Middle English Dictionary Entry
delven v.
Entry Info
Forms | delven v. Forms: inf. delven, dælfen, dealve, delfen, dolve; p. sg. dalf(e, dalve, delf, delve, dolfe & delvede; p. sbj. dulve, dolve; p. pl. dulve(n, dulfen, dalf(e, dalve(n, dalwe, delf, delve, dolf(en, dolve(n & delved(en, delfd, dolved; ppl. dolve(n, dolfen, dolvie, dolwen, hidolve, idolve(n, dulven & delved; (W) deolven; (N) dollin, doloen & (error) tolben. |
Etymology | OE delfan; p. sg. dealf, dalf; pl. dulfon; ppl. dolfen. |
Definitions (Senses and Subsenses)
1.
(a) To dig a hole or ditch; dig (a ditch, lake, pit, etc.); also fig. delve (into one's heart) ~ and diken; (b) to dig up (buried treasure, herbs, etc.), dig (gravel, turfs); ~ oute, dig (sth.) out, dig up; gouge out (an eye); also fig.; ~ up, dig up (sth.), disinter (a corpse); also fig. dig up (old quarrels); (c) to make a hole in (sth.), dig into (the ground); dig through the wall of (a house), ~ oute--used without obj. ; dig into (the flesh), pierce with a blunt point; pick (one's nose).
Associated quotations
a
- ?a1200(OE) Hrl.HApul.(Hrl 6258B:Berberich)102.67/1 : Þu scealt onbute hy delfan..& þane þu hyre hænde & hyre fet yseo, þane ȝewyrt [read: ȝewrið] þu hy.
- c1275(?a1200) Lay.Brut (Clg A.9)5813 : Belin & Brennes buȝen heom..wih innen are muchele dic þe heo hæfden ilet dælfen.
- c1275(?a1200) Lay.Brut (Clg A.9)15472 : Þe dic wes idoluen [Otho: hi-dolue].
- c1275(?a1200) Lay.Brut (Clg A.9)16733 : Þe king lette deluen [Otho: dealue] ænne dich.
- c1275(?a1200) Lay.Brut (Clg A.9)21998 : Þer..is an lutel wiht mære..alfene hine dulfen [Otho: dolue].
- c1230 *Ancr.(Corp-C 402)29a : Þe delueð efter golthord, eauer se he mare nahheð hit, se his heortes gleadschipe makeð him mare lusti.
- c1300 SLeg.(LdMisc 108)270/318 : He fond ane staf..þare-with he dalf.
- c1300 SLeg.(LdMisc 108)427/241-3 : 'Deluez,' he seide, 'warliche'..Ake naþeles huy doluen bi-side so þat huy to him come.
- c1300 SLeg.Marg.(Hrl 2277)219 : Ho dulue & fonde þe vetles.
- c1300 SLeg.Swithin (Hrl 2277)144 : Bischop Aþelwold..Let delue [Corp-C: Let dolue] to þis holi bodie.
- c1325(c1300) Glo.Chron.A (Clg A.11)8134 : Þe cristinemen dolue [vrr. dulue, doluen, dalf] vaste & þen wal velde adoun.
- c1330 7 Sages(1) (Auch)1935 : Þe clerkes doluen in þe mold.
- (1340) Ayenb.(Arun 57)108/24 : Þanne nymþ he his pic and his spade and beginþ to delue and to myny.
- c1350 MPPsalter (Add 17376)56.9 : Hij daluen [vr. delue; L Foderunt] a diche to fore my face.
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Dc 369(1))Ps.56.7 : Thei doluen [WB(2): delueden] bifor my face a dich.
- (c1384) WBible(1) (Dc 369(2))Mat.21.33 : An husbondman..plantide a vyne ȝerd..and dalue [WB(2): dalfe] a pressour therynne.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)21530-1 : Lang he delf [Frf: dalue; Göt: delue], bot noght he fand..he right dipe had doluen [Frf: dollin] þare.
- a1400 Primer (1891) [OD col.] (StJ-C G.24)p.77 : He hat[h] opened the lake and dolfe hym, and he is falle in the dych that he maade.
- c1400(?a1387) PPl.C (Hnt HM 137)22.365 : He..comaundede..To delue and dike a deop diche.
