Middle English Dictionary Entry
gọ̄s n.
Entry Info
Forms | gọ̄s n. Also gọ̄̆sse, goce, ghos, guos, gois, gous, gus(e. Forms: gen. sg. gọ̄s(es; pl. gẹ̄s, gẹ̄̆sse, gẹ̄ce, gies, geis. |
Etymology | OE gōs, gen. sg. gōse, nom. pl. gēs. |
Definitions (Senses and Subsenses)
1.
(a) A goose of any kind; (b) a female goose (as opposed to gander); (c) the carcass of a goose, a goose prepared as food; ~ rered, a carved goose; (d) wild ~, a wild goose [see also balled ~, brand ~]; (e) in proverbs, etc.: dighten ~, ?to do something foolish; drinken with the ~, to drink only water [var. of drinken with the doke]; gagel (gagelinge) of ges, a flock of geese; mad as a ~, crazy (?silly) as a goose; shon the ~, to shoe the goose, do something foolish or useless, waste one's time; time of ges, the time when the geese migrate in the fall [?error for time of grese; cp. gresetime].
Associated quotations
a
- c1230(?a1200) *Ancr.(Corp-C 402)35a : False ancre draheð in to hire hole & fret, ase fox deð, baðe ges & hennen.
- (c1300) Havelok (LdMisc 108)702 : Grim solde..þe gees, þe hennes.
- (c1300) Havelok (LdMisc 108)1240 : Ne was þer spared gos ne henne.
- (1340) Ayenb.(Arun 57)32/11 : Þe childe..ne dar naȝt guo his way uor þe guos þet blauþ.
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.NP.(Manly-Rickert)B.4581 : The gees for feere flowen ouer the trees.
- (c1395) Chaucer CT.Mch.(Manly-Rickert)E.2275 : Ye men shul been as lewed as gees.
- c1400(?a1387) PPl.C (Hnt HM 137)6.19 : Canstow seruen..oþer swyn oþer gees dryue?
- (c1410) York MGame (Vsp B.12)40 : She [the otter] haþ a foot as a goos, for she haþ a litel skyn from þat oon cle to þat other, and she haþ non hele.
- ?a1425(c1400) Mandev.(1) (Tit C.16)135/28 : Þere ben white gees, rede aboute the nekke, & þei han a gret crest as a cokkes comb vpon hire hedes.
- c1430(c1380) Chaucer PF (Benson-Robinson)586 : I preyse nat the goses red.
- (?1440) Palladius (DukeH d.2)1.528 : But dong of gees eschew is.
- a1450 Form Excom.(1) (Cld A.2)65 : Also of coltus & caluus & pyggus, of gesse..& of alle maner oþur þingus þat neweth be ȝere.
- c1450 Palladius (BodAdd A.369)1.531 : Fy on you, gees! fy on your tail for shame!
- (a1460) Vegetius(2) (Pmb-C 243)2597 : Eek gees is good to haue in special, For thei wil wake folke that ar aslepe.
- (1472) Doc.in Sur.Soc.8526 : William Broun of Merschalse met women at ye toun end wyt thar gess.
- ?c1475 *Cath.Angl.(Add 15562)58b : A gesse [Monson: Guse]: Ancer, ancerinus, Anserulus, Ansula, auca.
- a1500(c1450) Idley Instr.(Arun 20)2.S.416 : Þeis women..Gangle as a gosse and Iangyll as a Iey.
- a1500 Vnto you (RwlPoet 36)21 : Youre manly visage..best lykened to an hare..Youre garmentes vpon you ful gagly they hynge, As it were an olde gose had a broke wynge.
b
- a1300 Bestiary (Arun 292)302 : Fox..feccheð ofte in ðe tun..te gandre & te gos.
- c1350 Cmb.Ee.4.20.Nominale (Cmb Ee.4.20)780 : Cok, iarce et le Cyne, Cok, gander and swan; Malarde, ane et lowe, Drake, doke and gose.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)49b/b : Foules þat hauen longe biles..hauen longe neckes, as it fareþ in cranes, hayrouns, gees, gandres.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)322b/b : Many foules leggeþ wynd eyren, as hennes, gees [L galline et anseres].
