Middle English Dictionary Entry
escāpen v.
Entry Info
Forms | escāpen v. Also eschapen; ascapen, -ien, aschapen, achapen. Forms: p. escāped(e, ascōp; ppl. escāped, ? ascāpe; perf.3 is escāped. |
Etymology | CF eschaper, AF aschaper, NF ascaper, es-. |
Definitions (Senses and Subsenses)
Note: Cp. scapen, schapen, chapen.
1a.
To free oneself from confinement or someone's grasp; also fig.;-- (a) absol. or with adv.; (b) with obj.
Associated quotations
a
- c1300 SLeg.Becket (LdMisc 108)831 : In one Chaumbre, faste i-loke..Þat he ne scholden a-scapien.
- (1340) Ayenb.(Arun 57)166 : Huanne he is ascaped of þe prisone.
- a1375(1335-1361) WPal.(KC 13)1248 : Þei him vnbond bliue.. &..he seide..gretly y þonk god þat gart me a-chape.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)4.2107 : He wolde out of hise hondes Be sleyhte in som manere ascape.
- a1400 Cursor (Göt Theol 107)15820 : Petre was in handis nomin..and þan he eschaped [vrr. escaped, scaped] sone.
- c1405 Chaucer CT.Kn.(Elsm)A.1270 : If I myghte escapen from prison.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)2.6418 : Þe Grekis..it [Tenedos] be-set aboute, Þat Troyan noon myȝt eskapen oute.
- c1430(c1386) Chaucer LGW (Benson-Robinson)2320 : As the culver, that of the egle is smiten, And is out of his clawes forth escaped.
- (a1443) *Pet.Chanc.PRO ser.CP 1 file 12no.48 : The whiche Paton es nowe eschaped and latt go att large in to Scotteland.
- c1450 Siege Troy(2) (Rwl D.82)285 : He shuld not haue gretter rule þen he amonge theym that askope oute of Troy.
- ?c1450(?c1390) ?Chaucer Merc.B.(Benson-Robinson)27 : Sin I fro Love escaped am so fat I never thenk to ben in his prison lene.
- ?1457 Hardyng Chron.A (Lnsd 204:Hammond)234/23 : The Toure Of whiche he dyd eschape away by nyght.
- a1500(?a1400) Firumb.(2) (Fil)1257 : He semed a deuyl of helle þat out was a-schaped.
- a1500(?c1450) Merlin (Cmb Ff.3.11)9 : With grete peyne she aschaped fro them.
b
- (c1391) Gower CA Suppl.(Bod 294)5.7033* : That the body may wel fare And that he may the world aschape.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)4.1046 : How thei the prison mihte ascape.
- c1400(?c1380) Pearl (Nero A.10)187 : I dred..Lest ho me eschaped þat I þer chos, Er I at steuen hir moȝt stalle.
- a1425(c1395) WBible(2) (Roy 1.C.8)2 Cor.11.33 : And so Y ascapide hise hondis.
- a1450(1412) Hoccl.RP (Hrl 4866)728 : Þat..My soule eschape may þe fendes cheyne.
- a1475 Rev.St.Bridget(3) (Gar 145)70/2 : He ascapeth þe hondes of the fende.
1b.
To free or extricate oneself from affliction, trouble, or confining condition;--with or without obj.; ~ from (of, oute of).
Associated quotations
- c1330(?c1300) Amis (Auch)2243 : Y miȝt aschape out of mi wo.
- a1375(1335-1361) WPal.(KC 13)3013 : Ȝif me bitide þis tene to a-schape..i wol ȝou reward.
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Pars.(Manly-Rickert)I.227 : The wikked man dieth and..shal haue noon hope to escape fro peyne.
- ?a1400(a1338) Mannyng Chron.Pt.2 (Petyt 511)p.201 : Þat of his anguys grim so lightly was escaped.
- a1400 Cursor (Frf 14)23322 : Þai ar escapid of þat care.
- ?a1425(c1380) Chaucer Bo.(Benson-Robinson)1.pr.2.7 : Thou..that whilom, norissched with my melk and fostred with myne metes, were escaped and comyn to corage of a parfit man.
- a1450 Gener.(1) (Mrg M 876)593 : Suffre he shal grete trauaile And wele escape it he shal.
2a.
To get away safely by flight from battle, an enemy, or other perilous circumstance;-- (a) absol. or with adv.; (b) with obj.
Associated quotations
a
- c1300 SLeg.(LdMisc 108)81/135 : Vnneþe he him-sulf and is sone a-scapeden with heore liue.
- c1300 SLeg.Becket (LdMisc 108)1076 : Þis holi man [Becket] was þo wel þe hardiore of londe for-to wende, Ȝwane he miȝte a-schapie [vr. ascapie] wel.
- c1300 Lay.Brut (Otho C.13)1611 : Þe king Goffare iseh his lure and vnneþe ascapede [Clg: him seolf atbreac].
- c1300 Lay.Brut (Otho C.13)18269 : Octa sende his sonde..after þe Alemains þat a-chaped were [Clg: weoren awei idraȝene].
- a1375(1335-1361) WPal.(KC 13)1853 : To god þanne he prayde to a-schape schaþles fram þat schamful best.