- a1425(a1382) WBible(1) (Corp-O 4)Gen.21.30 : I deluyde [WB(2): diggide] this pit.
- c1425(c1400) Ld.Troy (LdMisc 595)3648 : A Castel stode..With..dikes doluen depe and drye.
- (1440) PParv.(Hrl 221)118 : Delvyn: Fodio.
- c1450 Capgr.St.Kath.(Arun 396)prol.115 : Depe in a feeld..he dalf, and fond þis book.
- c1450 Pilgr.LM (Cmb Ff.5.30)140 : He sigh that folk howweden and doluen aboute the cherche..The chirche is mined aboute, litel lakketh it ne is ouerthrowe.
- ?a1475(a1396) *Hilton SP (Hrl 6579)1.47.32b : Þe behouiþ for to delue depe in þin herte, for þerinne He is hid.
- a1500(c1386) St.Erk.(Hrl 2250)45 : Þai dyȝt and dalfe so depe into þe erthe.
b
- (a1387) Trev.Higd.(StJ-C H.1)5.45 : He dalf up torves of þe grounde..so þat tofore þe wal is þe diche þat torves were i-dolve of.
- (a1387) Trev.Higd.(StJ-C H.1)7.77 : Ioseph dalf [L defodit]..moche tresour in þe erþe.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)5.2159 : Men mai the tresor saufli delve.
- (c1395) Chaucer CT.Sq.(Manly-Rickert)F.638 : Now kan nat Canacee but herbes delue Out of the ground.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)2.1077 : Þou..delvist vp by malis many-fold Debatis new, þat biried wern of olde.
- ?a1425(c1380) Chaucer Bo.(Benson-Robinson)2.m.5.36 : What was he that first dalf up the gobbettes or the weyghtes of gold covered undir erthe?
- (1440) PParv.(Hrl 221)118 : Delvyn vp owte of the erthe: Effodio.
- (?1440) Palladius (DukeH d.2)1.353 : Grauellis dolue in iij naturis vary.
- c1460(a1449) Lydg.St.Austin (Hrl 2255)270 : So ye wil digge..To delvyn up his boonys.
- c1450 Jacob's W.(Sal 103)234/17-8 : Wyth þe heued of þi spade, þat is, clene speche..delue out þe sonde & þe grauel of ydel woordys, delue out lesynges, iapys, rybawdye.
- (a1464) Capgr.Chron.(Cmb Gg.4.12)266 : The Kyng sent..erles to delve up the body.
- (c1468) Deed Norris in LCRS 9314 : He schal..gyffe a 1 d. and euery man a day to delfe Turves.
- a1475(?a1430) Lydg.Pilgr.(Vit C.13)15693 : The yren..Callyd was Inpacyence, Wych was dolven out off helle.
- a1500(c1410) Dives & P.(Htrn 270)1.306 : Þe fendis of helle brokys schul deluyn out & pykyn out þat eye.
- a1500 Mirror Salv.(Beeleigh)p.90 : He in his dede fadere exercised his wodenesse, Whas body, dolven out of the grave, in thre hondreth gobets he kitte.
c
- ?a1200(OE) Hrl.HApul.(Hrl 6258B:Berberich)102.67/1 : Þu scealt..mid ylpenbænenan stæfe ðe eorðan delfan.
- c1230(?a1200) *Ancr.(Corp-C 402)79b : Ga in to þe stan..& hud te i þe deoluen [Nero: doluene] eorðe; þet is, i þe wunden of ure lauerdes flesch, þe wes as idoluen wið þe dulle neiles, as he..seide..ha duluen [Pep: doluen] me baðe þe vet & te honden.
- c1350 Ayenb.App.(Arun 57)263/15,26 : He wolde waky and nolde naȝt þolye þet me dolue his hous..þet ilke zelue hous ne by y-dolue.
- c1350 MPPsalter (Add 17376)21.17 : Hij doluen [vr. deluyd; L foderunt] myn honden and myn fete.
- (c1384) WBible(1) (Dc 369(2))Mat.6.20 : But tresoure ȝee to ȝou tresouris in heuene..wher theues deluen nat out [L non effodiunt], or undirmyne nat, ne stelen.
