Middle English Dictionary Entry
gest n.
Entry Info
Forms | gest n. Also gēst, geste, geast, giest & gist(e, gust(e & (errors) kest, yest. |
Etymology | ON; cp. OI gestr, also gesta-hūs, etc. Some forms prob. have vowel of WS giest, gyst (A gest, gest-hūs, etc.). |
Definitions (Senses and Subsenses)
1.
(a) An invited guest, a guest at a meal, banquet, etc.; unboden ~, an uninvited guest; (b) a stranger or traveler entertained in one's home; one entertained by a monastery or the like; goddes ~, a stranger; nightes ~, a visitor for one night; two-nightes ~, one who stays two nights; taken to ~, to offer (sb.) hospitality; (c) fig. Christ in the womb of the Virgin Mary; sin as a guest of the soul; an intruder, an invader or conqueror; a newly caught bird; a newborn child; (d) a woman's lover; a prostitute's customer; (e) ?a host or hostess.
Associated quotations
a
- c1230(?a1200) *Ancr.(Corp-C 402)17a : Ȝef ei haueð deore geast [Nero: gist; Cleo: geste]..heo schal habbe leaue forte unsperen hire þurl..& makie sines toward hire of a glead chere.
- c1230(?a1200) *Ancr.(Corp-C 402)111b : Sum acre makeð hire bord wið hire gest [Nero: gistes] utewið.
- c1300(?c1225) Horn (Cmb Gg.4.27)71/1217 : Hi schulle make wroþe Þe king & his geste [vr. gestes], Þat come to þe feste.
- c1300 Horn (LdMisc 108)541 : Comen were þe gestes, Amorwe was þe feste.
- c1325(c1300) Glo.Chron.A (Clg A.11)5788 : He sede a wel hey word among is gustes [vrr. gistes, gestes] echon, Þat he adde gret hoker..Of a so lute half man as king edgar was.
- a1375(1335-1361) WPal.(KC 13)4904 : Neuer nere gestes vnder god gladliere receyued.
- (a1387) Trev.Higd.(StJ-C H.1)4.81 : Houndes eteþ..as þy gestes [L convivæ] doþ today.
- c1390 Cato(1) (Vrn)477 : Among þi gistes alle A-tempre be of word, Beo corteis and Iangle not Þer þou art set at bord.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)71b/a : Þe spouse..ȝeueþ many goode ȝiftis to frendis & gestis, And comfortiþ & gladiþ his gestis wiþ songis and pipis &..musik.
- ?a1400(a1338) Mannyng Chron.Pt.2 (Petyt 511)p.332 : It was þe kynges costage, for ilk a knyght was gest; Also þei mad mariage of som þat were þe best.
- c1400(?c1380) Cleanness (Nero A.10)98 : Fechez mo gestez..What-kyn folk so þer fare, fechez hem hider!
- c1400(?a1387) PPl.C (Hnt HM 137)11.179 : Herodes, þe daffe, Ȝaf hus douhter..þe hefde Of þe blessyde baptiste by-fore alle hus gustes [vrr. gestes, gistes].
- c1410(c1350) Gamelyn (Hrl 7334)472 : The fals knight..Tolde alle his gestes þat Gamelyn was wood.
- a1425 *Medulla (Stnh A.1.10)17b/b : Conuiua: a gest.
- (1431) Ordin.Gild St.Clement (Trin-C O.7.15)277 : The alderman schal haue..to his drynk and for his geestys j Galone of ale.
- c1440 Degrev.(Thrn)4 : Graunte þam heuen for to see þat luffes gamen and glee And gestis for to fede.
- c1450(?a1400) Wars Alex.(Ashm 44)485 : He..gladis gudly his gestis as his degre wald.
- c1450 Dc.Prov.(Dc 52)48 : Vnbodun gest not where he shall sytte: Ignorat sedem non inuitatus ad edem.
- a1500(?a1400) KEdw.& S.(Cmb Ff.5.48)458 : 'Take my geyst,' seid Adam þan, 'Sithe he his gamme con.'
- a1500(?c1450) Merlin (Cmb Ff.3.11)55 : Pentecoste thei heilde courte vpon the rivere, and ther were many riche yestes.
- a1500 GRom.(Add 9066)212 : Whan the fest was done, all the gestes went home.
b
- 1130-35(OE) Leges Edw.Conf.in Liebermann Gesetze 1648 : Quodsi tercia nocte hospitatus fuerit, et ipse forisfecerit alicui, habeat eum ad rectum tanquam de propria familia, quod Angli dicunt: Twa niht gest [vr. gist], þridde niht ogen hywen.
