Middle English Dictionary Entry
fighten v.
Entry Info
Forms | fighten v. Also fisten, fiten, vihten, wiȝten, fe(i)ghten, fuhten. Forms: sg. 3 fighteth, fiht; p. sg. fa(u)ght, feht, pl. fuhten, fo(u)ghten, voȝte, fa(u)ghten; ppl. i-)fo(u)ghten, fughten, fouten. |
Etymology | OE feohtan, fihtan; 3 fyht, feoht, feohteþ; p. sg. feaht, pl. fuhton; ppl. fohten. |
Definitions (Senses and Subsenses)
1a.
To contend with weapons, engage in armed conflict (en masse or singly), do battle; fighten (one's) fille, fight all one wants to; -- (a) absol.; (b) ~ ayain, (up)on, with, fight against or with (someone); (c) ~ together or in fere, fight against each other; (d) ~ for, fight or engage in combat for (a cause, esp. the honor or the love of a lady); (e) with obj., to attack or battle (someone); (f) ~ fight, to engage in battle.
Associated quotations
a
- ?a1160 Peterb.Chron.(LdMisc 636)an.1140 : Fuhtten hi noht, oc..makede ðat sahte ðat te king sculde ben lauerd.
- c1175 Orm.(Jun 1)8188 : Wiþþ heore wæpenn alle bun, Swa summ þeȝȝ sholldenn fihhtenn.
- c1275(?a1200) Lay.Brut (Clg A.9)1580 : Þu most swiþer fehten [Otho: fihte].
- c1275(?a1200) Lay.Brut (Clg A.9)27568 : And feondliche feuhten [Otho: fohten]..& of Medie þer sloȝen moni hundred monnen.
- c1275(?a1200) Lay.Brut (Clg A.9)26204 : Þat betere þe is freondscipe to habben þene for to fihten.
- a1275 Doomsday (Trin-C B.14.39)17 : Ne schulen heo nowðer fiȝte mid schelde ne mid spere.
- c1300(?c1225) Horn (Cmb Gg.4.27)31/514 : Þin armes he haþ & scheld To fiȝte wiþ vpon þe feld.
- (c1300) Havelok (LdMisc 108)2661 : [They] fouhten so þei woren wode.
- c1325(c1300) Glo.Chron.A (Clg A.11)5033 : Þe brutons voȝte her & þer, ech vpon oþer.
- c1330(?a1300) Arth.& M.(Auch)9923 : Þat al so wele yfouȝten.
- (c1385) Chaucer CT.Kn.(Manly-Rickert)A.2559 : With long swerd and with maces fighteth your fille.
- (a1387) Trev.Higd.(StJ-C H.1)1.91 : In bataile þey fiȝteþ [L peragunt] on hors.
- (a1387) Trev.Higd.(StJ-C H.1)7.229 : Þe tweie breþeren eorles..hadde stalworthliche ifouȝte [vr. yvoȝte].
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)1.1427 : He hath..Feihtende his oghne hondes slain Branchus.
- a1450(?c1421) Lydg.ST (Arun 119)1364 : They saugh two straunge knyghtes fight.
- a1425(c1333-52) Minot Poems (Glb E.9)16/62 : Till he had foghten his fill he had neuer rest.
- ?a1425(a1400) Brut-1377 (Corp-C 174)328/20 : The castell..þat longe tyme was fought at & byseged of þe Frenshe men.
- ?a1425(c1400) Mandev.(1) (Tit C.16)42/22 : Þei ben stronge men & wel fyghtynge [Eg: feightand].
- a1450(1414) Whanne alle a kyngdom (Dgb 102)112 : God doþ batayle and not ȝe; Þouȝ ȝe fauȝt, god doþ þe dede.
- (1440) PParv.(Hrl 221)153 : Feyghtyn [vrr. feytyn, feythtyn]: Pugno.
- c1440(?a1400) Morte Arth.(1) (Thrn)1715 : Fayfully of force feghte vs byhowys.
