Middle English Dictionary Entry
fōlden v.(2)
Entry Info
Forms | fōlden v.(2) Also falden, faulden, volden, felden, vyealden. Forms: inf. fōlde(n; (N) fāld-; (S) fēld-, vyeald-, vōld-; sg. 3 fōldeth, vōldeþ, vealdeþ, falt (early); p. fōlde, vōlde, vẹ̄ld, fẹ̄lde, fōlded (late); ppl. i)fōlde(n, i)fālde(n, i)fālt, i)vōlde(n, fōlded (late). |
Etymology | OE fealdan, falda; sg. 3 fealt, fealdeþ; p. fēold; ppl. fealden. |
Definitions (Senses and Subsenses)
1.
(a) To bend (at a joint); to flex (a limb), turn or twist (the head, the body), fold (a wing); (b) to bow down, stoop; ~ on knees, kneel.
Associated quotations
a
- c1230(?a1200) *Ancr.(Corp-C 402)33b : Seinte Stefne..underueng ham gleadliche..wið hommen ifalden [Nero: iuolden, þet is, cneolinde].
- c1380 Firumb.(1) (Ashm 33)841 : Is bodi aside he felde.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)62a/b : Þe Olifaunt..foldiþ & byndiþ [L flectit] þe hindir feet as a man doþ.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)149a/b : He is locusta and haþ..croked and foldinge [L replicata et in se reflexa] legges.
- a1400 Lanfranc (Ashm 1396)157/25 : Þanne is þe arme foldid ynward.
- a1400 Lanfranc (Ashm 1396)156/18 : Þilke pike makiþ þe elbowe scharp whanne þe arm is folden.
- c1400(?c1380) Pearl (Nero A.10)434 : Þat gaye, Knelande to grounde, folde vp hyr face.
- a1450(c1410) Lovel.Grail (Corp-C 80)27.140 : Tho hadde he wenges that lyhtly wolde folde.
- a1450(1412) Hoccl.RP (Hrl 4866)812 : My crookid feeble lymes..ben so stif, vnnethe I may hem folde.
- c1450 Hrl.Cook.Bk.(2) (Hrl 4016)79 : Folde his legges as a crane and roste him.
b
- (c1384) WBible(1) (Dc 369(2))Mat.17.14 : A man cam to hym, foldid on knees [WB(2): and felde doun on hise knees] byfore hym.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)8965 : Dun sco bugh hir to þe grund..to þe tre sco can hir fald [Trin-C: folde].
- a1500(?a1400) Morte Arth.(2) (Hrl 2252)99 : Wyth his shuldres gonne he fold, And downe he hangid his hede full low.
2.
(a) Of material things: to give way, buckle; be flexible pliable; (b) fig. grow weak, feeble, faint; fail; also, to weaken or make faint; tonge foldeth, speech fails; herte ~, the heart grows faint.
Associated quotations
a
- c1300 SLeg.Magd.(2) (LdMisc 108)567 : Þo bi-gonne hise þeon to schrinke..is fiet bi-gonne folde.
- c1380 Firumb.(1) (Ashm 33)4567 : Ys legges gunne to volde, & bursten euene atwo.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)218b/a : Þat Cassia is best þat brekeþ nought soone but bendiþ and foldiþ.
- a1400 Lanfranc (Ashm 1396)321/16 : [In] children, boonys..wolen folde & not breke.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)2.6112 : Þe Iren hoot, tyme is for to smyte, And nat abide til þat it be colde, For nouþer þanne it plie wil nor folde.
- c1450 How mankinde dooþ (Lamb 853)485 : My lymes foulden þat weren fast.
- ?a1475 Ludus C.(Vsp D.8)39/129 : For ffeynnesse of Age my leggys gyn ffolde.
- c1475(c1450) Idley Instr.(Cmb Ee.4.37)2.A.695 : Hir leggis can folde.
- a1500(?c1450) Merlin (Cmb Ff.3.11)541 : Gawein dressed hym in his sadell and ficched hym in his stiropes that the Iren folded.