- a1425 Roy.17.C.17 Nominale (Roy 17.C.17)638/16 : Hic ancer, Anglice, gandyr. Hec auca, Anglice, gosse.
- ?a1425(c1400) Mandev.(1) (Tit C.16)31/19 : Thider bryngen wommen..here eyren of hennes, of gees [F owes], & of dokes.
- (1440) PParv.(Hrl 221)204 : Goose: Auca.
- c1450 Alph.Tales (Add 25719)224/17 : Þer was a man þat had a guse, & sho warpyd euer-ilk day ane egg.
- ?c1450 Stockh.PRecipes (Stockh 10.90)74/9 : Take þe ey-schelle of þe goos er of þe henne.
- a1500 Henley Husb.(Sln 686)42 : The xiiij chapitur tellithe what enpproumentes ye shall haue off your gesse and hennys.
- ?a1500 Lndsb.Nominale (Lndsb)760/34 : Hic ancer, Anglice, a gander. Hec auca, Anglice, a gose.
c
- c1300 SLeg.Magd.(2) (LdMisc 108)344 : Huy nomen with heom in heore schip..Gies and hennes, crannes and swannes, and porc, motoun, and beof.
- c1300 SLeg.Patr.(LdMisc 108)270 : Some op-on grediles of Ire irostede weren also, Some as gyes [Corp-C: ges], þe spites of Ire þoruȝ-out heom i-do.
- ?c1335(a1300) Cokaygne (Hrl 913)102,104 : Þe Gees irostid on þe spitte Fleeȝ to þat abbai..And grediþ, 'Gees, al hote, al hot!'
- 1381 Pegge Cook.Recipes (Dc 257)p.97 : For to make Gees in ochepot.
- (a1387) Trev.Higd.(StJ-C H.1)7.335 : Þanne a goos [L auca] was y-leyde to þe fyre.
- c1390 PPl.A(1) (Vrn)prol.105 : Cookes and heore knaues Cryen, 'hote pies, hote! Goode gees [vr. geys; C: goos] and grys [vr. grys & gees]! go we dyne, go we!'
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Rv.(Manly-Rickert)A.4137 : This millere..rosted hem a goos.
- (a1399) Form Cury (Add 5016)p.24 : Gees in hoggepot. Take Gees and smyte hem on pecys.
- a1400 Lanfranc (Ashm 1396)58/2 : Þou schalt helpe with grece, as hennes, goos [Add: gosys; L anseris], & dokis.
- a1425(?a1400) RRose (Htrn 409)7040 : They defende them..With tendre gees [F oisons] and with capons, With tartes or with cheses fat.
- (a1425) Stonor1.40 : For ij swannes, iij geece, iij capones..halffe a hox.
- a1450 Hrl.Cook.Bk.(1) (Hrl 279)18 : A goos in hogepotte. Take a Goos, [etc.].
- a1450 Terms Assoc.(1) (Rwl D.328)604 : A gose reryd.
- c1450 Hrl.Cook.Bk.(2) (Hrl 4016)81 : Goce or Capon farced.
- ?c1450 St.Cuth.(Eg 3309)3339 : Ȝone gose þat hinges on ȝone wall -- Takes it and fede ȝow.
- c1460(?c1400) Beryn (Nthld 55)428 : The tapster & hir Paramour & the Hosteler of the House Sit to-gidir pryuelich, & of þe best gouse..They had ther-of sufficiaunt.
- a1475 Liber Cocorum (Sln 1986)32 : Gose in a Hogge pot. In pesis þou schalle þy gose stryke.
- a1500(a1460) Towneley Pl.(Hnt HM 1)107/233 : Here is to recorde the leg of a goys, with chekyns endorde.
d
- a1325 Gloss.Bibbesw.(Cmb Gg.1.1)781 : Et vient volaunt un ouwe roser [glossed:] wilde ges [vr. wilde gos].