- a1450(1408) *Vegetius(1) (Dc 291)21b : When þou schalt fiȝte hand at hand, þan most þou sette þy riȝt foot by fore and warliche keuere þy sydes fro þyn enemy.
- c1450(?a1400) Wars Alex.(Ashm 44)1315 : Alexander..fyndis a fewe of his folke feȝtand [Dub: feghtyng] ȝerne.
- c1540(?a1400) Destr.Troy (Htrn 388)8339 : Bold Troiell..was fightand on fote in þe felle stoure.
- c1540(?a1400) Destr.Troy (Htrn 388)9054 : Priam..was feghtyng in the feld on the fer syde.
- c1450 Ponthus (Dgb 185)29/22 : Mony faghte for the kynges dethe.
- (c1450) Capgr.St.Aug.(Add 36704)51/4 : If it be soo þat he whech schal fytyn make ony fals chalange.
- a1500(?c1450) Merlin (Cmb Ff.3.11)187 : The saisnes ne soiourned but litill, for often were the foughten bothe even and morowe as thei saugh tyme.
- a1500(?c1450) Merlin (Cmb Ff.3.11)286 : His companye that fighted be-twene the river of Dione and Bredigan..foure hundred so foughten a-gein the saisnes.
b
- a1126 Peterb.Chron.(LdMisc 636)an.1124 : And fuhten wið hem & aflemden hem.
- c1175 Orm.(Jun 1)1842 : He shollde fihhtenn Onnȝæn an drake.
- c1275(?a1200) Lay.Brut (Clg A.9)25693 : We habbeð wið him iuohten..bi sæ & bi londe.
- c1350 MPPsalter (Add 17376)34.1 : Fiȝt oȝain þe fitand wiþ me.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)5.5360 : Theseus with this Monstre fawht.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)148 : Daui..faght [Göt: faught] a-gain goli.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)6405 : A lauerding hight amalec þat on þam faght [Frf: faȝt, Trin-C: fauȝte] and þai on him.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)6410 : Ga fight a-pon [Frf: wiþ] amalec.
- c1400(?a1300) *KAlex.(LdMisc 622)2940 : Hij wolden wiþ hym fiȝth.
- ?a1425(?a1350) Castleford Chron.(Göt Hist 740)20720 : Þe portes of hi(s)land sone he laght, In sere batailes on þam he faght.
- c1430(c1380) Chaucer PF (Benson-Robinson)103 : The knyht fyght with his fon.
- c1540(?a1400) Destr.Troy (Htrn 388)6741 : Þai foghton so felly with the freikes þen.
- (a1470) Malory Wks.(Win-C)470/11 : Sir Neroveus that sir Launcelot had foughtyn withall before at the brydge.
- a1500 Eglam.(Cmb Ff.2.38)439 : Y have so foghtyn with the bore.
- a1500(?c1450) Merlin (Cmb Ff.3.11)524 : Oure peple fighted with hym, but thei may hym not take.
c
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)7462 : Send me a man..þat i and he mai fight to-gidder.
- a1450 St.Editha (Fst B.3)3275 : At Durre-hurst þey fouȝtone bothe y-fere.
- c1540(?a1400) Destr.Troy (Htrn 388)7087 : Þai fughtyn in fere with þere felle swerdis.
- c1460 Ipom.(3) (Lngl 257)353/30 : There they faght to gedre.
d
- a1375(1335-1361) WPal.(KC 13)3426 : [He] fauȝt..for his emes sake.
- (c1385) Chaucer CT.Kn.(Manly-Rickert)A.2115 : Euery lusty knyght That loueth paramours..They wolde hir thankes wilnen to be there To fighten for a lady.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)7068 : Sex thusand O men o troi faght [Frf: faȝt, Trin-C: fauȝt] for þair land.
- c1400(?c1384) Wycl.50 HFriars (Bod 647)399 : Þei ben quicke to..feght bodily for worschipis and staatis of þis world.
- a1500(?a1450) GRom.(Hrl 7333)220 : Thow haste Ravishid hir..and þerefor I wolle Fite for hir.
e
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)4.1674 : To slen and feihten thei ous bidde Hem, whom thei scholde..Converten unto Cristes feith.
f
- c1300 Lay.Brut (Otho C.13)26119 : Ne faht ich neuere fiht.
