Transforming Archives through Information Technologies: A Bibliography

Vivien E. Zazzau

.00 Abstract

Today, as digital information storage, access and retrieval technologies are becoming the expected norm, there is a wealth of research literature appearing about such technologies and the role of archives and archivists in helping researchers find and use historic materials they need. Archivists and historians are necessarily research partners. This bibliography of 212 articles addresses the intersection of archives and digital technologies. Drawing from a set of international locations, the resources address issues of theory, policy, preservation, standards, access and technology, creating a rich collection of resources for those interesting in understanding and using archival materials.

.01 Archivists, Historians and Digital Technologies

There were many who thought that the twenty-first century would never arrive for archives. Dusty books, delicate artifacts, and crumbling correspondence surely have no place in the modern age. Digitization would supposedly render these items obsolete, just as microforms, once a new technology, are now a technology pariah. Archives embrace new technologies and not only survive, but thrive and continue to offer inestimable benefits to all, including historians who use archival materials as the evidence for their scholarly work. Just as archives continue to reinvent themselves, technology, too, reinvents itself and leads us to reexamine and redefine what we mean by technology. It is much more than the mechanistic hum of a hard drive, or setting the optimum temperature for film in cold storage. In archives today, technology refers to standards such as Encoded Archival Description (EAD), the creation of digital records, the preservation and translation of those same digital records, and even the use of blogs and wikis.

One of the most important factors in the changing face of archives has been the Internet. Archivists must deal with patrons who expect full service, no later than yesterday, over the telephone and via email and instant messaging. No one wants to visit the physical archives when "everything is already online" (or "should" be), and there is very little understanding for partial online access because of a lack of understanding of the time, expense, and mechanics of digitization. So, even if archivists did not embrace technology on their own, they would have no choice because technologies, particularly information technologies, are transforming the way that people do research and interact with research institutions. Despite this progress, it is important to remember that technology in archives, just as anywhere else, has not been a fully positive experience. Cox (2005) writes, "At the least, we recognize that the new information technologies of the past decade have transformed American governance and society, with extremely mixed results, both increasing access to more information about our government, institutions, and society while simultaneously making some aspects of our lives much more difficult than ever before" (p. 206). This bibliography lists works that explore the immense technological changes that have taken place in archives of various types over the past four decades, particularly with respect to information technologies.

.02. Bibliographic Details

This work contains 212 citations. The earliest publication in this selection is from 1975, and the latest, 2007. Many of these items were available online to the author, but this was because she had institutional authentication. As a result, these items are cited only as their print counterpart. Those items that are freely available online include a URL.

It was not until the late 1920s and early 1930s that archival science began to be seen as a true science in the United States. As such, the archival literature is quite young. And of course, the American tradition has been greatly influenced by the older traditions of Great Britain. The majority of items come from Australia, Canada, the United Kingdom and the United States. Although every effort has been made to include information on archives in Third World countries, there are more articles addressing libraries than archives in Third World countries. Libraries are more common in these countries than archives, probably because they do not face, to the same degree, the conservational and environmental challenges faced by archives in tropical environments.

