Middle English Dictionary Entry
failen v.
Entry Info
Forms | failen v. Also failien, faillen, falien, falen, vailen; p. failede, etc. and felde. Perf. of intr.: is failed. |
Etymology | OF faillir, falir. |
Definitions (Senses and Subsenses)
I.
To fail in expectation, performance, truth.
1.
Of persons, things, etc.: to fail or disappoint (a person, etc.) in trust or expectation; to withhold expected aid from (a person), forsake (a person); to prove wanting at need, or deficient on trial; failen at (in, on) nede; --(a) with obj.; (b) with for or to phrase; (c) absol.; (d) with two objs.: to withhold (something expected) from (someone).
Associated quotations
a
- c1300 SLeg.Jas.(LdMisc 108)208 : Þat non ne scholde failli oþur in perile ne in neode.
- c1300 SLeg.(LdMisc 108)73/85 : Þulke þat þe king truste to failleden him wel faste.
- c1300(?c1225) Horn (Cmb Gg.4.27)37/638 : Mi swerd me nolde faille [vr. fayly].
- c1300(c1250) Floris (Cmb Gg.4.27)95/424 : I ne schal þe failli [vr. faile] neure mo.
- c1330(?a1300) Arth.& M.(Auch)3646 : No schal ȝou faile non at nede!
- c1380 Firumb.(1) (Ashm 33)228 : If y him faillede on þys nede.
- c1390 Cato(1) (Vrn)547 : Mester wol not fayle þi lyf, Hit nul þe neuere forsake.
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Mel.(Manly-Rickert)B.2642 : Trusteth nat in hire [fortune]..she wol faile thee and deceyue thee.
- a1400(c1303) Mannyng HS (Hrl 1701)3640 : Hym shal fayle cunsel at hys nede.
- a1425(a1400) PConsc.(Glb E.9 & Hrl 4196)1185 : His lufers he [the world] desayves and fayles.
- (a1470) Malory Wks.(Win-C)15/10 : I shalle not faille yow.
b
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Pars.(Manly-Rickert)I.80 : Ther is a ful noble wey..which may nat faile to man ne to womman.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)7376 : For him ne his sal i noght fail.
c
- c1330 Otuel (Auch)887 : Yef ich faille at þis nede, God ne lete me neuere eft spede.
- a1375(1335-1361) WPal.(KC 13)1097 : [If knighted] i hope to heuene king mi help schal nouȝt fayle, þat i nel manly..meynte[ne] ȝour riȝt.
- a1375(1335-1361) WPal.(KC 13)2508 : When we han nede neuer he ne fayleþ.
- (c1395) Chaucer CT.Sq.(Manly-Rickert)F.167 : It [the magic sword] failleth nat whiles it is in youre hold.
- (c1395) Chaucer CT.WB.(Manly-Rickert)D.574 : [A mouse] that hath but oon hole for to sterte to, And if that faille thanne is al ydo.
- a1425(c1300) Assump.Virg.(1) (Add 10036)134/812 : Thou failest euer at most nede.
- (1431) Doc.in Flasdieck Origurk.100/15 : Þat ye faille not hereof in noo vvise..as oure ful trust is in yow.
- a1450 Yk.Pl.(Add 35290)52/228 : That makis hym be a fayland frende.
- (1471) MSS Rutland in HMC4 : I pray you ffayle not now.
d
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Sh.(Manly-Rickert)B.1378 : I wol noght faille yow my thankes.
2.
(a) Of persons: to be wanting, delinquent, or slack in performance of duties; also, to neglect to perform a duty or to fulfil a promise or other obligation;--with in or of phrase, obj., or absol.; (b) of fighting men: not to stand up to the enemy; to give way before the enemy.
Associated quotations
a
- (1340) Ayenb.(Arun 57)173 : Þet he ne faly ine his rekeninge..god nele naȝt faly at his.
- (c1385) Chaucer CT.Kn.(Manly-Rickert)A.1610 : Tomorowe I wol nat faille..That here I wol be founden as a knyght.
- 1389 Nrf.Gild Ret.43 : Qwo-so faly of yis, he schal payn ij pound of wax.
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Sh.(Manly-Rickert)B.1605 : I wol paye yow..and if so be I faille..score it vp on my taille.
- (c1395) Chaucer CT.Fkl.(Manly-Rickert)F.1577 : I failled neuere of my trouthe as yit, For sikerly my dette shal be quyt Towardes yow.
- c1400(?a1387) PPl.C (Hnt HM 137)4.352 : To paye hym yf he performeþ and haue pyte yf he faylleþ.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)2.1036 : Þe werkeman haþ nat failed It to parforme.