- ?a1160 Peterb.Chron.(LdMisc 636)an.1137 : Martin abbot..fand þe munekes & te gestes al þat heom be houed, & heold mycel carited in the hus.
- a1225(OE) Lamb.Hom.VA (Lamb 487)109 : Mon mei wurchen elmessan on ete and on wete and ec on iwedan, and þet mon gistas underuo.
- a1200 Trin.Hom.(Trin-C B.14.52)165 : Nis nower non trewðe, for nis þe gist siker of þe husebonde [L hospes ab hospite] ne noðer of oðer.
- a1225 Wint.Ben.Rule (Cld D.3)105/24 : Crist..þus cwyð on þam, haliȝe godspelle: 'Ic wes gyst, & ȝe me underfengen.'
- a1300-a1400(a1268) Bracton De Leg.(Woodbine)2.351 : Item secundum antiquam consuetudinem dici poterit de familia alicuius qui hospitatus fuerit cum alio per tres noctes, quia prima nocte dici poterit uncuth, secunda vero gust [vrr. gest, cuth], tertia nocte hoghenhine.
- c1300 SLeg.Cuth.(LdMisc 108)61 : Þe Abbot sende him out to one of heore celles; hostiler he was þare i-mad, gistes to onder-fongue.
- a1325(c1250) Gen.& Ex.(Corp-C 444)1070 : Loth hem bead is dogtres two, for to friðen hise geste swo.
- a1325(c1280) SLeg.Pass.(Pep 2344)718 : Lord whanne seye we þe affyngred..Oþer aþurst..oþer gyst and ynles, Oþer naked, oþer in prisoun.
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Dc 369(1))Wisd.5.15 : The hope of the vnpitous is..as smoke that of the wind is held abrod, and as the mynde of a geste [WB(2): herborid man; L hospitis] of o dai passende biside.
- c1390(?c1350) SVrn.Leg.(Vrn)72/636 : For gestes þat coomen to his hostage, Flesch he let seoþe for heor mete.
- a1400(c1303) Mannyng HS (Hrl 1701)1940 : Y wyl me reste yn ȝoure Ine as a nyȝtys geste.
- a1400(c1303) Mannyng HS (Hrl 1701)10288 : Þou ne wylt a nyȝtys geste lete hym [God] herber yn hys hous.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)23092 : Quen i was..vte o rest, Godli toke yee me to gest.
- c1400(?a1387) PPl.C (Hnt HM 137)16.199 : Mynstralcie can ich nat muche, bote make men murye As a waffrer with waffres and wolcome godes gustes [vrr. gistes, gestis].
- a1425 Ben.Rule(1) (Lnsd 378)35/27 : Þabbesse kychin and of hir gestis sal be bi it ane, þat te gestis þat cume noy noht te cuuent.
- ?a1425(c1380) Chaucer Bo.(Benson-Robinson)2.pr.6.75/77 : I have herd told of Busyrides, that was wont to sleen his gestes that herberweden in his hous; and he was slayn hymself of Ercules that was his gest.
- ?c1430(?1382) Wycl.Pet.Parl.(Corp-C 296)517 : Tobie ministred alle his tyþis to..commenlingis or gestis.
- c1440(?a1400) Perceval (Thrn)941 : He prayed Percyuell Þat he solde þer with hym duelle..Full wele he couthe a geste calle.
- a1450 Ben.Rule(2) (Vsp A.25)1926 : A Priores aw to be prest Forto resaue ilka gude gest And at hir myght þam mere make.
- a1450 Yk.Pl.(Add 35290)431/155 : With such goode as we haue, glad we oure geste.
- c1475(c1445) Pecock Donet (Bod 916)128/25 : Þou schalt kepe þese [commandments] þi silf, þi sone and þi douȝtir..and þi gest [L advena] which dwelliþ in þin house.
- a1500(?a1425) Ipom.(2) (Hrl 2252)264/258 : Atte your gate gestis ye haue, Strange men as for to see; They aske mete for charyte.
c
- a1150(c1125) Vsp.D.Hom.Fest.Virg.(Vsp D.14)29/135 : Ac on þan sylfen Godes sunen; Swa-swa leofne gyst heo hine husede and innlice herebyregode.
- (1340) Ayenb.(Arun 57)249/8 : Huanne þe gate of þe mouþe is open, þe gest of zenne geþ in liȝ[t]liche.