- a1500(a1460) Towneley Pl.(Hnt HM 1)116/3 : My legys thay fold.
- a1500 PFulham (Jas 43)256 : In sum havyn wyll non ancres holde; the takelynge bygyneth to crake, the gere to folde.
b
- c1275(?c1250) Owl & N.(Clg A.9)37 : Min horte atfliþ & falt mi tonge.
- a1300 Whanne þyn hewe (Jes-O 29)p.221 : Þi strengþe wokeþ..And þi tunge voldeþ.
- a1350 Maximian (Hrl 2253)35 : Care & kunde of elde makeþ mi body felde, þat y ne mai stonde vpriht.
- c1325(c1300) Glo.Chron.A (Clg A.11)800 : Him þoȝte is herte veld.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)24348 : In suime al falden dun i fell.
- c1400 Wycl.Dominion (Dub 244)288 : Þis iuge may noȝt folde ne faile in riȝtwisnesse.
- a1450 That ilke man (Dgb 102)125 : Whan worldis loue doþ fayle and folde.
- a1450 Yk.Pl.(Add 35290)43/113 : Bot faste my force begynnes to fawlde.
- c1475(c1450) Idley Instr.(Cmb Ee.4.37)2.A.2456 : He was affraied, his herte gan to folde.
- a1500 Eglam.(Cmb Ff.2.38)726 : Hys herte began to folde.
3.
(a) To lay (someone) low; to overcome, defeat (an enemy); (b) folden to grounde, to collapse; fall in battle; to fell (an enemy), to kill.
Associated quotations
a
- c1275(?a1200) Lay.Brut (Clg A.9)28520 : Þe king hine wolde a folden [Otho: slean].
- ?c1335 Elde makiþ me (Hrl 913)p.170 : When eld me wol feld.
- c1330(?a1300) Tristrem (Auch)2790 : Tristrem smot..His fot of..Adoun he fel yfold.
- c1390 KTars (Vrn)1092 : No mon scholde hym lette þe feendes strengþe to folde.
- a1450 Yk.Pl.(Add 35290)326/190 : For all oure fors, in faith, did þai folde.
- c1450(c1400) Sultan Bab.(Gar 140)1427 : Yet on foote, ere he were foolde, He slough of hem fiftene.
- a1500(?c1400) Triam.(Cmb Ff.2.38)326 : xlti syr Roger downe can folde, So qwyt he them ther mede.
b
- c1275(?a1200) Lay.Brut (Clg A.9)20145 : Feollen Sæxisce men, folden to grunden.
- c1275(?a1200) Lay.Brut (Clg A.9)15885 : Whi falleð þes wal, uolden to grunde.
- c1275(?a1200) Lay.Brut (Clg A.9)27671 : Muchel uolc he aualde, uolde [Otho: folde] to grunde.
- c1440(c1350) Octav.(1) (Thrn)123/893 : Þe geaunt to þe grounde gane folde.
4.
(a) To lap (something) back against itself, to fold (a cloth, garment, sheet); to arrange in folds or pleats [quot.PPl.C]; (b) to wrinkle or corrugate.
Associated quotations
a
- c1350(a1333) Shoreham Poems (Add 17376)49/1372 : For sudeakne..þe corperaus, Onder þe deakne, uealdeþ.
- ?a1400 Mannyng Chron.Pt.1 (Petyt 511)11624 : [Þys lettre] þat here is folden & vp sperd.
- a1425(c1385) Chaucer TC (Benson-Robinson)2.1085 : [Troilus] radde it over and gan the lettre folde.
- (1440) PParv.(Hrl 221)168 : Folde clothys, or other lyke: Plico.
- a1450-1509 Rich.(Brunner)3521 : Whenne þey hadde eeten and cloþ was folde.
- c1450(?a1400) Chestre Launfal (Clg A.2)224 : Hys mantell he felde togydere.
- a1500(?a1390) Mirk Fest.(GoughETop 4)196/24 : Þe norys..bade hur..forto folde þe chyldys cloþis.
