Middle English Dictionary Entry
elles adv.
Entry Info
Forms | elles adv. Also alles, ells, ills, el(le. |
Etymology | elles from OE elles; elle from ON, cp. OI ella, reduced form of el-liga(r. |
Definitions (Senses and Subsenses)
1a.
As an alternative; as another choice or possibility; otherwise; -- often after or, and. Modifying (a) a predicate, (b) an adv. expression; (c) introducing a sentence.
Associated quotations
a
- c1300 Lay.Brut (Otho C.13)26389 : And ȝef þou alles wolt in to France wende..Nou to-morwe his þe dai.
- (c1300) Havelok (LdMisc 108)1192 : Men sholde don his leman shame, Or elles bringen in wicke blame.
- a1375(1335-1361) WPal.(KC 13)2671 : Socur he wol me sende or elles com him-selue.
- (c1375) Chaucer CT.Mk.(Manly-Rickert)B.3809 : Wheither so he wook or ellis slepte.
- c1390 PPl.A(1) (Vrn)7.12 : [Spynneth it spedily, spareth noght ȝour fyngres] Bote ȝif hit beo haly day or elles holy euen.
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Pri.(Manly-Rickert)B.1833 : An holy man, As monkes ben, or elles oghten be.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)1.1574 : Chese he mot on of the tuo, Or forto take hire to his wif Or elles forto lese his lif.
- c1400(?c1380) Pearl (Nero A.10)130 : Wheþer solace ho [fortune] sende oþer ellez sore.
- a1425 Wycl.Serm.(Bod 788)1.76 : Crist wente bar-fote, or ellis was shood as þei ben.
- (c1418) Will in Bk.Lond.E.221/25 : He will that Elene his Suster be put in sum honest place..or elles þat she be maried.
- a1450(?c1421) Lydg.ST (Arun 119)678 : Muse her-vpon..It [a riddle] to declare or ellis lese thy lyff.
- (1422) Reg.Chichele in Cant.Yk.S.42 (Lamb 69)267 : I be whethe to Jonet Southbote.. xx li, or elles þe valew of goode.
- ?a1425(c1400) Mandev.(1) (Tit C.16)98/23 : Þere aboute groweth no wyn ne frut but lityll or ell non.
- ?c1425 Arun.Cook.Recipes (Arun 334)454 : Tempur hit with almonde mylke, or elles with gode swete mylke.
- c1440 PLAlex.(Thrn)45/23 : Owþer & com feghte wit vs or ells submyt..vn-till vs.
- 1448-a1500 Rich.(b-version:Brunner)142/81 : The house kyng Ric. fullyn shulde Fful of seluer and of golde And ell [vr. elles] in prison ligge euermore.
- c1450 Ponthus (Dgb 185)5/6 : Ye muste beleve on Mahounde, or elles ye muste dye.
- ?c1450 Stockh.PRecipes (Stockh 10.90)66/8,9 : Put all þis in an erdyn potthe with þe holy de olyue, or hellys þe gres of nethys-fethe, or mayebother, or hellys brockys-gres.
- (a1470) Malory Wks.(Win-C)297/16 : Of hym I woll be made knyght and ellys of none.
- (1471) Will York in Sur.Soc.45194 : J blak or els j sad blew gyrdyll.
- ?a1475 Ludus C.(Vsp D.8)32/102 : Lete god take it or ellys lef.
- c1450(c1400) Emare (Clg A.2)105 : Þys ys a fayry, Or ellys a vanyte!
b
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)11070 : His frendes was ful gladd and bliþe..Noght allan ierusalem burgh, Bot elles al þe contre thurgh.
- (1417) MSS Penshurst in HMC1.205 : The forsaide manoirs be..delyvered to the childe..if he lyve..and els to the next heir.
- ?a1425 Mandev.(2) (Eg 1982)64/11 : By see or elles by land.
- a1450(c1400) Wor.Serm.(Wor F.10)23/49 : In word or ell in dede.
- c1475(a1400) Amadace (Tay 9)47 : He wold gif hom toe so muche, or ellus more.
- (c1450) Capgr.St.Aug.(Add 36704)6/29 : In þe orison or ellis þe compleynt whech he mad aftir hir deth.
- (1454) GRed Bk.Bristol2.50 : Oon day of the weke that ys to sey the Monday, yef hit be noo halyday, and elles the Tuesday.