- (1439) Doc.in Collect.Topogr.516 : Yf ye seid Robert..fayle in any payement of this annuytee.
- 1447 Bokenham Sts.(Arun 327)7020 : I wyl not fayle In euery nede to ben wyth the.
- (1450) RParl.5.211a : On every Commissioner by whos negligence the execution of the seid Commissions is delayed or fayled, xx li.
- c1450 Jacob's W.(Sal 103)109/32 : Summe [servants] begynne to serue weel god, & fayle longe er þe terme-day.
- c1450 Alph.Tales (Add 25719)178/13 : Þe ta side falid in þe psalm.
b
- c1300 Horn (LdMisc 108)587 : Þou ne schal..fayle Þer þou biginnes batayle.
- a1375(1335-1361) WPal.(KC 13)1188 : Ho-so faileþ for feyntyce, wild fur him for-brenne!
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)4.2117 : He sawe his Grekis gonne faille And wexe feble to stonden in bataille.
- a1425(?a1400) RRose (Htrn 409)7350 : The foure gates to assaile, Of whiche the kepers wol not faile; For they ben..hardy folk.
- (a1470) Malory Wks.(Win-C)32/26 : His knyght[es] fayled nat but dud hir parte.
3a.
Of persons: to go wrong in practice of one's profession; make a mistake; also, of the practice or means: to go or be wrong.
Associated quotations
- c1300 SLeg.Kath.(LdMisc 108)103 : Þou faillest of þin art.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)4.934 : Cowthe I nevere finde Man that..Me cowthe teche such an art, That he ne failede of a part.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)11894 : Bot if we fail nu of vr art.
- c1400(?a1300) *KAlex.(LdMisc 622)737 : Þine herbes faileþ & ek þine art!
- c1400(?a1387) PPl.C (Hnt HM 137)18.96 : Astronomyens al day in here art faillen.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)3.111 : Where I faile, ȝe mote haue me excusid; For in swiche crafte I am litel vsid.
- ?c1425 Craft Number.(Eg 2622)20/38 : Þou hase faylide in þi Craft.
- c1475 Why Nun (Vsp D.9)151 : My techyng may not fayle; For what so I teche, hyt ys fulle trew.
3b.
Of persons: To go wrong in belief, depart from truth, be in error; also, of the belief, etc.: to be wrong or in error.
Associated quotations
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)1.1968 : Al was failed that I wende [cp. 1970: My wenynge hath gon amis.]
- c1400(?a1387) PPl.C (Hnt HM 137)23.31 : And spiritus prudencie in menye poynt shal fayle Of þat he weneþ wolde falle.
- a1425 Wycl.Serm.(Bod 788)2.161 : No man mai seie here, þat God failide in wisdom of þis werk.
- ?a1425(c1400) Mandev.(1) (Tit C.16)86/30,32 : In this article þei [Saracens] seyn that wee [Christians] faylen..And in this fayleth here feyth.
- a1450 Yk.Pl.(Add 35290)191/210 : My ffadir wiste how þat ȝe were In ȝoure faith fayland.
- c1450(?a1400) Wars Alex.(Ashm 44)2965 : Þis sandisman..Is Alexander..or all myn ame faillis [vr. falys].
- c1425 Wycl.Antichr.(2) (Dub 245)p.cxxiii : Þus is þe peple failyng & in bileeue blyndid.
- a1500(c1340) Rolle Psalter (UC 64)11.1 : Vnnethes ere any funden that failes noght fra halynes.
3c.
Of a rule or sign: to prove misleading; also, of a proposition: to prove unfounded.
Associated quotations
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)6.1734 : Tho wiste he wel it [the significance of a dream] faileth noght.
- a1400 Lanfranc (Ashm 1396)133/21 : Þis signe, þat neuere failiþ.
- ?c1425(c1390) Chaucer Fort.(Benson-Robinson)72 : In general, this reule may nat fayle.
II.
To be unsuccessful, miss, avoid.
4a.
To be unsuccessful in accomplishing a purpose, realizing a hope, obtaining a thing desired;-- (a) with of phrase; (b) with inf.; (c) absol.
Associated quotations
a
- c1230(?a1200) *Ancr.(Corp-C 402)109a : A mon þet..failede efter long swinc on ende of his hure.
- c1300 SLeg.(LdMisc 108)385/300 : He heleth þe sike..and þar-of ne faillez he neuere.
- c1330(?c1300) Amis (Auch)1111 : Of his hope he schal now faile.