- (a1460) Bokenham Sts. (Adv Abbotsford B3)11.172 (v.1:p.111) : Thei aspied at the childis hede a fair purpil palle, falt togider, which .. thei wolde haue vndoo forto wryen therwith the childe.
- a1500(?c1450) Merlin (Cmb Ff.3.11)501 : Thei kneled..and folded the panes of her mantels.
- a1500 St.Alex.(5) (Tit A.26)56/267 : Whan hit [parchment] was wretyn, he hit Follde.
- a1500 Rule Serve Ld.(Add 37969)17/18 : His towell to be folden and leyd vppon his arme.
- c1600(?c1395) PPl.Creed (Trin-C R.3.15)292 : In cotynge of his cope is more cloþ yfolden Þan was in Fraunces froc.
b
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)58a/b : Þe guttis be somdel foldid [L villosa] & rouȝ withinne.
- ?c1475 *Cath.Angl.(Add 15562)44 : To ffalde: rugere [Monson: rugare].
5.
(a) To turn away (from something); abandon, retreat; (b) to drive (something) away, dispel; (c) to turn back, return.
Associated quotations
a
- (c1384) WBible(1) (Dc 369(2))Heb.10.23 : Holde the confessioun of oure hope vnbowynge [L indeclinabilem], or that may not be foldyn.
- a1425 Wycl.Serm.(Bod 788)2.126 : He shulde teche þes worldly men..to drede to folde fro treuþe.
- a1450(a1338) Mannyng Chron.Pt.1 (Lamb 131)3502 : & bad hem in þer bataille holde, Þat non fro oþer schold flitte ne folde.
- a1500(?c1378) Wycl.OPastor.(Ryl Eng 86)426 : But trowe we herfore þat god wole folde fro riȝtwesnesse of his lawe?
- a1500(?a1400) Morte Arth.(2) (Hrl 2252)2547 : For no fantyse Arthur nold folde.
b
- c1390 Psalt.Mariae(1) (Vrn)207 : Derknesses fer fro us folde.
- (a1460) Vegetius(2) (Pmb-C 243)1094 : Good drinke and holsom mete away wil folde Infirmytee.
c
- c1390 Bi west (Vrn)177 : A quik Brid to hauen and holde, From foot to foot to flutte and folde.
- c1400(?c1390) Gawain (Nero A.10)1363 : Syþen fonge þay her flesche, folden to home.
6.
(a) To coil, curl, twist; of water: to take a winding course; folden of, to twist (something) off, tear off; (b) to interweave, interlace, braid, plait; ~ armes, to fold (one's) arms; (c) to combine (things), to make complex; fig. to complicate (an argument).
Associated quotations
a
- c1330(?a1300) Arth.& M.(Auch)1454 : Vnder þo stones beþ..To dragouns..yfold.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)50a/a : Bestes þat fooldiþ & wyndiþ hamself round as a ring hauen none necke..as fissches, ely & addres.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)284b/a : In him is yfounde but oon gutte yioyned and yfolded in many maner wise.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)93a/b : Þe bowellis þat beþ I folde & I wralled.
- a1400 Lanfranc (Ashm 1396)168/17 : Þe ij gutt is smal & folde togidere [L inuolutum].
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)2.4584 : Whos her was blak & vpward ay gan folde In compas wyse.
- (?1440) Palladius (DukeH d.2)3.557 : That the toun water doun folde Streght hem among.
- (?1440) Palladius (DukeH d.2)3.774 : The tendron & the leuys of thow folde.
b
- a1350 Most i ryden (Hrl 2253)12 : A fyldor fax to folde.
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Dc 369(1))Ecclus.45.13 : An hoely stoele..with fyr red silc foldun aȝeen [L torto cocco].
- (c1384) WBible(1) (Dc 369(2))Mat.27.29 : Thei, foldynge [WB(2): foldiden; L plectentes] a crowne of thornis, puttiden on his heued.
- c1400(?c1390) Gawain (Nero A.10)189 : Þe mane..wyth knottes ful mony Folden in wyth fildore,..Ay a herle of þe here, an oþer of golde.
