of Asya, made þe peple of Rome heyer of his kyngdom.
- c1390 Þe wyse mon in (Vrn)220-1 : Mak not þin heir þin executour, Ne mak þin heir no ficiscien.
- a1400(c1303) Mannyng HS (Hrl 1701)1182 : Ne be þou neuere yn swych errour To make þyn eyr þy secutour.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)4016 : He welcumd iacob selli fair; He wist he was his fader air.
- (1420) MSS PRO in App.Bk.Lond.E.298 : Henry..kyng of England, heire and Regent of þe Rewme of France.
- a1425(c1385) Chaucer TC (Benson-Robinson)5.805 : This Diomede..heir he was of Calydoigne and Arge.
- a1450 Myne awen dere sone (Vsp D.13)32-4 : Lat neuere thyne are thy sectur be, For..Thyne are sall hafe thyn erytage.
- c1540(?a1400) Destr.Troy (Htrn 388)13763 : Lamydon..The abill sone of Ector, heire vnto Troy.
- a1475 Godstow Reg.(Rwl B.408)338/30 : Robert Gay, with the assent..of Mold hys wyfe & phylyp hys eyre..Grauntyd..j halfe hyde of londe.
- ?c1475 *Cath.Angl.(Add 15562)4b : To make Are: heredare, hereditare.
c
- c1300 SLeg.Kenelm (LdMisc 108)77 : Seint kenelm was is sone and is eir al-so.
- a1325(c1280) SLeg.Pass.(Pep 2344)246 : Bytwene ham hi sede, 'lo þis is his heir..Comeþ fforþ and quelle we him, & we shulleþ echon Habbe his heritage.'
- c1330 Degare (Auch)442 : Þe King..lette crie..He sscholde haue in mariage His dowter..For he had non oþer hair.
- a1375(1335-1361) WPal.(KC 13)1474 : Meliors so mariede scholde bene to þemperours eir of grece.
- (c1384) WBible(1) (Dc 369(2))Gal.4.1 : How moche tyme the eyr is litil, he dyuersith no thing fro a seruaunt.
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Mk.(Manly-Rickert)B.3147 : This maketh that oure heires beth so sklendre And feble, that they may nat wel engendre.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)1.1429 : Branchus which to the Capitain Was Sone and Heir.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)1212 : Eue for abel thoght ful fair þat god had sent hir suilk an air [Frf: an nayre].
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)2374 : Þar sal þi nam ouerraised be, And als of airs þat cums o þe.
- c1400(?c1380) Cleanness (Nero A.10)52 : Þat man ryche, Þat made þe mukel mangerye to marie his here dere.
- a1425(c1395) WBible(2) (Roy 1.C.8)Gen.26.4 : Y schal ȝyue alle these thingis to thin eyris [WB(1): thin aftir comers; L posteris tuis].
- c1430(c1386) Chaucer LGW (Benson-Robinson)1598 : His doughter and his eyr, Medea..He made hire don to Jason companye.
- c1440(?a1400) Morte Arth.(1) (Thrn)3188 : Of this vndyrtakynge ostage are comyn Of ayers full auenaunt awughte score childrenne.
- (a1444) Doc.in Morsbach Origurk.28 : Bysechyth mekely..Thomas Seyton, sone and heyer to John Seyton.
- a1450(c1400-25) Legat Serm.PD (Wor F.10)2/52 : Y schal graunte..to alle þe eirys of mankinde þat kepith mi commaundementis..þe plentuvs lond of Chanaan.
- a1450 Heyl comely creature (Bod 423)11 : As the heires of eue to thy pyte we preie.
- a1450 7 Sages(3) (Cmb Dd.1.17)7 : Bitwene thaym twa come a nayer, A good child and a faire.
- a1450-1509 Rich.(Brunner)3374 : We rede, make acord Wiþ Kyng Richard..Þat oure chyldren may come hom hayl, Charges mules..Off brende gold..For oure heyres to make ffyn.
- c1450(a1425) MOTest.(SeldSup 52)344 : And so the werld then wex all new; Thei multiplyd with mony an heyre.
- a1475 Godstow Reg.(Rwl B.408)210/23 : For the helthe of hys sowle & of the sowlys of hys aunceturs & of his hyerys.