- (c1395) Chaucer CT.CY.(Manly-Rickert)G.671 : For al that we faille of oure desir.
- a1425(?a1400) Cloud (Hrl 674)27/19 : He schal erre & faile of his purpos.
- ?a1425(c1400) Mandev.(1) (Tit C.16)110/35 : Ȝif he [a hawk] fayle of takynge his praye it is an euyll signe.
- c1450(c1370) Chaucer ABC (Benson-Robinson)64 : And make oure foo to failen of his praye.
- c1450(?a1400) Siege Milan (Add 31042)1401 : Þou fayles of þat þou fande.
- c1450 Treat.Fish.(Yale 171)4 : Yf he fayl of on [fish] he may not faylle of a noþer yf he do as thys tretes folowys.
- a1500(?a1425) Ipom.(2) (Hrl 2252)265/292 : Sithe ye haue had so grete travayle, Of a service ye schall not fayle.
b
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)5.7688 : What lond that he [largess] regneth inne, It mai noght faile forto winne..love and grace.
- (c1395) Chaucer CT.Mch.(Manly-Rickert)E.1632 : That he faille nat to spede.
- c1400(?c1390) Gawain (Nero A.10)278 : If þou craue batayl bare, Here faylez þou not to fyȝt.
- a1450(?c1421) Lydg.ST (Arun 119)629 : All that did fayle To expowne his mysty dyvynaile.
c
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)1.896 : In hope that sche scholde achieve Thing which stod thanne upon bilieve..Bot sche hath failed.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)3525 : Þat dai þat men failes [vr. falles].
- a1425(?a1400) RRose (Htrn 409)3286 : I see there many in travaille, That atte laste foule fayle.
- a1500 Conq.Irel.(Rwl B.490)129/4 : In many Places ther othyr falid [vr. faylled] to-for hym.
- c1540(?a1400) Destr.Troy (Htrn 388)266 : Fortune vnderfonges þat he feile shall.
- (a1470) Malory Wks.(Win-C)14/26 : Ector assayed to pulle oute the swerd and faylled.
4b.
Of a purpose, design, hope, etc.: to prove unsuccessful; to be unrealized; to miscarry, go wrong.
Associated quotations
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Pars.(Manly-Rickert)I.719 : This vice comth of a fals hope..but that hope failleth ful ofte.
- c1400(?c1380) Cleanness (Nero A.10)548 : Tyl any water..to wasche þe fayly.
- a1425(c1385) Chaucer TC (Benson-Robinson)4.1452 : Tho sleghtes..Ful shaply ben to faylen alle yfeere.
- ?a1425(c1380) Chaucer Bo.(Benson-Robinson)4.pr.4.297 : The entent of the deffendours..sholde fayle and cesen in al.
- a1450-a1500(1436) Libel EP (Warner)644 : To make an ordinaunce..that may not fayle.
- c1600(?c1395) PPl.Creed (Trin-C R.3.15)98 : My purpos is i-failed.
4c.
Of crops, seeds, land: to prove unproductive, fail to grow.
Associated quotations
- c1325(c1300) Glo.Chron.A (Clg A.11)7762 : Frut & corn þer failede.
- c1390 PPl.A(1) (Vrn)7.16 : I schal lene hem lyflode But ȝif þe lond fayle.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)254b/a : In grauely lond and to lene þe vyne ouerdruyeþ and fayleþ.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)28842-4 : Þe tan feild failes..Failand frute comis o þat tan.
- c1400(?c1380) Pearl (Nero A.10)34 : So semly a sede moȝt fayly not.
5a.
To be unsuccessful in hitting a mark with a blow or missile; to miss (a mark);--with of (the blow), of (the mark), obj. of the mark, or absol.
Associated quotations
- c1330(?c1300) Amis (Auch)810 : He smot to sir Amis..& failed of him.
- c1330 Otuel (Auch)486 : He failede of his dent, & smot roulondes gode stede.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)3.1623 : He gan his spere þrowe..Failyng of Paris..Vnder hym he slowe his myȝti stede.
- c1450(c1400) ?Clanvowe Cuckoo & N.(Frf 16)203 : [Love] is blynd and may not se, And whom he hit he not, ne whom he fayleth.
- (a1470) Malory Wks.(Win-C)77/24 : He fayled of hys stroke and smote the horse necke.
- ?a1475 Ludus C.(Vsp D.8)40/158 : [Lameth] xuld nevyr affaylid, what marke þat ever were sett.
5b.
To miss or lose (one's footing).