- a1425(c1385) Chaucer TC (Benson-Robinson)4.359 : With his armes folden, He stood this woful Troilus byforn.
- a1425 *Medulla (Stnh A.1.10)50b/a : Plexus: folden or plattud.
- ?a1425(c1380) Chaucer Bo.(Benson-Robinson)3.pr.12.175 : Ne fooldist thou nat togidre (by replicacioun of wordes) a manere wondirful cercle..of the simplicite devyne?
- a1450(c1410) Lovel.Merlin (Corp-C 80)3214 : For joye he be-gan his armes to Folde.
- c1475 Awntyrs Arth.(Tay 9)p.14 : Her fax in fyne perre was frettut and fold.
c
- ?c1425 *Chauliac(2) (Paris angl.25)54a/b : A symple wounde is in þe whiche is no dispocicioun folden togedre, and a compowned woulde is in þe whiche is foldynge togedre of tweyne or of many disposiciouns.
- ?c1425 *Chauliac(2) (Paris angl.25)131a/b : Þe eyȝe is of a folden [L intricate] composicioun .i. makynge..Many disposiciouns ben ful ofte tymes folden [*Ch.(1): multiplied; L implicantur] into one, as in the scabbe and in sebel.
- (1435) Misyn FL (Corp-O 236)74/25 : Bot taght be connynge gettyn..& bolnyd with foldyn [L implicitis] Argumentis.
7.
(a) To close (a book); (b) to clench (the fist), close (the hand, the fingers);--also intr.; (c) of flowers: to close up.
Associated quotations
a
- c1275(?c1250) Owl & N.(Clg A.9)1326 : On ape mai a bo[k]e bihalde, An leues wenden, & eft folde.
- c1400 St.Alex.(3) (LdMisc 622)61/932 : A book in his honde he halt, Swiþe fast & narewe yfalt.
- a1425 WBible(1) (Corp-O 4)Luke 4.20 fn. : Folded or closed [vr. falt or closid; Dc369(2): He hadde closid the book].
b
- c1380 Firumb.(1) (Ashm 33)5796 : With ys fuste yvolde.
- c1400(?a1387) PPl.C (Hnt HM 137)20.154 : Þe fyngeres þat folde sholden and þe fust make.
- a1400 Lanfranc (Ashm 1396)105/11 : Þe fyngris of his hand ben folden into his fist.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)2.3238 : With here to-torn and with fistes folde.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)4.3642 : And with hir hondis ay togider folde, Hir silfe she smot on hir pale face.
- c1400(c1378) PPl.B (LdMisc 581)17.166,176 : My fust is ful honde yfolde togideres..To vnfolde þe folden fuste.
- ?a1475(?a1425) Higd.(2) (Hrl 2261)3.253 : The Roman, thenkenge to ȝiffe hym an other buffette, helde his honde yfolden to geder.
- a1500(?c1400) Triam.(Cmb Ff.2.38)1597 : Hys modur togedur hur fyngers can folde..And mekyll sche can hym meen.
c
- a1450(a1400) Medit.Pass.(2) (Add 11307)645 : As rose be-gynneþ to falwe and folde In wynter for þe frostes colde.
- c1450(c1353) Winner & W.(Add 31042)35 : Fele floures gan folde ther my fote steppede.
8.
(a) To wrap or cover (something); to enclose, surround; (b) to plate (with metal); (c) to lay (something).
Associated quotations
a
- c1330 St.Greg.(Auch)81/366 : In cloþe fast þai gun him fold.
- a1400 Lanfranc (Ashm 1396)324/2 : Take a round bal of tree and folde him wiþ a clooþ.
- c1400(?c1380) Patience (Nero A.10)309 : Þe grete flem of þy fold folded me vmbe.
- c1400(?c1390) Gawain (Nero A.10)959 : Hir frount folden in sylk.
- (1440) PParv.(Hrl 221)168 : Foldyn abowtin: Circumplecto.