- a1375(1335-1361) WPal.(KC 13)2805 : Whan þe hert & þe hind were of so harde a-chaped.
- (a1387) Trev.Higd.(StJ-C H.1)7.175 : Þe erle hym self wiþ anoþer felawe unneþe eschapynge.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)7.3466 : Sche schop his pouer to compasse..That he schal noght eschape aweie.
- a1425(?a1400) RRose (Htrn 409)4972 : Houevere they myght..Escape awey withoute shame.
- a1450(a1338) Mannyng Chron.Pt.1 (Lamb 131)2003 : In-to þat water þey dide hem fle; þey ne ascaped for no thyng.
- a1500 Conq.Irel.(Rwl B.490)57/34 : The faucon..toke his flyght an hey, & Escapid of hym.
- (a1470) Malory Wks.(Win-C)561/21 : They ascaped into the towre.
- a1500(?a1400) Firumb.(2) (Fil)413 : Wyth schame deyde the sarsins,..Wyth sorw to tho that a-skepeden.
- a1500(?a1400) Firumb.(2) (Fil)683 : Oure noble knyȝthes wende hem haue a-skape wel.
- a1500(?a1325) Otuel & R (Fil)2314 : Roulond..And terry..That weren askaped from that batayle.
- a1500(a1450) Gener.(2) (Trin-C O.5.2)2374 : Whanne that he was eskepyd trewly.
- a1500(a1460) Towneley Pl.(Hnt HM 1)41/30 : Thre cytees brent, yit eschapyd he.
b
- a1300 I-hereþ nv one (Jes-O 29)124 : If he [Jesus] nuþe eu askapeþ eu schal sore schomye.
- c1380 Firumb.(1) (Ashm 33)832 : Wiþ Sarsyns he was bi-set..þat he ne miȝte a-scape þe ferd.
- a1425(c1385) Chaucer TC (Benson-Robinson)3.557 : Finaly he swor..she sholde hym nought escape.
- a1450 Gener.(1) (Mrg M 876)6579 : And loke that he ascape you noght.
2b.
To get safely away from, or succeed in avoiding, any threatened evil, danger, punishment, or the like;-- (a) without obj.; (b) with obj. or inf.
Associated quotations
a
- (c1375) Chaucer CT.Mk.(Manly-Rickert)B.3922 : A reyn..that slow the fyr and made hym to escape [vr. askape].
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Dc 369(1))Prov.19.5 : He that lesing speketh shal not ascapen.
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Pars.(Manly-Rickert)I.572 : Whan a man..may noon ootherwise escape from his owene deeth.
- ?a1400(a1338) Mannyng Chron.Pt.2 (Petyt 511)p.122 : Ȝif any lewed man laid hand opon clerk..He suld not escape..Of non bot of þe pape myght he assoyled be.
- ?a1425(c1380) Chaucer Bo.(Benson-Robinson)4.pr.4.132 : Whanne thilke same schrewes ascapen withouten torment.
- ?a1425(c1380) Chaucer Bo.(Benson-Robinson)146 : It is wikkidnesse and wrong that thei escapen unpunyschid.
- a1425(c1385) Chaucer TC (Benson-Robinson)3.1242 : Sodeynly rescous doth hym escapen.
- c1450 Pilgr.LM (Cmb Ff.5.30)110 : Weenest thou, quod she, for to eskape for thi waymentinge?..The hangemannes corde j wole putte aboute thi nekke.
- a1500 Lydg.LOL (Adv 19.3.1)108 : Thowgh thow..Maliciously upon her deth compasse, They schall askape.
b
- (1340) Ayenb.(Arun 57)131 : Þe pinen of helle huiche non ne may ascapie.
- a1375(1335-1361) WPal.(KC 13)2549 : Mani hard hape han þei a-schapet.
- c1390 PPl.A(1) (Vrn)2.180 : And ȝif ȝe chacche lyȝere let him not askape To ben set on þe pillori.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)6.1017 : That he mai noght the deth eschape.
- ?a1400(a1338) Mannyng Chron.Pt.2 (Petyt 511)p.158 : Þat þat askeped þat drede.
- c1400(?a1300) *KAlex.(LdMisc 622)1345 : Dedly wounded..þat he ne miȝth þe deþ askape.
- c1400(?c1380) Cleanness (Nero A.10)970 : Þay wern war of þe wrake þat no wyȝe achaped.
- (a1402) Trev.DCur.(Hrl 1900)56/33 : To avoyde & ascape [vr. skape] harme.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)3.1083 : Troylus..eskaped to be prisoner.
- c1475(c1445) Pecock Donet (Bod 916)200/20 : Hise punyschingis mowe not be ascapid but if we do in þis lijf repentaunce.
- (1450) Paston2.147 : If he myght eschape the daunger of the Towr.
- a1500 Craft Dying (Rwl C.894)408/7 : We may..nether flee, ne escape, nether chaunge the..necessite & passage of deth.
2c.
To recover from an injury or disease; to rid oneself of (a disease);--without or with obj.