- c1350 Cmb.Ee.4.20.Nominale (Cmb Ee.4.20)796 : Owe rosers et couperole, Wylde gose and notehache.
- (a1387) Trev.Higd.(StJ-C H.1)1.335 : Þere beeþ bernakes, foules liche to wylde gees.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)141a/b : Oþir briddes..eten..of þe fruyt of þerþe, as cranes & gees, boþe wilde and tame.
- ?a1425(c1400) Mandev.(1) (Tit C.16)132/9 : Þere abouten þere ben wylde gees [Eg: wylde geesse; F owes sauuages] þat han ij hedes.
- a1500(?c1440) Lydg.HGS (Lnsd 699)171 : Whan wilde gees, hihe in the ayer vp fleen, A pronostik o snow & wedris colde.
- a1500(?c1440) Lydg.HGS (Lnsd 699)576 : Whan wild gees tak hir fliht.
e
- c1330 Why werre (Auch)222 : Thouh he wite no more than a gos wheither he wole live or die.
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Mil.(Manly-Rickert)A.3317 : His rode was reed, his eyen greye as goos.
- (c1395) Chaucer CT.WB.(Manly-Rickert)D.269 : Ne noon so grey goos goth ther in the lake As, seistow, wol be with oute make.
- ?a1400(a1338) Mannyng Chron.Pt.2 (Petyt 511)p.64 : Whan Harald or þe kyng wild com þider..In þe tyme of gese to tak þam venysons.
- (1415) Hoccl.Oldcastle (Hnt HM 111)337 : Yee medle of al thyng; yee moot shoo the goos.
- a1425 PPl.A(1) (UC 45)5.58 : Goos [Vrn: He schulde þe seterday seuen ȝer after Drinken bote with þe Doke].
- c1430(c1380) Chaucer PF (Benson-Robinson)568 : Lo, here a parfit resoun of a goos!
- ?c1430(c1400) Wycl.Prelates (Corp-C 296)82 : Þei sillen a faat goos for litel or nouȝt, but þe garlek costiþ many shillyngis.
- (1434) Inscr.Whalley in Heywood's Proverbs (1874) [OD col.] (Inscr)103 note : Whoso melles of wat men dos, Let hym cum hier and shoo the ghos.
- a1450 Castle Persev.(Folg V.a.354)804 : Whanne þe fox prechyth, kepe wel ȝore gees.
- a1450 Terms Assoc.(1) (Rwl D.328)603 : A gagalle of gese.
- a1450-1509 Rich.(Brunner)1572 : Þere he gan hys ferste wrak..For þe goos þat he [vr. þay] hadde dyȝt.
- c1450 Alph.Tales (Add 25719)19/14 : And þer fell a swyngyllyng in his hede, þat he wex fonde with & mad as a guse.
- c1450 Dc.Prov.(Dc 52)p.50 : There ben women, there ben wordis; There ben gese, there ben tordys.
- c1450 Dc.Prov.(Dc 52)p.57 : When the fox fulles, then fleys he the gese.
- c1450 Terms Assoc.(2) (Cmb Ll.1.18)232 : A company or a gaglyng of gese.
- c1475 Rwl.Prov.(Rwl D.328)p.125 : Whan þe wox prechyth, beware the gese.
- c1475 Why Nun (Vsp D.9)254 : He schalle be put owte of company And scho the gose.
- a1500(a1460) Towneley Pl.(Hnt HM 1)12/84 : Let furth youre geyse, the fox will preche.
- a1500 Terms Assoc.(3) (Lamb 306)233 : A Gagelinge of geese.
2.
A wooden goose.
Associated quotations
- c1436 Ipswich Domesday(2) (Add 25011)193 : Of eche cent. herouns, gees, dookys, and other such merchaundyse [F marchaundis tayllie de merym], iiij d.
3.
A fool.