- a1400 Ancr.Recl.(Pep 2498)138/26 : Þe prophete biddeþ þe crepe in to þe doluen erþe.
- a1400 NVPsalter (Vsp D.7)21.17 : Mi hend, mi fete, þai delued [vr. dolued] wide.
- a1400 Primer (1891) [OD col.] (StJ-C G.24)p.107 : They dolfen myn handes and my feet.
- a1425 *Medulla (Stnh A.1.10)49a/a : Perfodio: to delue.
- c1450(1410) Walton Boeth.(Lin-C 103)286/6 : If it luste a man to delue his lond And hid þerynne a somme of gold.
- a1475 Bk.Courtesy (Sln 1986)327 : Ne delf þou neuer nose thyrle With thombe ne fyngur.
- a1500(1422) Yonge SSecr.(Rwl B.490)175/1 : Than he did assembill workemen..and trenchyd and dalwe the growne, and departid the ryuer in ccc and lx Parties.
2.
(a) To dig (sth.), spade up (land), cultivate; use a spade, engage in digging or cultivating; of a spade, etc.: dig; (b) to dig around (a plant), cultivate; ~ abouten; (c) in proverbs; (d) diken (dichen, diggen) and ~, to dig and cultivate, do farm work.
Associated quotations
a
- c1230(?a1200) *Ancr.(Corp-C 402)104a : Ȝef þe axe ne kurue, ne spitelsteaf [Nero: spade] ne dulue [Pep: dolue], ne þe sulh ne erede, hwa kepte ham to halden.
- c1350(a1333) Shoreham Poems (Add 17376)158/823 : Mankende swank and dalf Fyȝf þousend wynter.
- (c1384) WBible(1) (Dc 369(2))Luke 16.3 : I may not delue [WB(2): delfe]; I am aschamyd to begge.
- c1390 PPl.A(1) (Vrn)7.178 : An Hep of Hermytes henten heom spades, And doluen drit and donge.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)163b/a : Þe more londe is y-doluen and y-eryed and ouerturned, þe vertue..is þe more y-medlid.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)221b/a : Oynon seed wil be y-sowe in londe þat is y-dolue and clensid of rootes of oþer herbes.
- ?a1425(c1380) Chaucer Bo.(Benson-Robinson)5.pr.1.78 : A man dalf the erthe bycause of tylyinge of the feld.
- (?1440) Palladius (DukeH d.2)1.66 : A roten swerd..And tough to glewe ayeyn though hit me delue.
- (?1440) Palladius (DukeH d.2)2.74 : The lond vnclene al doluen up mot be.
- a1475 Lord what is (Hrl 5396)75 : What nedys a man to delve depe Ther as ys no sede for to sowe?
- ?a1475(a1396) *Hilton SP (Hrl 6579)1.40.26a : Vnto þis ground be..depe doluen..a sowle may neuere fele gostli þe brennynde lufe.
- a1500 By thys fyre (Dgb 88)2 : With my spade I delfe my landys.
b
- (c1384) WBible(1) (Dc 369(2))Luke 13.8 : Suffre also this ȝeer til the while I delue [L fodiam] aboute it and sende toordis.
- (?1440) Palladius (DukeH d.2)3.1091 : Thi vines swyn wol delue after vyndage As diligent as deluers for their wage.
- (?1440) Palladius (DukeH d.2)4.582 : The figtre..ioieth doluen ofte.
c
- a1450 When adam delf (Cmb Dd.5.64)1 : When Adam delf [Thrn: dalfe] & Eue span, spir, if þou wil spede, Whare was þan þe pride of man?
- a1450 In þe vale (Sln 2593)p.230 : Now bething the, gentilman, How Adam dalf and Eue sp[an].
- c1475 Rwl.Prov.(Rwl D.328)p.121 : Whanne Adam dalfe & Eve spanne, ho was þo a gentelman?
d
- c1300 SLeg.Fran.(1) (LdMisc 108)360 : Delue ne diki ne þorue ȝe naþur.
- (c1387-95) Chaucer CT.Prol.(Manly-Rickert)A.536 : He wolde thresshe, and ther to dyke and delue..for euery poure wight.