- (1461) Invent.Monk-Wear.in Sur.Soc.29app.245 : Yt he..apper be for ye said holy fader, ye pope, or ylls ye wirschipfull doctour Bernardus Romia.
c
- a1475 Siege Troy(1) (Hrl 525)1843 : Go we benesege hem abowte, And we shull sleue hem at our wille, Or ells for hunger þey shull spille.
- a1500 *Nicod.(4) (Hrl 149:Hulme)257b : Ihesus..seyde, whedyr seyst thy self so of me, or ellys haue othyr men tolde the soo.
1b.
or elles..or elles, either..or.
Associated quotations
- c1425 Found.St.Barth.26/7 : Her almes to his chirche or els she broughte or els was wonte to sende yt.
1c.
In addition, also.
Associated quotations
- 1543(1464) Hardyng Chron.B (Grafton)45 : King Locryne then & Cambre, elles his brother, With hoostes great vpon king Humbar faughte.
2.
In additional ways or respects.
Associated quotations
- a1375(1335-1361) WPal.(KC 13)1571 : Eiþer kindeli clipped oþer and kest wel ofte, & wrout elles here wille.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)prol.477 : I not how thilke body fat, Which thei with deynte metes kepe..Whan it hath elles al his wille, With chastite schal stonde stille.
3.
In a different way or manner, by other means, with different results; differently, otherwise; also otherwise elles.
Associated quotations
- c1175(?OE) Bod.Hom.(Bod 343)38/14 : Mon steoræn sceal his aȝene childum..hwilon mid wordum, hwilon mid swingelum, ȝif he ælles ne mæȝ heoræ dysiȝ alecgæn.
- c1175 Orm.(Jun 1)ded.108 : He ne maȝȝ nohht elless Onn Ennglissh writtenn rihht te word.
- c1275(?a1200) Lay.Brut (Clg A.9)893 : Summen hit weora iqueme..Summe queðen ælles [Otho: elles].
- c1275(?a1200) Lay.Brut (Clg A.9)14568 : Ȝif þu alles [Otho: elles] ne maht, we wulleð makien muchel fæht & driuen heom of londe.
- a1375(1335-1361) WPal.(KC 13)2346 : So miȝtow be saued for soþe, neuer elles.
- c1390 PPl.A(1) (Vrn)1.151 : Þe same Mesure þat ȝe Meten, A-mis oþer elles, ȝe schul be weyen þer-with.
- c1390 PPl.A(1) (Vrn)9.100 : And Rule the Reame bi Red of hem Alle, And otherwyse elles not bute as thei þreo assenten.
- c1390 Castle Love(1) (Vrn)1386 : Þorw Riht me miȝt hit elles bi-falle.
- ?c1430(c1400) Wycl.Prelates (Corp-C 296)64 : In þre maneres is symonye don..who comeþ hellis to prelacie?
- c1450(c1405) Mum & S.(2) (Add 41666)78 : Whethir I wisse þe wel wisely or elles.
- c1450(1410) Walton Boeth.(Lin-C 103)p.222 : Whethir is it þus, or elles demest þow?
- (a1470) Malory Wks.(Win-C)31/14 : Ellis shall we never macche them..but by thys means.
- a1550 *Ripley CAlch.(BodeMus 63)51a : Bodyes elles maye not be alterid naturally.
4.
Under other circumstances, otherwise;--usually at the head of the sentence, and sometimes accompanied by a but or but if ('unless') clause; sometimes following and, or, for.
Associated quotations
- a1225(OE) Lamb.Hom.VA (Lamb 487)111 : Þa dusian him sculen efre adredan, elles ne bið his [a lord's] rixlunge ne fest.
- c1275(?a1200) Lay.Brut (Clg A.9)12146 : & beden hine heom ræden, oðer ælles [Otho: elles] heo weoren dæde.
- c1275(?a1200) Lay.Brut (Clg A.9)16490 : Hengest warp þene sceld biuoren, & ælles [Otho: helles] weoren his lif for-loren.
- a1225(c1200) Vices & V.(1) (Stw 34)27/16 : All ȝelief ðu fastliche, elles ðu, ne namann ne mai bien ȝeboreȝen.