.03. Archives in the Third World

While it was not difficult to find articles on archives and technology, it was difficult to find articles, particularly current ones, addressing technology in Third World Archives. Assistance to Third World nations has been a significant part of America's archival history. Much of the extant literature focuses on the need for proper training of archives personnel in Third World countries. "In the Third World countries, the problem of archival education and training are frequently compounded by the number of archivists with the necessary qualifications who leave the profession for related fields that have a higher recognition and pay higher salaries" (Evans 1987). The difference between the Third World and the developed nations' needs is quite apparent. Developed countries write about their own technological problems and progress; Third World countries are more often just written about by developed countries. Rainer writes, "UNESCO, among others, has expressed concern that a person goes back to his country overqualified for the job in hand, and as a result will quickly move out of the job for which he has been trained" (Phonographic Bulletin, 1986, 20). Rainer concludes "One possible solution...of this problem is to demand that the trainee serve a bond of so many years on return to his country in the job for which he has received training..."(20). Exactly how such a contractual agreement could be negotiated, much less "demanded" is not clear. Furthermore, requiring Third World trainees to serve a bond seems quite offensive, not to mention ironic, from an historical perspective. Nonetheless, one cannot ignore the fact that Rainer, then-chairman of the IASA (International Association of Sound & Audiovisual Archives) Training Committee, most likely expressed this point of view because of his acute awareness of the desperate circumstances of so many libraries and archives in the Third World. The UNESCO website, with its special reports, offers some of the most current information on the status of archives in Third World countries. The IASA (International Association of Sound & Audiovisual Archives) website also provides information on Third World progress in archives management. Hopefully, more interest in working with Third World archives will be kindled among students and archivists from developed nations as the acute danger of loss of indigenous collections and histories remains a serious threat.

.04. Archives Defined

This author originally intended that the term "archives" would refer to physical archives. Nonetheless, digital archives, which can be anything from an independent entity to a digital project spawned by a physical archives, are also addressed in this bibliography. Because archivists are hired, even often preferred, for electronic records management positions, the archiving of electronic records, as well as their preservation and eventual migration are also relevant asides from the physical archives. The articles, "The Automation of the Parliamentary Archives" (Shenton 2006) and "Digital Imaging and Optical Storage Technology Helps Open Up Railway Archives at National Railway Museum" (Digital Imaging 1993) explore how archives are improving their services with information technology. Several articles address the automation of archives (Michelson 1987, Allen 1988, Gildemeister 1988, Shenton 2006) and provide information on college, university (Brown and Yakel, 1996), state, and national archives (Carlin 2004, Honan 1995). Additionally, special collections and other types of institutional repositories, such as the aforementioned Railway Archives at the National Railway Museum are examined. As different as all these environments might be, the common denominators are always preservation and access.

.05. Technology Defined

Archives use many different types of technology. This paper does not address the technologies of archival disaster-preparedness or recovery, but rather those of information technology (Dollar 2004). This includes preservation and management of electronic records (Bantin 1998, MacNeil 2000, Cloonan and Shelby 2002) and social software (Griffin 2007, Smith 2007, Jones 2005). The Internet (Pitti 2001, Yakel 2003) and the World Wide Web (Piche 1998, McCarthy 1999, Senecal 2005) are also technologies that have affected archives in significant ways, as well as electronic mail with respect to reference service and formal correspondence (Nowicke 1988, Duff 2001). More recently, information technologies from XML to Encoded Archival Description (EAD) (Fox 1997, Kiesling 1997, Burrows 2002, Dack 2002) have helped to revolutionize the way archives and special collections present their collections (Watson and Graham 1998). Just as significant are the older technologies that are still in use. Microfilming is one example of an older technology still in use today (Kerns 1988, Gertz 1990), as is photocopying (Weber 1993) and Optical Character Recognition (OCR) (Allen 1987). Other older technologies are punch cards (Adams 1995), audio re-recording (Paton 1998), photocopying and mechanical copying (Rhodes and Streeter 1999). Consequently, especially when looking at the intersection of history and the archival sciences, it is necessary to recognize that "technology" refers not only to that which is new, but also to that which is older and still useful. Just as the garden hoe is no longer a new technology, but is still useful today, many older tools and processes remain useful in archives. They remain at the interesting junction of using new technologies to make accessible those items that are old, unique, and critical to the understanding of our past.

.06. The Bibliography

Adams, Margaret O'Neill. 1995, Spring. "Punch Card Records: Precursors of Electronic Records." The American Archivist 58(2): 182-201.

Alldis, Duncan. 2005, Oct./Dec. "Has Your E-mail Reached Boiling Point? Will Your Archiving System Soon Blow its Top?" Information Management and Technology 38(4): 179-180.

Allen, Marie. 1987, Winter. "Optical Character Recognition: Technology with New Relevance for Archival Automation Projects." The American Archivist 50(1): 88-99.