Associated quotations
- c1400(?a1387) PPl.C (Hnt HM 137)2.120 : Þider as the fend flegh hus fote for to sette, Ther he failede and ful.
- (a1438) MKempe A (Add 61823)179/9 : He slederyd er ellys faylyd of hys fotyng.
- (a1470) Malory Wks.(Win-C)536/2 : The horse fayled footyng and felle in the ryver.
5c.
To fall short of reaching a location.
Associated quotations
- c1350(a1333) Shoreham Poems (Add 17376)3/56 : Yf þou nelt nauȝt climme þos, Of heuene þou hest yfayled.
- ?a1425(?c1350) NHom.(3) Pass.(RwlPoet 175)2771 : If þe taa hand at þe bore ware, þe tother fayled a fote and mare; And his fete fayld fer of þe bore.
- a1500(a1460) Towneley Pl.(Hnt HM 1)38/492 : Thai may not fayll of land.
5d.
To miss (one's way).
Associated quotations
- ?a1425(c1380) Chaucer Bo.(Benson-Robinson)1.pr.5.12 : Thow hast fayled of thi weye and gon amys.
5e.
To miss the presence ( of a person expected); to find (something) missing;--with of (the person).
Associated quotations
- c1300 SLeg.Inf.Chr.(LdMisc 108)1212 : Þo þis maister was icome hom, And hadde ifailled of is grom.
- (?c1375-a1390) Chaucer CT.Mk.(Manly-Rickert)B.3652 : Who so wole heere it in a lenger wise, Redeth the grete poete of Ytaille..Dant..Fro point to point nat o word wol he faille.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)6.2041 : I..schal..Ordeine so for his cominge, That ye ne schull noght of him faile.
5f.
To leave out, omit (a word).
Associated quotations
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)2.1309 : Euery þing he prented in his þouȝt..For of a word he cast hym nat to faile.
- c1450 Alph.Tales (Add 25719)313/13 : Sho tellid hym all & faylid neuer a wurd.
6.
To miss getting, fail to obtain;--with of phrase, obj., or absol.
Associated quotations
- (1340) Ayenb.(Arun 57)68 : He ne may naȝt fayly of kued ende.
- c1350 MPPsalter (Add 17376)36.26 : Y ne seiȝ neuer þe ryȝtful forsaken, ne his sede faile ioies.
- c1390 NHom.Narrat.(Vrn)102 : As a Mon þat fayled graas.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)1.1059 : Who that is to trowthe unplein, He may noght failen of vengance.
- c1400(?a1387) PPl.C (Hnt HM 137)3.159 : Gyue gold..to notaries, þat non of hem faille [B: that hem none ne faille; A: that hem non lacked].
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)4.4430 : It was fittynge Þat she faile of hir buriynge.
- a1425(a1400) Titus & V.(Pep 2014)2933 : Ȝe haue fayled of his grace, So schulle ȝe of myn.
- c1400(c1378) PPl.B (LdMisc 581)11.25 : Þe freke þat folwed my wille failled neuere blisse.
7.
To leave (any action) undone; to omit, avoid, or escape (any action or result); fail (to act, do, or be as affirmed);--with inf. or cl.
Associated quotations
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)3.2184 : To moerdre who that wole assente, He mai noght faille to repente.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)140a/b : The tretys..falliþ to speke somwhat of þinges þat [etc.].
- c1400(?a1300) *KAlex.(LdMisc 622)413 : Ȝif he faile mysAuentur he haue.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)1.3040 : [She] bad hym wisly þat he nat ne faille..þe scripture þat he rede.
- a1450(?c1421) Lydg.ST (Arun 119)1585 : Ȝe may not fayle but ȝe haue wrong.
- ?a1425(c1380) Chaucer Bo.(Benson-Robinson)4.pr.3.96 : Alle thing that fayleth to ben good.
- ?c1450 *Horse(1) (Dc 291)136a : A hors that ys of thys entaille ne shall not faille that he ne schall be gode of what here so evere he be.
- (1463) in Lyte Cat.Mus.PRO40 : We pray you hyt ffayle not to be don.
- c1600(c1350) Alex.Maced.(Grv 60)323 : Philip..fayled lyte That all Greece hee ne gatt with his grim werk.
III.
To lack, be lacking.
8.
Of persons, etc.: (a) to lack, want, be without (anything); (b) to have lack (of anything), not to have; (c) to be lacking (in anything);--also impers. with obj. of the person.
Associated quotations
a
- c1330(?c1300) Guy(1) (Auch)722 : No was þer noiþer sweyn no knaue, Þat ouȝt failed þat he schuld haue.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)42b/a : A beest faylynge yȝe liddes is febil of siȝt.