- a1375(1335-1361) WPal.(KC 13)2780 : Þe hert..bare hire forþ ouer-bord..& nas bold wiþ þe boye..but fayn was a-way to fle for fere of mo gestes.
- a1425(c1333-52) Minot Poems (Glb E.9)35/29 : Sir Iohn of France..Take þi gate vnto Gines..þare gretes þi gestes..King Edward has wonen þe kastell þam fro.
- a1425 Ecce ancilla (CmbAdd 5943)15 : 'He wyl be bore of thy brest'; Then sayde the virgine..'He ys to me a welcome gest.'
- (?1440) Palladius (DukeH d.2)1.574 : As they beth take vnhurt, with iiij or v Of thrusshis tamed, putte hem in this mewe, To do disport among this gestis newe.
- a1500(a1460) Towneley Pl.(Hnt HM 1)396/87 : Then the kyng gart mak a fest..ffor that he had gettyn a gest..When he wer ded..that myght be kyng.
d
- a1350 Wiþ longyng (Hrl 2253)40 : Burde on of þe best..heuene y tolde al his þat o nyht were hire gest.
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Dc 369(1))Prov.9.18 : A fool womman..sat in the ȝate doris of hir hous..that she myȝte clepe men passende bi the weie..he knew not that there ben ieauntis, and in the depthis of helle the gestis [L convivæ] of hir.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)5.493 : If sche be freissh and wel araied, He seith hir baner is displaied To clepe in gestes fro the weie.
- c1450(?a1400) Wars Alex.(Ashm 44)460 : Þou has ragid..with vnryd gestis.
e
- a1425(a1382) WBible(1) (Corp-O 4)Ex.3.22 : A womman shal aske of hir neiȝbore and of hir gest [WB(2): hoosteesse; L hospita] silueren and goldun vessels.
- ?c1475 *Cath.Angl.(Add 15562)54b : A Geste: hospes, hospita.
2.
A paying guest, a guest at an inn or a boarding house.
Associated quotations
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Mil.(Manly-Rickert)A.3188 : Whilom ther was dwellyng in Oxenford, A riche gnof that gestes held to bord.
- (c1449) Pecock Repr.(Cmb Kk.4.26)284 : As an oosteler seith to his gist, 'Sir, y take this chaumbir to ȝou forto ligge in it.'
- (c1449) Pecock Repr.(Cmb Kk.4.26)521 : Whi..ben so manye ostries clepid innes forto logge gistis, thouȝ in fewer of hem alle gestis myȝten be loggid?
- c1460(?c1400) Beryn (Nthld 55)550 : I have too gistis..that this same nyȝte Sopid in the hall.
3.
(a) One who visits or passes through a place, one newly arrived in a place, a stranger; a burglar [quot.7 Sages(2)]; also fig.; (b) a man; esp. a wicked or dangerous man; --also used of a wild boar.
Associated quotations
a
- ?c1335 Lollai lollai (Hrl 913)31 : Child, þou nert a pilgrim bot an vncuþe gist; Þi dawes beþ itold, þi iurneis beþ icast.
- (a1387) Trev.Higd.(StJ-C H.1)3.461 : We beeþ nouȝt at home [L incolæ] in þis worlde, but from home and gistes [Higd.: aliaundes; L advenæ]; we come nouȝt to dwelle here, but to wende hens.
- (c1395) Chaucer CT.Cl.(Manly-Rickert)E.338-9 : No wonder is thogh that she [Grisildis] were astoned To seen so greet a gest come in that place; She neuere was to swiche gestes woned.
- c1400(?c1380) Pearl (Nero A.10)277 : A juel to me þen watz þys geste, And iuelez wern hyr gentyl sawez.
- c1400 St.Anne(1) (Min-U Z.822.N.81)309 : To þe temple allone scho wan, So gracyous was þat geste; Þe bysshopes sone þat child þai fand, [etc.].
- c1410(c1350) Gamelyn (Hrl 7334)640 : I am war of gestes; God send vs non but goode!
- a1425(?a1350) 7 Sages(2) (Glb E.9)1361 : If þe thef come þider ogain, In þe dike, he sold be slayne..ilk day arly Went he to þe tresory To loke if þat his gest war cumen Þat þe tresore þeþin had nomen.
- a1425(c1385) Chaucer TC (Benson-Robinson)2.1111 : Ther is right now come into town a gest, A Greek espie, and telleth newe thinges.