Associated quotations
- a1450 Castle Persev.(Folg V.a.354)1064 : Jagge þi Clothis in euery cost, & ellis men schul lete þee but a goos.
- (1476) Paston (Gairdner)5.259 : As for the Castell of Shene, ther is no mor in it but Colle and hys mak, and a goose may get it.
- 1607(?a1425) Chester Pl.(Hrl 2124)168/196 : A groome of Low degree shold raigne aboue my Roialtie and make me but a goose!
4.
In cpds. and combs.: (a)~ ei, a goose egg; ~ grece (smere), goose grease; ~ penne, a goose feather; gos(es wing, the wing of a goose, something of little value; gos(es dong, ~ fether, ~ flesh, ~ fot, ~ herte, ~ tord; (b) ~ herd, ~ man, ~ swein, one who tends a flock of geese; ~ monger, a dealer in geese; (c) ~ horn, ?a horn used for calling geese; also, an obnoxious noise, clamor; ~ hous, a hut or shed for geese; ~ panne, ?a pan with a gooseneck handle; ~ spit, ?a curved spit, a spit shaped like a gooseneck; (d) ~ gras, goses gras, silverweed (Potentilla anserina); (e) ~ bile, ?a nail resembling the bill of a goose; (f) ~ a gander, a gander.
Associated quotations
a
- ?a1200(OE) Hrl.HApul.(Hrl 6258B:Berberich)104.72/2 : Nim þisse wyrt sæd & gose-smere.
- ?a1200(?OE) PDidax.(Hrl 6258b)35/14 : Meng þar þanne huniȝ to..and hwyttre gosu smere [L addippe anserino].
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)221b/a : Wilde oynouns..helpeþ ache of reynes wiþ goos grece.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)279b/a : And his [a turtle's] tweye fore feet beþ as it were goos feet, and þer wiþ he swymmeþ.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)324a/a : Goos eiren beþ grete and harde to defyen.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)324b/b : Moreþrumbil eiren beþ yliche to goos eiren.
- a1400 Lanfranc (Ashm 1396)89/11 : Festre..haþ..a calose hardnesse al aboute as it were a goos penne or ellis a kane.
- c1400(c1378) PPl.B (LdMisc 581)4.36 : Þei ne gyueth nouȝte of god one gose wynge..þei wolde do more for a dozeine chickenes..þan for loue of owre lorde.
- (1423) Plea & Mem.in Bk.Lond.E.132/64 : Ve presente and endite William Emery, pulter, leynge out of gous dong, heryns dong, and hors dong in the kyngys hie wey.
- a1425 Roy.17.C.17 Nominale (Roy 17.C.17)661/37 : Caro aucina: goseflesche.
- c1440 Thrn.Med.Bk.(Thrn)11/9 : Þan tak galte grese & als mekill of gose grese & als mekill of henne grese, & menge it to-gedir in a panne.
- c1450 Burg.Practica (Rwl D.251)193/17 : Take borys grece and capuns grece and goosegrece and medyll them well to-gyddyr.
- c1450 Med.Bk.(1) (Med-L 136)278/903 : For the cankre in the tetis, Tak goose dunge and juyse of celidoyne, & stamp hem, and lay on the sore tete.
- c1450 Med.Bk.(2) (Add 33996)83 : Take a gose feþer, and do awey þe foom aboue clene.
- c1450 Med.Bk.(2) (Add 33996)214 : Tak a goos tort, oþer agandres, ȝyf þou may gete hyt, & knowe hyt.
- c1450 Palladius (BodAdd A.369)1.528 : Yit gooses donnge eschew is..it is an adversarie To every seed.
- ?c1450 Stockh.PRecipes (Stockh 10.90)52/22 : Put þer-to of þe mary in þe grete bon of þe gosys wenge.
- ?c1450 Stockh.PRecipes (Stockh 10.90)110/21 : Take barowghis-grees..and goos-grees.
- a1475 *Hrl.Diseases Hawk A (Hrl 2340)30a : Take orpyment and make it small powdir..& put it in A gose penne & blowe it with-in þe fedyrs in-to þe skyn.