- a1400 Cursor (Trin-C R.3.8)2556 : To wynne þou shalt not faile myȝt.
- (1430) Doc.in Flasdieck Origurk.p.94 : Faylyng heirs of here bodyes comyng.
- (c1441) *Proc.Chanc.PRO ser.C 1 file 9no.89 : Youre said suppliaunt ffayles remedy be comun lawe.
- (a1460) Bokenham Sts. (Adv Abbotsford B3)136.253 (v.2:p.371) : Seynt Laurence, not welynge that hys werkemen shuldyn faylyn breed, so multipliyd this loof that yt sufferyd [read: sufficyd] to alle his werkemen the space of ten dayis.
b
- (1340) Ayenb.(Arun 57)237 : Ase moche ase fayleþ of his merite.
- a1450(c1433) Lydg.St.Edm.(Hrl 2278)412/878 : Whan they hadde his blissid body founde..they wanted and failed of the hed.
- (1440) *Capgr.St.Norb.(Hnt HM 55)228 : All þing..schal fayle of permanens.
c
- c1400(?c1380) Cleanness (Nero A.10)236 : Þurȝ þe faut of a freke þat fayled in trawþe.
- c1400 Wycl.CGosp.John (Yk-M 14.D.2:Hudson)79/218 : Bi defaute of þese [virtues] in ordre, Eue felde in prudence, Adam in temperaunce, Caym in riȝtfulnesse, Petre in gostli strengþe.
- a1425(?c1384) Wycl.Church (Bod 788)356 : For þei failen [Dub: hem failiþ] in charite.
- ?a1425(c1400) Mandev.(1) (Tit C.16)79/23 : All weys fayle þei in somme articles of oure feyth.
- c1450(c1380) Chaucer HF (Benson-Robinson)1098 : Though som vers fayle in a sillable.
- a1500(a1400) Wycl.FHC (NC 95)348 : Sum faylen in feiþ.
9a.
Of anything: to be lacking, missing, or absent;-- (a) simply; (b) with obj.; (c) with fro, to, with phrase.
Associated quotations
a
- a1325(c1280) SLeg.Pass.(Pep 2344)2249 : Ȝif þer ffayleþ eny of þeos [three things].
- c1330(?c1300) Amis (Auch)252 : Þer no failed [vr. þat þere lakked] riȝt nouȝt.
- (1340) Ayenb.(Arun 57)186 : Huanne merci fayleþ, þe loue of god faileþ.
- (a1387) Trev.Higd.(StJ-C H.1)2.153 : Now in Brytayne, Danes and Pictes failleþ al out.
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Pri.(Manly-Rickert)B.1766 : What may youre yuel entente yow auaille? Mordre wol out certeyn, it wol nat faille.
- a1400 Lanfranc (Ashm 1396)63/12 : Make þat þe splentis & byndynge faile aboue þe wonnde.
b
- c1300 SLeg.Cross (LdMisc 108)279 : Þo þat weork was almest ȝare, heom failede [vr. vailed] a long treo.
- a1350(c1307) Death Edw.I (Hrl 2253)80 : Nou is Edward..kyng..of gode knyhtes darh him nout fail.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)4.1722 : Me faileth ate laste That thing which I travaile fore.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)2.4150 : Comaundyng..His officers þat hir faile nouȝt Of any þing þat sche can be-þinke.
- ?c1425 *Chauliac(2) (Paris angl.25)110b/b : Þe strengþe of prosperite failede neuer þe feete in batthes of alume.
- c1450(?a1400) Wars Alex.(Ashm 44)4279 : Forþi failis vs all infirmit[e]s.
c
- ?c1335 Whose þenchiþ vp (Hrl 913)st.18 : Trewþ is ifaillid wiþ fremid and sibbe.
- (c1384) WBible(1) (Dc 369(2))Mat.19.20 : What ȝit failith to me?
- c1390 PPl.A(1) (Vrn)10.58 : In ȝonge Fauntes and Fooles, with hem Fayleth Inwit.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)7.3784 : Ofte time it [God's grace] faileth To suche as be noght wel disposed.
- ?a1425(c1380) Chaucer Bo.(Benson-Robinson)3.pr.2.16 : To the whiche good if ther fayled any thyng, it myghte nat ben sovereyn good.
- a1450(c1410) Lovel.Grail (Corp-C 80)30.431 : To this Schip there failleth Somthing.
- a1450 Ben.Rule(2) (Vsp A.25)495 : Þan sal no thing here fro vs fayle.