1b.
To offer resistance, struggle against an adversary.
Associated quotations
- c1225(?c1200) St.Kath.(1) (Einenkel)766 : Mi lauerd..for hwas nome ich underneome to fehten o þis wise.
- a1300 I-hereþ nv one (Jes-O 29)204 : Ihesu crist..seyde to þe Gywes nolde, he nowiht vyhte.
- a1300 Hwi ne serue (Jes-O 29)61 : For þe luue of vre fader vihten he nolde.
- c1430(c1386) Chaucer LGW (Benson-Robinson)1800 : What! shal she fyghte with an hardy knyght?
2a.
(a) To quarrel, wrangle; to brawl, create a disturbance; ~ in fere; (b) to revile (someone), quarrel with.
Associated quotations
a
- c1390 PPl.A(1) (Vrn)4.43 : [Wrong] Fihteþ in my chepynges, Brekeþ vp my Berne-dore.
- c1400(?a1387) PPl.C (Hnt HM 137)1.43 : [Beggars] fouhten atten Ale.
- c1400(?a1387) PPl.C (Hnt HM 137)2.177 : As chast as a chyld þat noþer chit ne fyghteþ.
- ?a1425(c1400) Mandev.(1) (Tit C.16)89/1 : The cristene men enforcen hem..for to fighten.
- c1475(c1399) Mum & S.(1) (Cmb Ll.4.14)3.371 : Felouns..þat fouȝten er þei paide.
- a1500(?a1400) SLChrist (Hrl 3909)6895 : When these childer waxen were..thay fughten ofte tyme in fere.
b
- c1225(?c1200) St.Juliana (Bod 34)63/684 : Þe reue..feng to fiten [L uituperabat] his feont.
2b.
Of animals: to fight, struggle, resist.
Associated quotations
- c1275(?a1200) Lay.Brut (Clg A.9)15964 : [The two dragons] fuhten grimliche dun i þere dich.
- c1275(?c1250) Owl & N.(Clg A.9)173 : Ich wolde viȝte bet mid liste Þan þu mid alþine strengþe.
- (a1387) Trev.Higd.(StJ-C H.1)7.447 : Fiȝtinge of foules, þat fauȝt to gidres.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)259a/b : Some bestes beþ full cruel and redy to rees and to fight, and nameliche in tyme of loue.
- c1440(a1349) Rolle Bee (Thrn)55/19 : Þe bees are feghtande agaynes hym þat will drawe þaire hony fra thaym.
- c1440(?a1400) Morte Arth.(1) (Thrn)789 : Bothe with feete and with fyre he [the dragon] feghttys at ones.
- c1450(?a1400) Wars Alex.(Ashm 44)5434 : Perlious bestis With clouen clees..Quarewith þai faȝt with in-fere.
3a.
Of things spiritual or moral: (a) To fight for a worthy cause (esp. for Christian virtues), be militant (esp. in a worthy cause); to make an effort, strive; also, to struggle against or resist temptation, sin, etc.; -- absol.; (b) to fight (for a cause or for someone), to strive (after something); -- with for phrase; (c) ?to seek (something); (d) to fight or struggle (against someone or something); -- with ayain(s or with phrase; (e) ~ batail (werre), to fight (someone's) fight for him.
Associated quotations
a
- a1225(c1200) Vices & V.(1) (Stw 34)89/35 : Þa ðe noht ne fihten, he bieð al te-treden under dieules fiet.
- c1225(?c1200) HMaid.(Bod 34)66/702 : Ne bið nan icrunet, bute hwa-se treoweliche i þulli feht fehte.
- ?a1300 Thrush & N.(Dgb 86)90 : Ihesu crist ȝaf miȝt and main And strengþe for to fiȝtte.
- (1340) Ayenb.(Arun 57)219 : An holy man more is worþ..þane uele þousond of zeneȝeres uiȝtinde.