- ?a1425(c1380) Chaucer Bo.(Benson-Robinson)2.m.5.20 : Ne no gest ne straunger ne karf yit the heye see with oores or with schipes.
- (1440) PParv.(Hrl 221)191 : Gest, strawngere: Hospes.
- c1475(c1450) Idley Instr.(Cmb Ee.4.37)1.305 : Wher is noo peas, God is a geste.
- a1500 Imit.Chr.(Dub 678)32/23 : Kepe þiself as a pilgrime & a geste upon þe erþe.
b
- a1325(?c1300) NPass.(Cmb Gg.1.1)685 : Vp ros a felun gist; To smit Iesu he was prest.
- c1440 Degrev.(Thrn)766 : Or I be tane, Many of ȝour gestis sall grane.
- c1440 Degrev.(Thrn)1211 : He was þe stowteste geste Fra heuen in-till helle.
- a1450 Yk.Pl.(Add 35290)369/339 : Jos. To þe I praye, Giffe me in hye Jesu bodye, In gree it for to graue al alone. Pil. Joseph, sir, I graunte þe þat geste.
- c1450(a1425) MOTest.(SeldSup 52)4372 : Phylysteyns fast can hym scorne, for he had bene a greuus geyst [vr. kest].
- c1475(?c1425) Avow.Arth.(Tay 9:French&Hale)112 : [I] sette my hed opon a store, Butte-giffe he [the boar] slaey ȝo alle fawre, Þat griselich geste!
- (a1470) Malory Wks.(Win-C)262/33 : Yondir is a shrewde geste; therefore haue here ons at hym.
- ?a1475 Ludus C.(Vsp D.8)155/109 : I wyll abyde And with erys lyste est and west, iff any geste on grownde gynnyth glyde.
- c1600(?c1395) PPl.Creed (Trin-C R.3.15)479 : I trowe þat some wikked wyȝt wrouȝte þis orders Trowe ye [Roy: Thorughe] þat gleym of þat gest þat Golias is y-calde, Oþer ells Satan him-self sente hem fro hell.
4.
In cpds. & combs.: ~ ale, a manorial ale feast which tenants were obligated to attend as paying guests; ~ chaumbre, a guest room; ~ halle (hous), a guest house; esp. in connection with a monastery or other religious house; also fig.; ~ lof, ?bread for guests, ?wastel bread; ~ stable, a stable for the horses of guests; ~ wise, as a guest.
Associated quotations
- c1225(OE) Wor.Aelfric Gloss.(Wor F.174)552/24 : Hospitium: gesthus.
- c1175 Orm.(Jun 1)7040 : Gode menness herrtess, Þeȝȝ sinndenn þatt hallȝhe gessthus Þatt Crist iss borenn inne.
- a1225 Wint.Ben.Rule (Cld D.3)115/28 : Sy heo underfonge..& wuniȝe on gystehuse ana feawa dæȝes.
- (1295) Court R.Hales in Wor.HS(1910-12)336 : Duos panes, quorum unus panis vocatur dunnemiche et alter gestelof.
- c1330 Le Freine (Auch)264 : Þe abbesse & þe nonnes alle fair him gret in þe gest halle.
- (a1387) Trev.Higd.(StJ-C H.1)3.161 : Tarquinius..was i-harborwed wiþ Lucrecia yn a geste wise [L pro hospite].
- c1450(a1400) Orolog.Sap.(Dc 114)371/22 : With most ardaunte affecciouns..þou schalte arraye aȝens hym the geste-chaumbre of thy herte.
- ?c1450 St.Cuth.(Eg 3309)1408 : In a mornyng of a wynter day, To þe gest hall he toke þe way.
- ?c1450 St.Cuth.(Eg 3309)2364 : Þar war many crawes..Þe thak of his gest house rygg In þair mouthes away thai take.
- (1466) Doc.Manor in MP 3441 : Gestchaumbyr.
- (1471-2) Acc.R.Dur.in Sur.Soc.103644 : Super le Haybarne..super le Geststable.
- -?-(1361) Reg.Freemen York in Sur.Soc.9654 : Petrus del Gest Halle. -?- Cust.Rent in OSSLH 2 151: [The great marling feasts, called] gystales [in Lancashire, held in the spring after the manuring with marl, yielded to the lord as much as 20 s.].
Supplemental Materials (draft)
- c1225 Wor.Gloss.(Corp-C 178)767/105 : Cumena huse: Gistenehuse.
Note: New spelling
Note: Sense 4.