- a1475 *Hrl.Diseases Hawk A (Hrl 2340)33a : Gyf it hyr with flech þe quantite of A gose harte onys Apon þe day.
- a1475 Hrl.Bk.Hawking (Hrl 2340:Halliwell)294 : Anoynt it with the merowe of a gose wyng.
- (?a1500) MSS Montagu in HMC1 : Also ȝif eny mann ete of eny goos fleshe in tho dayes, his ys drede leste he take the fallyng evyl therof.
- c1600(?c1395) PPl.Creed (Trin-C R.3.15)225 : His chyn wiþ a chol lollede, As greet as a gos eye, growen all of grece.
b
- (1245) Pat.R.Hen.III454 : Walter Goswayn.
- (1247) Assize R.Lan.in LCRS 47105 : Gilbert Gosman.
- (1290) Close R.Edw.I154 : John le Gosehurde.
- (1301) Sub.R.Yks.in YASRS 2137 : Johanne Goceman.
- (1327) Sub.R.Sus.in Sus.RS 10146 : Johne le Goshurde.
- (1344) in Fransson Surn.76 : Joh. le Gosmanger.
- (1440) PParv.(Hrl 221)204 : Gosherde [Win: Goosherde]: Aucarius, aucaria.
- ?c1475 *Cath.Angl.(Add 15562)58b : A Gusehirde: hic Aucarius.
- (1485) in Thuresson ME Occup.Terms70 : Agnes Gusehyrd.
- a1500 Mayer Nominale (Mayer)687/24 : Hic aucarius: a gosherd.
c
- (1310) Pat.R.Edw.II316 : Robert Gosehorn.
- ?c1335 Heil seint Michel (Hrl 913)p.157 : Ȝe makid me soch a goshorne ouer al þe wowes; Þer for ich makid on of ȝou sit opon a hechil.
- (1356) Doc.in Riley Mem.Lond.284 : [One] guspanne.
- (1379) Will Court Hust.(Gldh)2.210 : [To John Morton..an iron spit..called] Gossespet.
- (1415) Invent.Agincourt in Archaeol.7099 : Item, vn gosepanne, pris iiij d.
- (1419) *Will Bury155a : Also I be qwethe Will' Basse my gossone..a potel possenet & a trefd & a gospanne, & a morter of hard ston.
- (1437) Will Bury in Camd.4910 : j gospanne ereum, j potelpot de pevtyr.
- (1444) Will York in Sur.Soc.30101 : Cum uno goosse pan de ferro faurecornered.
- (1446) Doc.Coldingham in Sur.Soc.12p.lxxxiv : j frygnpane, j guspane, j rostyngyrne.
- (1474-5) Acc.R.Dur.in Sur.Soc.9995 : Pro le flaggynge de le goyshous.
d
- a1400 Mirfeld Sinonoma (Pmb-O 2)24 : Herbe pelerine, i. gosegresse.
- a1400 Mirfeld Sinonoma (Pmb-O 2)41 : Tanacetum album, i. gosegresse.
- c1465(?1373) *Lelamour Macer (Sln 5)87b : Wylde tansy oþer gose gresse, and som men callith ham whityn mor; his levis ben like tansy but thei ben white.
- ?a1425 Alphita (Sln 284)181 : Tanacetum agreste, puluis eius desiccat uulnera..ang. gosegres.
- (1440) PParv.(Hrl 221)204 : Gosys gres [Win: gresse], or camoroche, or wylde tanzy: Camaroca, vel tanasetum agreste.
- c1440 Thrn.Med.Bk.(Thrn)3/25 : Take gose grese, ambros, spourge, redkne, sperworte.
- ?a1450 Agnus Castus (Stockh 10.90)166/10 : Iasia alba is an herbe þat men clepe gosgres [vrr. gosgras, gosograsse, gosegrasse] or wyldtanse, but it is more quyt þan tanse, and it haȝt a ȝelwȝ flour.