- (?1440) Palladius (DukeH d.2)5.119 : Fruytes..in their leues fold [L fronde sua inuoluta].
- c1540(?a1400) Destr.Troy (Htrn 388)11263 : Ȝour self and ȝour cite is set all aboute, With ȝour fomen fuerse foldyn with in.
- ?c1450 Stockh.PRecipes (Stockh 10.90)39/13 : Take hempe..and folde þerinne þin argoyle in þe clowte.
- a1500 Octav.(1) (Cmb Ff.2.38)100/654 : A jentylle fawcon..Wyth fedurs folden bryght.
- a1500(?a1475) Guy(4) (Cmb Ff.2.38)6917 : He [the dragon] foldyd hys tayle hym [Gye] abowte.
- c1600(?c1395) PPl.Creed (Trin-C R.3.15)126 : Seynt Fraunces himself schall folden the in his cope.
b
- (1432) Will York in Sur.Soc.3023 : Lego..Roberto Wystowe..unum cocliar argenti falden.
c
- c1400(?c1380) Cleanness (Nero A.10)1026 : For lay þeron [the Dead Sea] a lump of led, and hit on loft fletez, And folde þeron a lyȝt fyþer, and hit to founs synkkez.
9.
(a) To embrace (someone), folden in armes; also fig.; to clasp; (b) to receive joyfully or gladly.
Associated quotations
a
- a1350 Most i ryden (Hrl 2253)55 : Fyngres heo haþ feir to folde.
- c1330 Pennyw.Wit(1) (Auch)246 : His gode wiif stode & him biheld & in hir armes sche him feld.
- a1375(1335-1361) WPal.(KC 13)858 : Fayn sche wold..haue fold him in hire armes, to haue him clipped & kest.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)24491 : Quen i him had in armes fald, þat suet flexs all dri and cald.
- c1400(?c1390) Gawain (Nero A.10)841 : As frekez þat semed fayn, Ayþer oþer in armez con felde.
- a1425(?c1350) Ywain (Glb E.9)1425 : With þat he hir in armes hent, And ful faire he gan hir falde.
- a1425(c1385) Chaucer TC (Benson-Robinson)3.1201 : She hym felte hire in his armes folde.
- (?a1439) Lydg.FP (Bod 263)2.3140 : In hir armys she sofftli gan it folde.
- (1440) PParv.(Hrl 221)168 : Foldyn in armys: Amplector.
- c1440 Degrev.(Thrn)528 : Þat he luffed in a place This frely to falde [Cmb: ffolde].
- a1450(a1400) Medit.Pass.(2) (Add 11307)1308 : Bytter hony and swete poyson, Stynkynd rose, feldand pryson.
- a1450(c1410) Lovel.Merlin (Corp-C 80)1016 : The modir this child gan beholde, & there jn hire armes sche gan it folde.
- a1450(c1410) Lovel.Grail (Corp-C 80)39.307 : As Faste he gan that writ to hym folde, as the Child of the Modir doth to þe pappes holde.
- a1500(?a1400) Morte Arth.(2) (Hrl 2252)3771 : Feyre in Armys they gan hym folde.
b
- c1400 St.Anne(1) (Min-U Z.822.N.81)1502 : Of ȝhone fayre fruyte, whyne myght I fald Ffor us & oure menȝhe.
- c1450(a1425) MOTest.(SeldSup 52)31 : Þer saynges sekerly ar knawn, And all wer fygurs fayr to fald how coymmyng of crist myȝt be k[n]awn.
10.
(a) To promise in hand, pledge (something); (b) Poet.?to give promise of; ?to agree with.
Associated quotations
a
- c1400(?c1390) Gawain (Nero A.10)359 : And I haue frayned hit at yow fyrst, foldez hit to me.
- c1400(?c1390) Gawain (Nero A.10)1783 : If ȝe haf a lemman..& folden fayth to þat fre.
b
- c1400(?c1390) Gawain (Nero A.10)499 : A ȝere ȝernes ful ȝerne, & ȝeldez neuer lyke, Þe forme to þe fynisment foldez ful selden.