Ambacher, Bruce I. (Editor). 2003. Thirty Years of Electronic Records. Lanham, MD: The Scarecrow Press.

Asproth, Viveca. 2005. "Information Technology Challenges for Long-Term Preservation of Electronic Information." International Journal of Public Information Systems 2005(1): 27-37.

Baldwin, Betsey. 2006, Fall. "Confronting Computers: Debates about Computers at the PublicArchives of Canada During the 1960s." Archivaria 62, 159-178.

Bantin, Philip C. 1998. "Strategies for Managing Electronic Records: A New Archival Paradigm? An Affirmation of Our Archival Traditions?" Archival Issues: Journal of the Midwest Archives Conference 23(1): 17-34.

Barata, K. 2004, April. "Archives in the Digital Age." Journal of the Society of Archivists 25(1), 63-70.

Barry, R.E. 1997 December. "Electronic Records Management...the Way We Were... the Way We Are: One Man's opinion." Records Management Journal 7(3): 157-189.

Bell, L. 1975, April. "An Archivists' Cooperative?" Journal of the Society of Archivists 5(3): 149-157.

Bicknese, Douglas. 2003-2004. "Institutional Repositories and the Institution's Repository: What is the Role of University Archives with an Institution's On-Line Digital Repository?" Archival Issues: Journal of the Midwest Archives Conference 28(2): 81-93.

Biedermann, C.C., Uwe Ossenberg, A. Richter, and H. Mayer. 1999. "The Electronic Document Capture, Retrieval and Use of Important Archival Material." Janus 1999.1: 71-83.

Binns, S.E., D.V. Bowen, and A. Murdock. 1997. "Migration Strategies within an Electronic Archive: Practical Experience and Future Research." Archives and Museum Informatics 11: 301-306.

Blodgett, S.W. 1996, "The Role of Microfilming in the Preservation and Reconstitution of Documents." Archivum: Internaional Review on Archives 42: 299-310.

Blouin, Francis. 1996, Fall. "A Framework for a Consideration of Diplomatics in the Electronic Environment." The American Archivist 59(4): 466-479.

Boston, G. 1994, May. "The Implications of ‘New Technology' for Sound Archives." IASA Journal (3): 68-70.

Brock-Nannestad, George. 2004 December. "Who Cares About Sound?" IASA Journal (24): 20-26.

Brown, Adrian. 2005, September. "Unlocking the Secrets of Electronic Records." Computers in Genealogy 8(11): 468-470.

Brown, Caroline. 2006. "Digitisation Projects at the University of Dundee Archive Services." Program 40(2): 168-177.

Brown, William E. and Elizabeth Yakel. 1996, Summer. "Redefining the Role of College and University Archives in the Information Age." The American Archivist 59(3): 272-287.

Burbidge, Duncan. 2006, April 30. "Digitising an Archive: The Factory Approach." Ariadne (47). Retrieved on September 5, 2007, from http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/issue47/burbridge/intro.html

Burrows, Toby. 2002, November. "Using Encoded Archival Description with Manuscript Collections: The guide to Australian Literary Manuscripts." Archives and Manuscripts: The Journal of the Australian Society of Archivists 30(2): 82-95.

Byers, Fred R. 2003, October. "Care and handling of CDs and DVDs: A Guide for Librarians and Archivists." Retrieved September 6, 2007, from http://www.clir.org/pubs/reports/pub121/contents.html

Carlin, John W. 2004 February. "A Milestone for NARA's Electronic Records Archives." OAH Newsletter 32. Retrieved September 3, 2007 from, http://www.oah.org/pubs/nl/2004feb/carlin.html

Carpenter, Leona. 2005, April 30. "Supporting Digital Preservation and Asset Management in Institutions." Ariadne (43). Retrieved September 5, 2007 from http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/issue43/carpenter/intro.html

Chan, Leslie and Barbara Kirsop. 2001, December 20. "Open Archiving Opportunities for Developing Countries: Towards Equitable Distribution of Global Knowledge." Ariadne 30. Retrieved September 3, 2007, from http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/issue30/oai-chan/

Cloonan, Michele V. and Shelby Sanett. 2002 Spring/Summer. "Preservation Strategies for Electronic Records: Where We Are Now-Obliquity and Squint?" The American Archivist 65(1): 70-106.