- c1390 PPl.A(1) (Vrn)6.36 : I haue..I-dyket and I-doluen [vr. dichid & doluen], I-don what he hihte.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)1.3256 : And forthi men it [the earth] delve and dyche And eren it with strengthe of plowh.
- c1400(1375) Canticum Creat.(Trin-O 57)453 : Þo sente god Miȝhel To techen Adam..Boþe to diche and delue And sowe sedes on erthe to growe.
- c1400(c1378) PPl.B (LdMisc 581)6.143 : Ȝe myȝte trauaille..To kepe kyne in þe felde..Diken or deluen or dyngen vppon sheues.
- a1450 Yk.Pl.(Add 35290)72/75 : Swilke bondage sall we to þam bede, To dyke and delfe, beere and drawe.
- c1500 O Vanite (Ashm 61)73 : We dyge, we delue, we saw, we schere also.
- c1500(a1449) Lydg.Aesop (Trin-C R.3.19)123 : Losengowres..Haue leuer to beg þen go at þe plough, Dyche or delue.
3.
Associated quotations
- c1450 Capgr.St.Kath.(Arun 396)2.717 : In [t]his mater tho he thought for to delf A lytil deppere; therfore on-to the queene Thus he spak.
- c1450 Capgr.St.Kath.(Arun 396)2.1166 : What shulde I lenger delue In thys mater?
4.
(a) To bury (sb.); ~ quik, bury alive; dolven to dust, buried and turned to dust; (b) ded and dolven, dolven ded, dead and buried; (c) to cover or plant (sth.); bury (a treasure), plant (a seedling), imbed (a body in rock); fig. implant (devotion in the heart), smother (a piece of writing with uncouth language); ~ in duale, ?overcome (sb.) with a sleeping potion, ?plunge (sb.) in grief.
Associated quotations
a
- c1175 Orm.(Jun 1)6485 : Þatt lic þatt smeredd iss þærwiþþ Biforr þatt mann itt dellfeþþ Ne maȝȝ itt nohht..Lihhtlike wurrþenn eorþe.
- a1325(c1250) Gen.& Ex.(Corp-C 444)1895 : Ysaac..was doluen on ðat stede.
- c1330(?a1300) Arth.& M.(Auch)1047,1051 : Ydoluen most sche ben..Schaltow it neuer bring þer to þat þou mi moder delue mow.
- (1357) Gaytr.LFCatech.(Yk-Borth R.I.11)28/138 : He was dede, And his bodi tane doune and wonden and doluen.
- a1375(1335-1361) WPal.(KC 13)4210 : Alle þe real rinkes..be slayne & doluen depe vnder mold.
- c1390 NHom.Narrat.(Vrn)261/163 : Goþ in hyȝe, And wasscheþ ffrere Maryn bodye, And aftur delf hit in þe felde.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)5428 : I be noght duluen [Frf: dollyn; Göt: doluen; Trin-C: grauen] in þis land.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)8000 : Vr drightin..him þar can deluen [Frf: delfe].
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)19256 : Þai..right nu delfd [Frf: dalfe; Göt: delue; Trin-C: dalf] þi ded husband.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)21146 : Þe cristen men þar delf [Frf: dalue; Göt: delued; Trin-C: buryed] him þan.
- (1415) Doc.Conspir.Hen.V in D.K.R.43582 : Yat I wer qweke dolfyn.
- a1425 HBk.GDei (Arun 507)139 : He is striken downe with þe sithe of deade..duluen in erth to fede wormes.
- (?a1439) Lydg.FP (Bod 263)4.609 : Vnder that roche she was Idolue lowe.
- a1450 Castle Persev.(Folg V.a.354)2780 : Whanne he is doluen al to dust.
- c1540(?a1400) Destr.Troy (Htrn 388)11179 : Pirrus..Bade bery the burd..As was due to the dede, to delue in þe erthe.
- a1456 Shirley TContents(1) (Add 16165)22 : Nowe beon þey dolven deep in þe grounde.
- c1475 Earth(3) (Rwl F.32)23/113 : Or that erthe be doluyn in erthe.
- c1483(?a1450) OT in Caxton Gold.Leg.(Caxton)f.59va : Who someuer towcheth the hylle shal dye by deth; ther shal no hande towche hym but with stones he shal be oppressid and with castyng of them on hym he shal be tolben [Vulg.Exod.19.13: confodietur iaculis] -- whether it be man or beest he shal not lyue.