9b.
(a) Of numbers: to be wanting for completion of a certain amount;--usually impers.; (b) of a figure: to lack something, to be incomplete.
Associated quotations
a
- c1325(c1300) Glo.Chron.A (Clg A.11)6669 : Þis hardeknout nas king noȝt folliche ȝeres tuo, Vor þer failede of ten dawes.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)1486 : Matusale Liued..til þat nine hundret yeir war gan And seuenti, falid [Frf: failed] it bot an.
- c1400(?c1380) Cleanness (Nero A.10)737 : What if fyve faylen of fyfty þe noumbre?
- ?a1425(c1400) Mandev.(1) (Tit C.16)121/7 : Þere fayleth but v degrees & an half of the fourthe partie.
b
- c1400(?c1390) Gawain (Nero A.10)658 : Alle þese fyue syþez [of a pentangle]..þat non ende hade, & fyched vpon fyue poyntez, þat fayld neuer.
IV.
To suffer loss of supply, permanence, or function; to become exhausted, etc.
10.
(a) Of food, goods, etc.: to run short in supply, become scarce or used up;--simply or with personal obj.; (b) of persons, etc.: to run out of, suffer deprivation of (food, supplies, goods, etc.);--with obj. of the thing or with of phrase.
Associated quotations
a
- c1275 Ken.Serm.(LdMisc 471)217/84 : Wyn failede at þise bredale.
- c1300(c1250) Floris (Cmb Gg.4.27)94/385 : Þe ne faileþ non Gold ne seluer.
- (1340) Ayenb.(Arun 57)71 : Alle guodes byeþ ous yfayled.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)6.751 : For whom that failleth fode of herte, He mai noght wel the deth asterte.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)300a/b : Lest þe store of mete schuld faile.
- ?a1400(a1338) Mannyng Chron.Pt.2 (Petyt 511)p.326 : Alle þer store failed, þer mete was nere gon.
- c1400(?c1380) Cleanness (Nero A.10)1194 : Faste fayled hem þe fode, enfaminied monie.
- ?a1425(c1380) Chaucer Bo.(Benson-Robinson)3.pr.3.17,18 : That no good ne fayle hem ne semeth faile.
- c1540(?a1400) Destr.Troy (Htrn 388)9376 : Hit auntred..Þat hom failed the fode, and defaute hade.
- (c1454) Pecock Fol.(Roy 17.D.9)90/13 : Oon vice is in þe ouer habundaunt side, and þe oþir is in þe failyng side.
b
- a1375(1335-1361) WPal.(KC 13)2660 : Men flebled [read: febled] fast & faileden of here mete.
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Sh.(Manly-Rickert)B.1438 : Thee lakketh noon array..Of siluer in thy purs shaltow nat faille.
- c1400(c1378) PPl.B (LdMisc 581)10.295 : Whenne fissches failen þe flode or þe fresche water, Þei deyen for drouthe.
- (a1438) MKempe A (Add 61823)147/4 : Whan sche faylde swech as was nedful for hym.
- c1450(c1400) Sultan Bab.(Gar 140)2290 : He saugh the ladies..Faile brede on here table.
- ?c1450 Stockh.PRecipes (Stockh 10.90)83/3 : For a womman þat faylith mylke.
- (a1470) Malory Wks.(Win-C)295/20 : They fayled mete and drynke.
11.
(a) Of anything considered with respect to continuing existence or function, persistence, permanence, etc.: to cease to exist or to function, come to an end, lapse, vanish, pass away; ppl. transient; (b) of a period of time: to pass by or come to an end.
Associated quotations
a
- c1230(?a1200) *Ancr.(Corp-C 402)61b : For na deofles puf ne ne þurue ȝe dreden, bute þet lim faili.
- c1300 SLeg.Patr.(LdMisc 108)598 : In swuche Ioie heo beoth..in heouene..it ne faillez heom neuere mo.
- c1350 MPPsalter (Add 17376)36.21 : Þe enemys of our Lord..shul fail, failand as smoke.
- (a1387) Trev.Higd.(StJ-C H.1)4.149 : Þe kyngdom of Siria faillede, and fel to þe lordschipe of þe Romayns.
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Pars.(Manly-Rickert)I.250 : Fyr faileth anon as it forleteth his werkynge, and right so grace faileth anon as it forleteth his werkynge.
- c1400(?c1380) Cleanness (Nero A.10)658 : Boþe þe wyȝe and his wyf, such werk watz hem fayled.