Cloud, Patricia. 1986. "RLIN, AMC, and Retrospective Conversion." The Midwestern Archivist 11(2): 125-134.

Cohen, Laura B. 1997. Reference Services for Archives and Manuscripts. New York: Hawworth.

Cong Bui, D.N. 1984, Fall. "The Videodisk: Technology, Applications, and Some Implications for Archives." American Archivist 47(4): 418-427.

Conway, Paul. 1996, March. "Preservation in the Digital World." Retrieved September 6, 2007, from http://www.clir.org/pubs/reports/conway2/index.htm

Cook, Michael. 1986. Archives and the Computer. England: Anchor Brendon Ltd., Tiptree, Essex.

Cosgrave R. 2003, October. "The AIM25 Project." Journal of the Society of Archivists 24(2), 159-174.

Cox, Richard J. Spring 1992. "Electronic Information Technology and the Archivist: Bright Lights, Lingering Concerns." The American Archivist 55(2): 232-234.

——. September 1992. "The American Archival Profession and Information Technology Standards." Journal of the American Society for Information Science 43(8): 571-575.

——. 1994. The First Generation of Electronic Records Archivists in the United States: A Study in Professionalization. New York: The Haworth Press.

Crestani, Fabio. 2003, March. "Vocal Access to a Newspaper Archive: Assessing the Limitations of Current Voice Information Access Technology." Journal of Intelligent Information Systems 20(2): 161-180.

Crum, Laurie Brooke. 1995. "Digital Evolution: Changing Roles and Challenges for Archivists in the Age of Global Networking." Archival Issues: Journal of the Midwest Archives Conference 20(1): 51-63.

Dack, Diana. 2002, Nov. "Encoded Archival Description in the National Library of Australia." Archives and Manuscripts: The Journal of the Australian Society of Archivists 30(2): 60-71.

Danowski, Dennis and Joe Natale. 2005, Fall. Statewide Archival Technology Team (SWAT). Illinois Libraries 85(4): 14-16.

Darlington, Jeffrey. 2004, April 30. "A National Archive of Datasets." Ariadne (39). Retrieved September 5, 2007, from http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/issue39/ndad/intro.html

Dearstyne, Bruce W. 2002. Effective Approaches for Managing Electronic Records and Archives. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, Inc.

DeRose, Steven J. 1997, Summer. "Navigation, Access, and Control Using Structured

Information." The American Archivist 60(3): 298-309.

"Digital Imaging and Optical Storage Technology Helps Open Up Railway Archives at National Railway Museum." 1993, April. Electronic Library 11(2): 108-109.

Dollar, Charles M. 1992. Archival Theory and Information Technologies: The Impact of Information Technologies on Archival Principles and Methods. Italy: University of Macerata.

Duff, Wendy M.1995, Summer. "HyperRAD: A Case Study in Developing Electronic Manuals for Archives." The American Archivist 58(3): 242-256.

---. 2001. "Evaluating Metadata on a Metalevel." Archival Science: International Journal on Recorded Information 1(3): 285-294.

---. Spring/Summer 2001. "A Virtual Expression of Need: An Analysis of E-mail Reference Questions." The American Archivist 64(1): 43-60.

Duff, Wendy M., Amy Marshall, Carrie Limkilde, and Marlene van Ballegooie. 2006. "Digital Preservation Education: Educating or Networking?" The American Archivist 69(1): 188-212.

Duranti, Luciana. 2001. "The Impact of Digital Technology on Archival Science." Archival Science: International Journal on Recorded Information 1: 39-55.