- a1500(?c1400) Song Roland (Lnsd 388)390 : I wold þat I wer doluyn in clay.
b
- a1300 Bestiary (Arun 292)27 : Ðo ure drigten ded was & doluen, also his wille was, In a ston stille he lai.
- a1375(1335-1361) WPal.(KC 13)5280 : He was ded & doluen.
- c1390 PPl.A(1) (Vrn)7.172 : Þei hedden beo ded bi þis day and doluen al warm.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)5494 : Ded and duluen [Frf: dolue; Göt: doluie] þar war þai.
- c1400(c1378) PPl.B (LdMisc 581)14.321 : I ne hadde ben ded and doluen for doweles sake.
- c1440(?a1400) Morte Arth.(1) (Thrn)975 : Loo! here the duchez dere..Depe doluen and dede.
- a1450 Yk.Pl.(Add 35290)199/189 : Þou..hast schewed þi myght in me, Both dede and doluen, þis is þe fourþe day.
- c1450(1369) Chaucer BD (Benson-Robinson)222 : I had be dolven everydel, And ded, ryght thurgh defaute of slep.
- c1450(?a1400) Parl.3 Ages (Add 31042)258 : And be thou doluen and dede.
- a1500(?a1400) Morte Arth.(2) (Hrl 2252)3604 : Away she went..they wyste not whedyr whar, Dolwyn dede or to be on lyve.
- a1500 Mirror Salv.(Beeleigh)p.50 : So cristis flesshe, dede & doloen, nevere to corrupcionne slade.
c
- a1325(c1250) Gen.& Ex.(Corp-C 444)1873 : Diep he is [i.e. treasure] dalf under an ooc.
- c1330 7 Sages(1) (Auch)1905 : Þat o forcer þai doluen [vr. dolf]..ate est ȝate.
- a1400 Cursor (Göt Theol 107)17708 : Þai fell als þai in duale war delued.
- a1425(?a1350) 7 Sages(2) (Glb E.9)2238 : Þat oþer forcer ful of golde Delued þai vnder þe molde.
- a1425(c1395) WBible(2) (Roy 1.C.8)Gen.35.4 : Thei ȝauen to hym alle alien goddis which thei hadden..and he deluyde tho vndur a tre.
- ?a1425(c1400) Mandev.(1) (Tit C.16)41/10 : He smot..so harde him self in þat roche þat all his body was doluen withjnne.
- (1440) *Capgr.St.Norb.(Hnt HM 55)2300 : Euyr mote þou in our hertes delue The swete deuocion.
- (?1440) Palladius (DukeH d.2)5.109 : Now ziziphus is sette..And, thombe gret, in pastyn hem asonder or into delf.
- 1532-1897(c1385) Usk TL (Thynne:Skeat)1/11 : This book..is dolven with rude wordes and boystous.
Supplemental Materials (draft)
Note: The odd form 'tolben' quoted from Caxton (sense 4.(a)), unless a scribal error, remains unexplained. That it could be a legitimate form in High German (from the cognate telben v.) is probably purely coincidental. The quotation is placed in this entry, and the word interpreted as an anomalous past participle of 'delve' (i.e., tolben = dolven), chiefly because it yields a sensible translation of 'confodietur' (literally, 'to be dug up or dug in') -- something like 'he shall be crushed with stones and buried by the hurling of stones upon him.' And because it might plausibly be accounted for as the result of a translator trying to make sense of the passage, faced with 'confodietur', avoiding the extended meaning 'pierced' and rendering it literally as 'delved'; interpreting this as meaning 'buried', then re-analyzing 'jaculis' from arrows (its ordinary meaning) to the casting of stones (as if translating 'iactibus' rather than 'iaculis') in order to conform to the picture thus created. It is worth noting (OED, personal communication) that such an interpretive strategy is attested elsewhere, e.g. in the commentary attributed to Hugh of St. Victor (PL 175.66-67), "Confodietur jaculis. Expressius fortasse dixisset, jactibus, ut intelligatur lapidum ictibus, in eum divinitus volitantibus necandus."