- a1425(a1396) Maidstone PPs. (Wht)570 : For my lijf-dayes are liyk smoke That faylide and a-weyward hyȝede.
- a1425(?a1400) RRose (Htrn 409)5324 : This love..if it lese his hope..wole faile and quenche anoon.
- ?a1425(c1380) Chaucer Bo.(Benson-Robinson)4.m.6.58 : The thingis that ben now contynued..scholden..failen (that is to seyn, tornen into noght).
- ?a1425(c1400) Mandev.(1) (Tit C.16)87/6 : The lawe of Machomete schall fayle as the lawe of the Iewes dide.
- a1450 St.Kath.(3) (Richardson 44)49 : Thees thynges vnder heuen þat are so fleeng and faylynge.
- a1450 St.Kath.(3) (Richardson 44)65 : Thys woofull and faylynge world.
- c1450(c1350) Alex.& D.(Bod 264)746 : Whan þe word failus, ȝe schulle be punched.
- (1463) Will Bury in Camd.4918 : If the office of Seynt Marie preest fayle.
- a1500(?a1450) GRom.(Add 9066)352 : Transitorie thynges and failyng, as are worldly goodes.
b
- c1350 MPPsalter (Add 17376)77.37 : Her daies faileden in vanite, and her ȝeres wyþ hastyng.
- c1425(c1400) Primer (Cmb Dd.11.82)41/3 : For my daies han failid as smoke.
- c1430(c1380) Chaucer PF (Benson-Robinson)85 : The day gan faylen and the derke nyght..Berafte me my bok for lak of lyght.
- c1475(c1399) Mum & S.(1) (Cmb Ll.4.14)2.14 : Somere hem faylid.
12.
(a) Of material objects: to break down, go to pieces, suffer destruction; (b) of vegetable matter: to lose freshness, wither, decay; (c) of light, the sun: to grow dim; (d) of the moon: to wane; (e) of the wind: to die down.
Associated quotations
a
- (a1387) Trev.Higd.(StJ-C H.1)4.279 : Þe ymage of golde fil doun..hit schal nouȝt faille or a mayde bere a chylde.
- c1390(1377) Death Edw.III (Vrn)35 : For wynt ne wederes neuer hit [a ship] fayled.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)167b/b : Cragges alle to breken and faylyn.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)6.611 : Gret ymages..þat neuer ar like to fayle.
- c1475(a1449) Lydg.Horns (LdMisc 683)14 : Thyng counterfeet wol faylen at assay.
- c1450(a1425) MOTest.(SeldSup 52)2819 : The wals fayled and down fell.
b
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)221b/b : Þe fruyt þerof fayleþ and roteþ.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)239a/b : Whanne þis palme..faileþ al for elde.
- c1400(?c1380) Pearl (Nero A.10)270 : A rose Þat flowred & fayled as kynde hyt gef.
c
- ?1316 SMChron.(Roy 12.C.12)60 : Al day togedere hy wrastly conne, Forto hem faylede lyht of sonne.
- a1400(?a1350) Siege Troy(1) (Eg 2862)1503 : Þe lyȝt of day begynneþ to faile.
- c1400(?c1380) Cleanness (Nero A.10)1758 : Tyl fayled þe sunne.
- c1440(?a1400) Morte Arth.(1) (Thrn)751 : Lukkes to þe lade-sterne, when þe lyghte faillez.
d
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)161a/b : Suche shelle fysshe is yclepid conche & conchilia..When the mone failleth, suche fisshe is voide.
e
- c1450(?a1400) Parl.3 Ages (Add 31042)35 : When the wynde faylede.
13a.
Of a person's strength, spirits, courage, etc.: to grow feeble or vanish; of the limbs, organs, or faculties: to lose or lack the power to function; also, to cease giving support to, or cease functioning for (the person); to fail (the person);-- (a) simply; (b) with personal obj.; (c) with for phrase.
Associated quotations
- c1300 Lay.Brut (Otho C.13)2938 : Þo holdede þe king [Lear] and failede his mihte.
- c1350 MPPsalter (Add 17376)76.3 : Ich was adrad, & my gost failed.
- (c1385) Chaucer CT.Kn.(Manly-Rickert)A.2805 : The intellect..Gan faillen whan the herte felte deeth..and failled breeth.
- (a1387) Trev.Higd.(StJ-C H.1)4.157 : Þe tormentoures hond faillede and schoke for drede.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)5.6573 : Wher herte is failed, Ther schal no castell ben assailed.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)267b/b : Salamandra..is neuere more y seye but in moche rayne, for he faileþ [L deficit] in fair weder.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)27a/b : Ȝif þese [the animal] spiritis..ben feblid oþir failid, þe soule is feblid.