Eastwood, Terry. 2002. "The Appraisal of Electronic Records: What is New?" Comma 1/2: 77-87.

Eaton, Jonathan. 2005, December. "Volatility and the Long Term Archive." Managing Information 12(10): 10.

Evans, Frank B. 1987, Winter. "Promoting Archives and Research: A Study in International Cooperation." The American Archivist 50(1): 48-65.

Evans, Joanne and Nadav Rouche. 2004. "Utilizing Systems Development Methods in Archival Systems Research: Building a Metadata Schema Registry." Archival Science: International Journal on Recorded Information 4(3/4): 315-334.

EVault Introduces Policy-based Data management and Archiving. 2006, April-June. Information Management and Technology 39(2): 92-93.

Ferreira, Miguel, Ana Alice Baptista, and José Carlos Ramalho. 2006, July 30. "A Foundation for Automatic Digital Preservation." Ariadne (48). Retrieved September 5, 2007, from http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/issue48/ferreira-et-al/

Findlay, Cassandra. 2002. "Future Proof: Ensuring the Long-Term Accessibility of Technology-Dependent Records." Records Management Journal 12(3): 87-93.

Fitzgerald, Sylvia. 1995. "Archives Cataloguing on Computer at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: Using MARC, International Standards and Unicorn." Journal of the Society of Archivists 16(2): 170-191.

Flacks, L. 1996, November. "Sound Archives, the Recording Industry, and New Technologies." IASA Journal (8): 36-43.

Fleckner, John A. 2004. "The Last Revolution and the Next." Journal of Archival Organization 2(1/2): 9-16.

Fox, Michael. 1997, Summer. "Implementing Encoded Archival Description: An Overview of Administrative and Technical Considerations." The American Archivist 60(3): 330-343.

Gertz, Janet E. Spring 1990. "Preservation Microfilming for Archives and Manuscripts." The American Archivist 53(2): 224-234.

Gildemeister, Glen A. 1988. "Automation, Reference, and the Small Repository, 1967-1997." The Midwestern Archivist 13(1): 5-15.

Gilliland-Swetland, Anne J. and Carol Hughes. Spring 1992. "Enhancing Archival Description for Public Computer Conferences of Historical Value: An Exploratory Study." The American Archivist 55(2): 316-330.

Gilliland-Swetland, Anne J. 1995. "Digital Communications: Documentary Opportunities Not to be Missed." Archival Issues: Journal of the Midwest Archives Conference 20(1): 39-50.

Gilliland-Swetland, Anne J. Winter 2002. "Testing Our Truths: Delineating the Parameters of the Authentic Archival Electronic Record." The American Archivist 65(2): 196-215.

Goerler, Raimund E. 1992. "Towards 2001: Electronic Workstations and the Future of Academic Archives." Archival Issues: Journal of the Midwest Archives Conference 17(1): 11-22.

Greenstein, Shane. 1990. "Tap Story Tapestry: Historical Research with Inaccessible Digital Information Technologies." The Midwestern Archivist 15(2): 77-85. Note: A Commentary on this piece, by Bruce H. Bruemmer, is included in this same issue on pages 86-89.

Griffin, Daniel. 2007, July/August. "National Archives Wiki Cuts Through Catalogue Complexity." Information World Review (237): 17.

Grimard, Jacques. Spring 2005. "Managing the Long-term Preservation of Electronic Archives or Preserving the Medium and the Message." Archivaria 59(2): 153-167.

Hamilton, Carolyn. 2002. Refiguring the Archive. Norwell, MA: Kluwer Academic Publishers.

Harper, Stephen. 2000, Sept. 24. "Managing Technostress in UK Libraries: A Realistic Guide." Ariadne (25). Retrieved September 5, 2007, from http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/issue25/technostress/intro.html

Hasegawa, Fumio and Harou Hiki, eds. 2004. Content Production Technologies. West Sussex, England: John Wiley and Sons.