- c1475(?c1451) Worcester Bk.Noblesse (Roy 18.B.22)2 : Erle Geffry Plantagenet, the son and heire of Fouke king of Jherusalem, be mariage of Dame Maude..soule doughter and heire to..Henry the first of Inglond.
- a1500(?c1450) Merlin (Cmb Ff.3.11)416 : The heires that thei [Bohors & Ban] be-gat were longe tyme after disherited.
d
- (1405) Doc.in Flasdieck Origurk.32 : The forsaide sir Roger schal graunte to the forsaide Baillies and Burgeis and Comuners, and to here heires and to here successo[ur]s al the Mersch, Stones and Sond.
- a1450(?c1430) Lydg.DM(1) (Hnt EL 26.A.13)238 : Leve ȝowre abbei to somme other wight; Ȝowre eire [is] of age ȝowre state to occupie.
- (1442) RParl.5.38a : Hit be lefefull to the Maire and Citeseyns of the Citee of Lincolne, her heires and successours..to shipp..Woll, without eny Subsidie.
- (1474) RParl.6.119a : Non sufficiente of any of the said Collectours..be..to your Highnes, your Heires or Successours..chargeable.
e
- (1340) Ayenb.(Arun 57)107/21 : Ycristned ine þe bloode of Iesu crist..huer-by..þet he by oure uader and we his zones and his eyrs.
- (c1375) Chaucer CT.Mk.(Manly-Rickert)B.3833 : Fortune hym made the heir of hire honour.
- c1390 PPl.A(1) (Vrn)2.70 : In al þe seruyse of Slouþe I sese hem to-gedere, To habben and to holden and al heore heyres aftur.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)20a/a : O þou soule..I-bouȝt wiþ cristis owne blood to take blisse, eir [L heres] of sauacioun & of hele.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)23555 : Þai ar airs all wit crist.
- (1402) Topias (Dgb 41)86 : Thou seidist of freres, thei sellen seven sacramentes with Symoundis eyris.
- (c1426) Audelay Poems (Dc 302)3/74 : Into herþ he [Christ] come To make þer eyrus of heuen blys.
- a1450(1412) Hoccl.RP (Hrl 4866)2087 : Who was hier in philosophie To Aristotle, in our tonge, but thow?
- c1475 Court Sap.(Trin-C R.3.21)661 : O myghty God..Thyne eyres..how long shall deth wythholde? Syth thow art lyfe, why hath deth souueraynte?
- a1500(c1340) Rolle Psalter (UC 64)20.10 : Thou sall lose fra sunnes of men: that is, thai sall noght be talk amange thin aires.
- a1500(1413) ?Hoccl.Poems PS (Eg 615)p.liii/52 : I am adred that charite is deed..Withowt eyre or issue of hire seed.
- a1550 *Norton OAlch.(BodeMus 63)856 : Ye shalbe bothe my brother and myn heire of this great secret.
2.
(a) In phrases: ~ apparaunt (paraunt, of parand), apparent ~, heir apparent, one whose right to inherit is indefeasible if he survives his ancestor; ~ male, a male heir deriving his right through males; ~ femel, an heir deriving his or her right through a female line; ~ in the taille, heir of an entailed estate, etc.; hol ~, sole heir; nexte ~; right ~, true heir by descent or consanguinity, heir-at-law; (b) in combs. or cpds.: even ~, togeder ~, with ~, a co-heir.
Associated quotations
a
- c1300 SLeg.(LdMisc 108)72/61 : Harold was þo riȝtest eyr, for non oþur þere has.
- (c1300) Havelok (LdMisc 108)110 : Þe king was hoten aþelwold..Of his bodi ne hauede he eyr Bute a mayden.
- c1325(c1300) Glo.Chron.A (Clg A.11)7745 : Edgar aþeling Þat riȝt eir was of engelond & kunde to be kyng.
- (a1387) Trev.Higd.(StJ-C H.1)7.427 : Wheþer of hem lyvede lengest schulde be oþere heyre ȝif þey deie wiþ oute heyre male.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)2.1552 : Moris was apparant heir.
- a1400 Usages Win.(Win-HRO W/A3/1)p.92 : After þe deth of euerych haldere..sholle þe baylyues..seysy sympeleleche þe tenemens..for to y-wyte bet who-so is next eyr.