- (1340) Ayenb.(Arun 57)252 : Hi heþ wel yuoȝte and heþ ouercome þet tornenoyment of uondinges.
- c1390 PPl.A(1) (Vrn)4.39 : I [Peace] dar not for dreede of hem fihte ne chide.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)3.1648 : Love axeth pes and evere schal, And who that fihteth most withal Schal lest conquere of his emprise.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)16b/a : To comforte hem þat trauaileþ & fiȝtiþ in gosteliche batel.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)7543 : Qua-sa fightes [Frf: feȝtes] in wrangwisnes.
- c1400(?a1387) PPl.C (Hnt HM 137)22.103 : Som tyme he [Christ] fauhte faste and fleih oþer-while.
- c1400 Bible SNT(1) (Selw 108 L.1)Col.1.29 : Iesu Crist, in whom y trauayle, fyȝtynge aftur þe worchynge of hym.
- a1450 Yk.Pl.(Add 35290)380/131 : Lorde, mekill of myght..In batailes ferse to fight And worthy to wynne honnoure.
- (?c1400) Wycl.7 Heresies (Dc 274)442 : Summe slepis in purgatorie and summe feyȝttes here in erthe.
b
- c1175 Orm.(Jun 1)18130 : To fihhtenn forr hiss hallȝhe follc O rode ȝæn þe defell.
- a1275 Judas (Trin-C B.14.39)34 : Ic [Peter] wolde, louerd, for þi loue fiste.
- a1450(a1425) Mirk IPP (Cld A.2:Peacock)739 : Of mon þat schal go fyȝte In a bateyl for hys ryȝte.
c
- c1475 Earth(3) (Brog 2.1)25/44 : Deyle duly thy goode To þe pore pepul þat favtt þe þi fovde.
d
- c1175(?OE) Bod.Hom.(Bod 343)16/31 : He þa moniȝæ martyræs acwalde & fæht wið þene Hælend.
- c1225(?c1200) HMaid.(Bod 34)24/235 : Ah aȝein lecherie þu most..fehten.
- (1340) Ayenb.(Arun 57)15 : Þe ilke kueade best hedde miȝte of him-zelve to viȝte wyþ þe halȝen.
- (1340) Ayenb.(Arun 57)131 : [This world is] a ueld of uiyȝt huerinne him be-houeþ eure to libbe ine werre and wyȝte mid dyeulen.
- ?a1425 Ihesu þi swetnes (RwlPoet 175)61 : With my fa he faght [vr. fauȝte] for me.
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Pars.(Manly-Rickert)I.753 : The deuel fighteth agayns a man moore by queyntise and by sleighte than by strengthe.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)16928 : Iesus þe thrid dai had fughten [Ld: foughtyn; Trin-C: fouȝten] gain sathan.
- (1440) *Capgr.St.Norb.(Hnt HM 55)424 : How þat he schuld fyth Aȝens his goostly enmye as a Knyth.
- c1450 Scrope Othea (Lngl 253)65 : Propir will feythyt ayens God and enprideth the selfe.
- a1450 Castle Persev.(Folg V.a.354)70 : Þus vycys a-geyns vertues fytyn ful snelle.
e
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)17090 : Hu he again ur wyþerwin ur bateil tok to fight.
- c1500(?a1475) Ass.Gods (Trin-C R.3.19)1826 : [Of the battle of vice & virtue:] In man shall thow fynde that werre kept dayly, Lyke as thow hast seen hit fowtyn before thy face.
3b.
(a) To be in conflict; (b) pass. to be afflicted.
Associated quotations
a
- c1400(?c1380) Pearl (Nero A.10)54 : I playned my perle þat þer watz spenned Wyth fyrte skyllez þat faste faȝt.
b
- ?a1475 Ludus C.(Vsp D.8)76/122 : Þe fleschly syghtys ben fers and fel; ofte ȝough is ffowth with with suech vexacion.
4.
Of the elements: to clash, contend, exert force, assault.
Associated quotations
- 1122 Peterb.Chron.(LdMisc 636)an.1122 : Fir micel..weax on lengþe up on an to þam wolcne. And se wolcne un did on fower healfe and faht þær to geahes.