Hedstrom, Margaret. Summer 1991. "Understanding Electronic Incunabula: A Framework for Research on Electronic Records." The American Archivist 54(3): 334-354.

——. Summer 1995. "Electronic Archives: Integrity and Access in the Network Environment." The American Archivist 58(3): 312-324.

——. 1997. "Research Issues in Migration and Long-Term Preservation." Archives and Museum Informatics 11: 287-291.

Henchy, Judith. 1998, February. "Preservation and Archives in Vietnam." Retrieved September 6, 2007, from http://www.clir.org/pubs/reports/henchy/pub70.html

Hensen, Steven L. 1997, Summer. " ‘NISTF II' and EAD: The Evolution of Archival Description." The American Archivist 60(3): 284-296.

Higgins, S. and G. Inglis. 2003, October. "Implementing EAD: The Experience of the NAHSTE Project." Journal of the Society of Archivists 24(2), 199-214.

Hill, Amanda. 2004, October. "Serving the Invisible Researcher: Meeting the Needs of Online Users." Journal of the Society of Archivists 25(2): 139-148.

Hilton, Christopher. 2007, January 30. "Collecting Born Digital Archives at the Wellcome Library." Ariadne 50. Retrieved September 3, 2007, from http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/issue50/hilton-thompson

Hite, Richard W. and Daniel J. Linke. 1990. "Teaming Up with Technology: Team Processing." The Midwestern Archivist 15(2): 91-97.

Hockx-Yu, Helen. 2006, March. "Establishing a UK LOCKSS Pilot Program." Serials 19(1): 47-51.

Hollier, Anita. 1992, Autumn. "Computerised Finding Aids at the British Petroleum Archive." Journal of the Society of Archives 13(2): 124-131,

Honan, William H. 1995. "At the National Archives, Technology has a Flip Side." The New York Times October 1: late edition, final, sec.1.

Hunter, Jane. 2005, June. "The Role of Information Technologies in Indigenous Knowledge Management." Australian Academic & Research Libraries 36(2): 113-128.

Hyry, Tom and Rachel Onuf. 1997. "The Personality of Electronic Records: The Impact of New Information Technology on Personal Papers." Archival Issues: Journal of the Midwest Archives Conference 22(1): 37-44.

Jackson, Joab. 2002, January 7. "E-Records Management on the Rise: NARA Report Finds Current Approaches Still Uneven." Washington Technology 16(9): 10-11.

Jones, Ann. (1996). "From Collodion to CD: The Experimental Image Retrieval System at the Museum of Science and Industry in Manchester." Journal of the Society of Archivists 17(1): 69-72.

Jones, Paul. 2005, Spring. "Strategies and Technologies of Sharing in Contributor-Run Archives." Library Trends 53(4): 651-662.

Kamba, A.S. 1994, June. "The Retrospective File: Reflections on a Decade of Directing." Information Development 10(2): 152-158.

Kaula, P.N. 2004, September. "Digitization of Islamic Scientific Manuscripts." International Information, Communication & Education 23(2): 304-305.

Kerns, Ruth B. 1988,Winter/Spring. "A Positive Approach to Negatives: Preserving Photographs via Microfilm Technology." The American Archivist 51(1/2): 111-114.

Ketelaar, Eric. 2003, Nov. "Being Digital in People's Archives." Archives and Manuscripts: The Journal of the Australian Society of Archivists 31(2): 8-22.

Kiesling, Kris. 1997, Spring. "EAD as an Archival Descriptive Standard," The American Archivist 60(3): 344-354.

Lesk, Michael. 1992, October. "Preservation of New Technology, A Report of the Technology Assessment Advisory Committee to the Commission on Preservation and Access." Retrieved September 6, 2007, from http://www.clir.org/pubs/reports/lesk/lesk2.html

LOCKSS Launches Community Preservation Initiative. 2006, March. Advanced Technology Libraries 35(3): 1, 6-7.

Lowell, Howard P. 1997, Spring. "Building a Public Archives in Delaware for the Twenty-First Century." The American Archivist 60(2): 152-165.