- (1411) EEWills20 : Yf he deie wyth-owte heire lawfully of ys body begeton, þanne wille y þe forseyd maner..remayne to Henre ys broþer, and to þe heirs of ys body lawfully goton. to hym and to ys heirs leful of ys body..and for defawt of issue..y wille þat yt remayne to william ys broþer, and to ys heirs of ys body. And for defawte of issue..y wille þat þe remaynder be to my ryte heirs.
- (1415) Reg.Chichele in Cant.Yk.S.42 (Lamb 69)49 : Y wil..þat John Cheyne my sone and eir have þe..swerd..with the condicion..þat if he die withoute eir male, þat forsaid swerd..turne to my next heir malis..and þerto y charge þe forsaide John..þat ȝou charge yv[er]ie eir male gettyn of þi bodi upon þis same condition; and if it falle to ony oþer of myne eirs þat þai don sufficiant suerte þat þai gon fro eir male to eir male as hit is above said.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)1.1598 : Sche was..Born to be eyr of þat regioun, After hir fader..Syth he ne hadde..Non eyr male.
- (a1422) *Anc.Pet.(PRO)117.5842 : Forto haue and halde ye seide landes..to þe seide John and to heirs of his body and of þe body of ye seid Elizabeth his wyfe lawfully commyng.
- (1422) MSS PRO in App.Bk.Lond.E.305 : My fathers laste wyll was þat hys londes schuld return Vn-to þe eyre Male & neuer to þe female.
- (1425) RParl.4.274b : Ye Title, Right and Possession of me, and myn heirs of myn body commyng.
- c1425(c1400) Ld.Troy (LdMisc 595)4065 : Of his body hadde he non air To kepe that lond.
- (1429-30) Doc.in Flasdieck Origurk.81 : Ye reuersion..to William ffayrfax, my nayr, and to ye ayrs of his body begettyn male..if he dee with outyn ayr of his body be-gettyn male, [certain manors, etc.] remayn to my ryght ayr for euir mor.
- c1432 Bishop Notes in PMLA 49 (Cmb Dd.14.2)458 : Oure kyng' pronunced as for Eyre paraunt and Regent of ffraunce.
- c1436 Ipswich Domesday(2) (Add 25011)89 : Of every heire femel or male [F heyr madle ou femelle] after the deth of hys antecessoures have the next freend..the norture til that the heir be of ful age.
- c1440(?a1400) Morte Arth.(1) (Thrn)2606 : My name es sir Priamus, a prynce es my fadyre..I ame apparaunt his ayere and eldeste of oþer.
- (1447) *Deed Greenwell : John, son and here apparant of the said John [Trolhope], schall..wed..one of the doghters of the said Rauf.
- (1455) RParl.5.312b : He as hole heire in the taylle to the said Thomas.
- (1458) Deed Norris in LCRS 93133 : Ayr of parrand.
- (1463) Deed Yks.in YASRS 6387 : Scho sall suffre all ye landes..discend to hym as to hir verray heier apparaunt.
- (1473) RParl.6.82b : To the seid Richard Harecourte..and to Edith his wyff, and to the heires males of their bodyes lawfully begoten.
- a1500(?c1450) Merlin (Cmb Ff.3.11)186 : His grauntsire, the kynge Adrian..counseiled hym to take the ordere of knyghthode, for he was the next heire male to the Empere after his deth.
- a1500(?c1450) Merlin (Cmb Ff.3.11)238 : For that he was geten in a-vouterye was he cleped Ewein the a-vouteres, and the tother, that was his right heir be his wif, was cleped Ewein the more.
b
- (a1382) WBible(1) Pref.Jer.(Bod 959)7.76 : Micheas of moraschym þe wiþ eire [L cohaeres] of crist, telliþ þe wastyng of þe douter of a priue þefe.
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Dc 369(1))Ecclus.22.29 : In the eritage of hym thou be togidere eir [L coheres; WB(2): euene eir].
- a1425 *Medulla (Stnh A.1.10)15b/a : Coheres: an heyre togedre.
3.
?As surname.
Associated quotations
- (1168) in Pipe R.Soc.1243 : Rogerus le Eir.
- (1248) Close R.Hen.III81 : Robert le Heyr filia Roberti le Heyr.
- (1297) Sub.R.Yks.in YASRS 16143 : Will. Heyr.
Supplemental Materials (draft)
- ?a1425(?a1350) Castleford Chron.(Göt Hist 740)25599 : After þam comes oþer ma fleble aires; ffor þar negligens alle appaires.
Note: Additional quote(s)