- a1500 Hrl.2378 Recipes (Hrl 2378)99/15 : Take plaunteyn, gosgres, an hous-leke.
e
- (?c1450) Rec.Norwich 2235 : C de gosbilles, ob'.
f
- (c1460) Bk.Arms in Anc.9 (Hrl 2169)175 : [A recipe for a remedy for sciatica demands] an olde gose agandder.
5.
(a) In surnames; (b) in place names [see Smith PNElem. 1.206].
Associated quotations
a
- (1167) in Pipe R.Soc.11172 : Roberti Gosege.
- (1176) in Pipe R.Soc.2584 : Walterus filius Hugonis Gos.
- (1198) in Pipe R.Soc.n.s.9106 : Petrus Goseie.
- (1204) CRR(2) 388 : Alvredus Gos.
- (1212) Bk.of Fees112 : Rogerus Gosefot.
- (1226) Doc.Ireland in RS 5386 : Hugo Gos.
- (c1250) Doc.Oxf.in OHS 70321 : Augustinus Gos.
- (1257) Close R.Hen.III42 : Andreas le Gos.
- (1270) Close R.Hen.III289 : Petrus Gos.
- (c1273) Hundred R.Tower 223 : Ric' de Gosebeck.
- (c1273) Hundred R.Tower 2379 : Margar' Gosenol.
- (c1273) Hundred R.Tower 2602 : Katerin' Goseboll.
- (a1279) Reg.Lin.in Lin.RS 34199 : Thomas de Gosepol.
- (1288) Leet R.Norwich in Seld.Soc.530 : Thomas Gosonthegrene.
- (1296-7) Acc.Cornw.in RHS ser.3.6681 : Et de 2 s. 2 d. rec' de Iohanne Gosebodi cum octo sociis pro inparcamento.
- (1301) Sub.R.Yks.in YASRS 21110 : Johanne Gos.
- (1323) Chart.R.PRO3.457 : Richard Gosetunge.
- (1327) Sub.R.Som.in Som.RS 3136 : Richardus le Goos.
- (1352) Court R.Colchester 1241 : John Goose.
- (c1457) Rec.Norwich 1407 : John Goos, j Jak, v s.
- (c1457) Rec.Norwich 1411 : Robert Gosbek.
b
- (c1125) in Ekwall Dict.EPN192 : Gosecote.
- (1166) in Mawer PNNhb.& Dur.95 : Goseford.
- (1179) in Ekwall Dict.EPN192 : Gosebech.
- (1198) in Ekwall Dict.EPN192 : Gosfeld.
- (c1225) EPNSoc.21 (Cum.)393 : Gouseford, Gowseford, Gosseford.
- (1228) in Mawer PNNhb.& Dur.95 : Gosewiche.
- (1242) EPNSoc.8 (Dev.)256 : Gosewill'.
- (1246) EPNSoc.13 (War.)166 : Gosseford.
- (1250) in Ekwall Dict.EPN192 : Goseport.
- (1292) in Wallenberg PNKent361 : De Goseburn'.
- (1323) in Mawer PNNhb.& Dur.95 : Gossewyk.
- (1326) EPNSoc.13 (War.)166 : Gosfordegrene.
- (1332) in Wallenberg PNKent361 : De Gossebourne.
- (1382) in Mawer PNNhb.& Dur.95 : Gosecroft.
- (1395) EPNSoc.24 (Oxf.)266 : Gosefordebrugge.
- (1405) EPNSoc.21 (Cum.)393 : Gosford al. Gesforth in Coupeland.
- (1422) EPNSoc.23 (Oxf.)225 : Goshay.
- (1448) in Mawer PNNhb.& Dur.95 : Gosseford.
- (c1500) EPNSoc.20 (Cum.)35 : Goseterne.
Supplemental Materials (draft)
- (1435) *Acc.R.Abbotsbury : [Goods attached include] 1 gosfote ferri.
Note: Additional quote(s)
Note: 4.(a)