- a1325(c1250) Gen.& Ex.(Corp-C 444)3072 : Beter ist laten hem vt-pharen, Al sal egipte elles for-faren.
- a1375(1335-1361) WPal.(KC 13)1647 : Foule þow me fodest wiþ þi faire wordes, elles had i deide for duel.
- c1390 PPl.A(1) (Vrn)7.300 : Bote he beo heihliche I-huret, elles wol he chide.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)9715 : Or ells agh dom be cald a-gain.
- ?a1400(a1338) Mannyng Chron.Pt.1 (Petyt 511)82 : And bot þai wist what it mente, ellis me thoght it were alle schente.
- a1400 Lanfranc (Ashm 1396)231/17 : But if þei kutte him awey clene wiþ alle his rotis, ellis þei makiþ þat þe cancer is vlceratus.
- c1400(?c1380) Pearl (Nero A.10)32 : For vch gresse mot grow of graynez dede, No whete were ellez to wonez wonne.
- c1425 Glo.Chron.A (Hrl 201)p.451 : He huld wyþ þe emperesse, vor el [vr. elles] yt were amys.
- a1425(a1400) Titus & V.(Pep 2014)1853 : God of heuene þi lyffe holde..tyl þat þou ycristened be; And ellys were it rewþe.
- a1425(?a1400) RRose (Htrn 409)1231 : But she hym holpe his harme to aswage, Hir thought it elles a vylanye.
- a1425 Siege Troy(1) (LinI 150)107 : Helpeþ wiþ ȝoure socour..Or elles [Arun: ell; Hrl: els] men of troye..Wolen holde vs alle for losengeris.
- ?a1425(c1400) Mandev.(1) (Tit C.16)87/25,26 : God hath speche & ell were he dowmb & god hath also a spirit..for ell..he were not on lyue.
- ?c1430 Wycl.CTemp.(Corp-C 296)214 : Lordis ben in dette to amende þes synnes. For ellis þei loven not God.
- (a1470) Malory Wks.(Win-C)15/5 : Els were I to blame, said Arthur.
- (a1470) Malory Wks.(Win-C)53/24 : At the laste Egglame fledde, and ellis he had bene dede.
- a1500(?a1390) Mirk Fest.(GoughETop 4)9/6 : Þay beden Egeas do hym downe of þe crosse, or ellys þay wold sle hym.
- a1500(a1460) Towneley Pl.(Hnt HM 1)32/299 : Tell me that ich a deyll, els get ye blame.
- c1450 Stations Rome(1) (Clg A.2)230 : For ellis hit may not his sowle vaylen, Of deedly synne but he be shryuen.
- c1600(c1350) Alex.Maced.(Grv 60)209 : Wo had hee suffred, For þat freelich fode Philip wolde eles Have geten with grim stroke.
- c1600(?c1395) PPl.Creed (Trin-C R.3.15)738 : His felawe in a froke worþ swiche fiftene, A-rayd in rede sc[h]on ( & elles were reuþe!)
5.
In or to some other place; elsewhere.
Associated quotations
- c1300(?c1225) Horn (Cmb Gg.4.27)246 : In þe curt & vte, & elles al abute, Luuede men horn child.
- c1330(?a1300) Tristrem (Auch)2139 : Of lond ichil elles fare.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)117a/b : Where sterris ben coniunct nygh togedres he..ben more briȝt and clere..þan ellis.
- c1400(?a1387) PPl.C (Hnt HM 137)22.189 : Thus haueþ peers power..To bynde and vnbynde bothe here and elleswher [vrr. elles, ellus, ellis].
6.
After an indef. adv. of place, such as nouther, no-wher, som-wher,: other than (the place mentioned).
Associated quotations
- c1175(?OE) HRood (Bod 343)24/1 : Heo hit nahwær findæn ne mihton elles buton heo þet nimen mosten.
- c1175 Orm.(Jun 1)8472 : & tær wass þeȝȝre king aȝȝ mast, & seldenn owwhær elless.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)17556 : In israel er hei felles, þar es he soth and noþer elles [vrr. nowhere elles, nowwher ellis].
- (c1449) Pecock Repr.(Cmb Kk.4.26)1.32 : Groundid sumwhere ellis in the lawe of kinde.
7.
Compounds: elleswhan, ~ what, ~ wher, ~ whither, q. v.
Associated quotations
- :