Associated quotations
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Mel.(Manly-Rickert)B.2172 : Youre doghter with the grace of god shal warisshe and escape.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)4.4323 : Pirrus..For anguyshe only of his grene wounde, In doute pleynly wher he shulde eskape.
- a1450(c1410) Lovel.Grail (Corp-C 80)21.283 : Thi Brothir..In thi paleis lith in ful hard degre, That it Asckapen neuere schal he.
- ?a1450 Arderne LW (Em 69)111 : Yf the crokydnesse of the mouth dure vi monthes it schall never be curyd..yf they gone therwith over iiii dayes they mowe askape.
- (1464) Paston (Gairdner)4.106 : Ryght seke, and not lyke to eskape.
3.
(a) To avoid experiencing or suffering (anything), evade; to avoid physical contact with (anything); (b) to avoid (a consequence);--with but that clause.
Associated quotations
a
- c1390 NHom.Martin AM (Vrn)p.247 title : Þat meknesse eschapet þe deueles wyles.
- a1425 KAlex.(LinI 150)3775 : With meschef eche askapith othres cors.
- a1425 Rolle FLiving (Arun 507)419 : Þare are vi maners of dremes: twa are þat na man mai eschape.
- c1440(?a1400) Morte Arth.(1) (Thrn)1117 : The kyng chaungez his fote..Ne had he eschapede þat choppe, cheuede had euyll.
- a1500 Erly in a someristide (Lamb 306)53 : An R. for þe Raged staf þat no man may a-Skape, from scotlonde to Calles.
b
- (?a1439) Lydg.FP (Bod 263)3.3397 : This prynce..Escapid nat..But that summe envied at his glorie.
- c1475(c1445) Pecock Donet (Bod 916)148/5 : Þei mowe not avoide, assoile or a scape but þat þe iije comaundement..is not to be holden.
- (c1449) Pecock Repr.(Cmb Kk.4.26)175 : Thou maist not aschape, but that therfore thou allowe and approue it to be a point of Goddis moral lawe.
4a.
(a) Of speech: to issue or escape, esp. involuntarily or inadvertently;--without or with obj.; (b) of tears: to issue from the eyes; (c) of a swelling: to vanish.
Associated quotations
a
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)2.1982 : I wole it hide, Ther schal no word ascape aside.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)5.4642 : Ther may no vois hire mouth ascape.
- c1400(?a1300) *KAlex.(LdMisc 622)3658 : Þe noyse þat hem askaped..'As Armes for dous Mahouns!'
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)5.168 : He..þouȝt he wolde make þer-of no Iape, By no word for haste þat shuld eskape.
- (1456) Let.Bekynton in RS 56.2167 : Wherethrogh som wordes myght askape me.
b
- c1450(c1393) Chaucer Scog.(Benson-Robinson)10 : Ne myghte a drope of teeres doun escape.
c
- ?c1450 St.Cuth.(Eg 3309)4263 : His eye with his hande he graped, All þe bolnyng was eschaped.
4b.
(a) Of things: to get or keep out of a person's grasp, to elude;--without or with obj.; (b) of time: to slip away.
Associated quotations
a
- (1340) Ayenb.(Arun 57)39 : Þe oþre riche men..nimeþ aryȝthalf and alefthalf þet no þing ne may ham ascapie.
- (1340) Ayenb.(Arun 57)56 : Ich nelle naȝt lete askapie þis mes.
- (1340) Ayenb.(Arun 57)209 : Þe couaytouse þet ne zecheþ oþer lif bote þet þet ham faileþ and ham ascapeþ, wille hi nolle hi.
- c1450(c1400) Vices & V.(2) (Hnt HM 147)232/13 : Þes couetous men, þat desiren non oþer lif þan þis þat escapeþ hem and passeþ, wole þei or non.
b
- a1425(c1385) Chaucer TC (Benson-Robinson)3.1412 : Lest this nyght..Ne sholde in veyn escape in no manere.
4c.
Of things: to elude (a person, his notice, perception, attention, etc.); also, to fail to be noticed, to be overlooked.
Associated quotations
- c1350(a1333) Shoreham Poems (Add 17376)78/2233 : Þat non errour ne (ous) a-scapye.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)115a/a : Þe swiftnesse of his mevinge ascapiþ oure sight.
- c1400(?c1380) Cleanness (Nero A.10)569 : Þat ilke skyl for no scaþe ascaped hym [God] never.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)2.8699 : Þis kyng knyȝtly gan prouide In his avis þat no þing hym eskape.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)1.2665 : Toward euen, It schal me not eskape..a tyme for to schape.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)4.1560 : Ȝif any þing eskaped or asterte þis Achilles.
- ?a1425(c1380) Chaucer Bo.(Benson-Robinson)5.pr.6.48 : To whom ther nis noght of the preteryt escaped nor ipassed.
5.
To turn out (a certain way);--a Latinism.
Associated quotations
- a1425(c1395) WBible(2) (Roy 1.C.8)Ecclus.30.8 : An hors vntemyd..schal ascape hard, and a sone vnchastisid schal ascape heedi [L evadet præceps].
Supplemental Materials (draft)
Note: The gloss for sense 1b. has been emended.--per MLL