- c1400(?c1380) Cleanness (Nero A.10)404 : Þe flod nade al freten wyth feȝtande waȝez.
- c1400 Seint Ieremie telleþ (LdMisc 622)11 : Þe vijte day stones schull fiȝtt.
- a1450(a1338) Mannyng Chron.Pt.1 (Lamb 131)2973 : Þe se gan fighte, þe wawes ros, Þe streme woxe, & þem agros.
- c1450(1410) Walton Boeth.(Lin-C 103)p.274 : Þe fightynge elementes.
- (a1464) Capgr.Chron.(Cmb Gg.4.12)47 : Of the foure wyndis fityng in the se.
- a1500 Dream Bk.(2) (Trin-C O.9.37)p.80 : To se bones fiȝte betokeneþ fiere.
5.
Phrases: (a) fighting men (folk), armed men, warriors, army; also, fighters of the Church militant [may be construed as a compound with fighting ger. as the first element]; (b) the fighting chirch, the Church militant.
Associated quotations
a
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)219a/b : To werriours and to fightynge men.
- a1500(1422) Yonge SSecr.(Rwl B.490)214/32 : Ten thousande fyghtyn men.
- c1440(?a1400) Morte Arth.(1) (Thrn)4257 : Fers feghtande folke folowes them aftyre.
- a1450(c1410) Lovel.Merlin (Corp-C 80)10123 : With vj thousend of Fyhteng men.
- c1450(?a1400) Wars Alex.(Ashm 44)91 : Fell feȝtand folke.
- c1540(?a1400) Destr.Troy (Htrn 388)5201 : He hade fightyng folke fele of his owne.
- c1450 Lond.Chron.Cleo.(Cleo C.4)151 : With viijc of good ffyteng men to kepe the tovne.
- c1483(?a1450) OT in Caxton Gold.Leg.(Caxton)f.71ra : Ther were founden .. of the tribe of Juda fyfty thousand fyȝtyng men [L (Vulg. 2 Sam.24.9): pugnatorum].
- a1500(c1340) Rolle Psalter (UC 64)14.1 : Tabernakile propirly is þe mansyon of feghtand men.
b
- a1425(?c1384) Wycl.Church (Bod 788)339 : Þe þridde is clepid fiȝtinge Chirche.
- (c1443) Pecock Rule (Mrg M 519)363 : Wheþer it be in man or woman, preest or prynce or comuner, monke or frere or nunne..in þe fiȝting chirche.
- c1425(?c1400) Wycl.Apol.(Dub 245)16 : Þe kirk in heuen, ne þe kirk sleping in purgatory, ne þe kirk fiȝting in þis world.
- c1425(?c1400) Wycl.Apol.(Dub 245)3 : Þis fiȝting kirke.
- a1500(?c1378) Wycl.OPastor.(Ryl Eng 86)446 : Þes foure sectis..& þes foure ordris of freris disturblen moost þis fiȝtinge chirche.
6.
In proverbs.
Associated quotations
- c1275(?c1250) Owl & N.(Clg A.9)176 : Wel fiȝt þat wel fliȝt, seiþ þe wise.
- c1275(?c1250) Owl & N.(Clg A.9)1072 : Ho uaȝt [Jes-O: vauht] mid hire wise tunge. Wel fiȝt [Jes-O: viht] þat wel specþ, seiþ in þe songe.
- ?a1300(c1250) Prov.Hend.(Dgb 86)st.10 : Wel fiȝt [vrr. fyþt, fisthit] þat wel fleþ.
- a1500(?a1450) GRom.(Add 9066)374 : It is an olde sawe: He feghtith wele that fleith faste.
Supplemental Materials (draft)
- ?c1400(1379) Daniel *Treat.Uroscopy (Roy 17.D.1)f.45ra (2.6) : Þe mater is so herd clabbed and clammyd & so onid togeder & fortifiede, be resoun of his crudite & of his indigestioun, þat he wiþstant & feiȝteþ herde wiþ þe kynde.
Note: New spelling: feiȝten.