Lubar, Steven. 1999, Spring. "Information Culture and the Archival Record." The American Archivist 62(1): 10-22.

MacKenzie, George. 2000, July/August. "Searching for Solutions: Electronic Records Problems Worldwide." Managing Information 7(6): 59-65.

MacNeil, Heather. 2000, Fall. "Providing Grounds for Trust: Developing Conceptual Requirements for the Long-Term Preservation of Authentic Electronic Records." Archivaria (50): 52-78.

Mazikana, P.C. 1998, August. "Records and Information Management Challenges for the Developing World." Records Management Bulletin (87): 61-65.

McCarthy, Gavan. 1999. "Utilizing the Web to build a network of archival authority records." Janus 1999.1: 96-107.

McCrank, Lawrence J. 1981. Automating the Archives: Issues and Problems in Computer Applications. New York: Knowledge Industry Publications, Inc.

McCrory, Any and Beth M. Russell. 2005, September. "Crosswalking EAD: Collaboration in Archival Description." Information Technology and Libraries 24(3): 99-106.

McInerny, Carmel. 2002, Nov. "Implementation of Encoded Archival Description at the Australian War Memorial: A Case Study." Archives and Manuscripts: The Journal of the Australian Society of Archivists 30(2): 72-81.

Meijer, Albert. 2001. "Accountability in an Information Age: Opportunities and Risks for Records Management." Archival Science: International Journal on Recorded Information 1(4): 361-372.

Michelson, Avra. 1987, Spring. "Description and Reference in the Age of Automation." The American Archivist 50(2): 192-208.

Michelson, Avra and Jeff Rothenburg. 1992. "Scholarly Communication and Information Technology: Exploring the Impact of Changes in the Research Process on Archives." The American Archivist 55(2): 236-314.

Miller, Michael. 1995, Spring. "Disc Players, the Records Management/Archivist, and the Development of Optical Imaging Applications." The American Archivist 58(2); 170-180.

Mitchell, William J. 1996, Spring. "Architectural Archives in the Digital Era." The American Archivist 59(2): 200-204.

Mooradian, Norman. 2006, Spring. "E-Records and the Technological Imperative." Journal of Information Ethics 15(1): 35-46.

Moore, Reagan W. 2006, Spring/Summer. "Building Preservation Environments with Data Grid Technology." The American Archivist 69(1): 139-158.

Morris, Sammie L. 2005, May/June. "Preservation Considerations for Digitization of Archival Materials." Archival Outlook: 9, 26.

National Archives and Records Administration. 1997-2008 (revised 2003). Ready Access to Essential Evidence: The Strategic Plan of the National Archives and Records Administration. Retrieved May 20, 2007, from http://www.archives.gov/about/plans-reports/strategic-plan/2003/index.html#impact

National Archives and Records Administration. 2006. Implementation of the E-Government Act of 2002 - Report for FY 2006. Retrieved on September 3, 2007, from http://www.archives.gov/about/plans-reports/e-gov/

National Recording Preservation Board, Library of Congress. 2006, March. "Capturing Analog Sound for Digital Preservation: Report of a Roundtable Discussion of Best Practices for Transferring Analog Discs and Tapes." Retrieved September 6, 2007, from http://www.clir.org/pubs/reports/pub137/contents.html

Nelson, Michael L., NASA Langley Research Center, and Kurt Maly. 2001, February. "Smart Objects and Open Archives." D-lib Magazine 7(2). Retrieved September 24, 2007, from http://www.dlib.org/dlib/february01/nelson/02nelson.html

Nicholls, Catherine. 2002, Nov. "Identifying Roadkill on the Information Superhighway: A Website Appraisal Case Study." Archives and Manuscripts: The Journal of the Australian Society of Archivists 30(2): 96-111.

Nieβ, Ulrich and Harald Stockert. 2006, October. "On the Way to a Digital Archive: The Example of Mannheim 1" Journal of the Society of Archivists 27(2): 201-212.