- a1400 Lanfranc (Ashm 1396)173/14 : Lete him make his testament or þat his vertu faile.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)4.5460 : Better is þanne þat her tonge faille þan folily to her damage speke.
- 1543(1464) Hardyng Chron.B (Grafton)112 : Theyr power almoste then was fayled.
b
- c1300 SLeg.Cross (LdMisc 108)164 : Þe strencþe him failede in is limes.
- (a1387) Trev.Higd.(StJ-C H.1)2.217 : His lymes failleþ hym.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)24001 : Gang, and steyuen, and tunge, and sight, All failled me þat tide.
- c1400(c1378) PPl.B (LdMisc 581)17.187 : Powere hem failleth To clicche or to clawe.
- (c1390) Chart.Abbey HG (LdMisc 210)347 : Myn eyen ben in poynt to faylen me.
- a1500(a1460) Towneley Pl.(Hnt HM 1)162/53 : My fors me falys to fare, and sight that I shuld se.
c
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)73a/a : No mannes herte failiþ for hym.
13b.
Of persons, etc.: to suffer loss of vigor; to grow feeble or exhausted.
Associated quotations
- (1340) Ayenb.(Arun 57)32 : Huanne he is sleuuol..uoryetinde, slak, and fallinde.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)13a/b : [Angels] noþir wexiþ feble in vertues noþir failiþ for elde.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)13477 : Þai folud him fastand dais thre..Bi þe wai son faile sal þai.
- (a1402) Trev.Dial.MC (Hrl 1900)26/3 : Ȝif þe kyng failed, wolde nouȝt ȝoure enemyes werre vppon ȝou?
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)3.1524 : In þe feld Grekis gan to faille Of her power.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)3.1610 : And eke his hors..gan faille.
- a1425(c1395) WBible(2) (Roy 1.C.8)Judg.8.15 : That we ȝyue looues to men that ben weeri and failiden [WB(1): han defautid].
- a1500 GLitany (Dc 42)130 : Vn to þe tyme thou fayled for weykenes.
13c.
Of persons: to lack or lose (courage, sight, breath, etc.) [cp. sense 8.].
Associated quotations
- a1425(?c1384) Wycl.Church (Bod 788)343 : Whanne þes men failen resoun, þei tristen to mannis helpe.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)5.3164 : He..gan..faile breth.
- a1400 Siege Jerus.(1) (LdMisc 656)593 : Anon þe feyþles folke fayleden herte.
- c1400 Wycl.CGosp.John (Yk-M 14.D.2:Hudson)79/216 : He þat failiþ prudence, temperaunce, riȝtfulnese and goostli strengþe, in veyn flateriþ hymsilf to haue entrid bi Crist.
- ?a1475 Ludus C.(Vsp D.8)163/12 : I wax old and wante my myght and be-gynne to fayle my syght.
13d.
failen countenaunce (chere), to lose (composure).
Associated quotations
- c1400(?c1380) Cleanness (Nero A.10)1539 : Al falewed his face and fayled þe chere.
- c1540(?a1400) Destr.Troy (Htrn 388)2518 : All the buernes aboute abasshet þer with..þere countenaunse failed.
- a1500(a1450) Gener.(2) (Trin-C O.5.2)855 : Whan he hyr saw, he fayled countenaunce.
Supplemental Materials (draft)
- (a1387) Trev.Higd.(StJ-C H.1)3.229 : Þis Darius, after þat he hadde recouered by bataille þe Assiries and þe Babyloyns þat faillede from his kyngdom, he ordeynede werre and bataille.
Note: New sense
Note: Higd.(2): goen; L deficientes
Supplemental Materials (draft)
- a1500 GLeg.Suppl.Edw. (Add 35298:Hamer)12/374 : The pope..sente hym a bulle sealid with led, in the which he wrote a clere absolucion and assoyling the kyng from the [bonde] of his avowe in the which he drad to haue falle in, and ioyned hym in penaunce.
Note: Editor's note: "falle in: failed in the performance of; MED failen does not record this spelling."
Note: New form.
Supplemental Materials (draft)
- ?c1400(1379) Daniel *Treat.Uroscopy (Roy 17.D.1)f.14rb (1.4) : When Y say 'age,' vnderstonde þat o maner of vryn oweþ for to be in..agede folk and anoþer maner in folk failend for elde.
Note: New spelling (pr. ppl.): failend. Editor's gloss: 'lacking (in)'.