Njovana, S. 1994, March. "The International Records Management Council in Zimbabwe. [Conference Paper]" Information Development 10(1): 23-24.

Nolte, William. 1987. "High-Speed Text Search Systems and Their Archival Implications." The American Archivist 50(4): 580-584.

Nowicke, Carole Elizabeth. 1988. "Managing Tomorrow's Records Today: An Experiment in Archival Preservation of Electronic Mail." The Midwestern Archivist 13(2): 67-75.

O'Neal Angela. 2005, July. "Meeting ‘Digital Natives' on Their Own Turf: How Archivists Can Connect with the Next Generation." MAC Newsletter 33(1): 30-31.

Oudard, D. November, 1991. "The Evolution of Century Disc Archival Technology." CD-ROM Professional 4(6): 42-44.

Padfield, Tim and Poul Klenz Larsen. 2006, October. "Low Energy Air-conditioning of Archives." Journal of the Society of Archivists 27(2), 213-226.

Palm, Jonas. n.d. "The Digital Black Hole." Retrieved September 6, 2007, from http://www.tape-online.net/docs/Palm_Black_Hole.pdf

Paquet, Lucie. 2000, November. "Appraisal, Acquisition and Control of Personal Electronic Records: From Myth to Reality." Archives and Manuscripts: The Journal of the Australian Society of Archivists 28(2): 71-91.

Paton, Christopher Ann. 1998, Spring. "Preservation Re-Recording of Audio Recordings in Archives: Problems, Priorities, Technologies, and Recommendations." The American Archivist 61(1): 188-219.

Pearce-Moses, Richard. 2005, Sept./Oct. "An Archivist's Response to the Digital Era." Archival Outlook: 3, 23.

Percival, Kylie, Francesca Zilio and Helen Morgan. 2000, November. "Database Applications in an Imperfect World: The Necessity and Charm of Compromise." Archives and Manuscripts: The Journal of the Australian Society of Archivists 28(2): 30-44.

Perer, Adam, Ben Schneiderman, and Douglas W. Oard. 2006, December. "Using Rhythms of Relationships to Understand E-mail Archives." Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology 57(14): 1936-1948.

Peterson, Gary M. 2001. "New Technology and Copyright: The Impact on the Archives."

Comma, International Journal on Archives 1/2: 69-76.

Piche, Jean-Stephan. 1998, Spring. "Doing What's Possible with What You've Got: Using the World Wide Web to Integrate Archival Functions." The American Archivist 61(1): 106-122.

Pickover, M. 1998. "Digital Imaging Projects in the South: Access for Whom?" S.A. Archives Journal, 40: 59-65.

Pinfield, Stephen, Mike Gardner, and John MacColl. 2002, April 11. "Setting Up an Institutional E-print Archive." Ariadne 31. Retrieved September 3, 2007, from http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/issue31/eprint-archives/

Pingan, Shang. 1999. "The Era of Archiving Bits." Janus 1999.2: 19-21.

Pitti, Daniel V. 1997. "Encoded Archival Description: The Development of an Encoding Standard for Archival Finding Aids." The American Archivist 90(3): 268-283.

Pitti, Daniel and Wendy Duff. (Eds.) 2001. Encoded Archival Description on the Internet. New York: Haworth International Press.

Pitti, Daniel V. 2005. "Technology and the Transformation of Archival Description." Journal of Archival Organization 3(2/3): 9-22.

Prom, Christopher J. 2002, Winter. "The EAD Cookbook: A Survey and Usability Study." The American Archivist 65(2): 257-275.

Prudlo, Marion. 2005, April 30. "E-Archiving: An Overview of Some Repository Management Software Tools." Ariadne (43). Retrieved September 5, 2005, from http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/issue43/prudlo/intro.html

Rainer, Hubert. 1986 March. "Third World Training." Phonographic Bulletin 44(1): 18-20.

Reich, Victoria. 2006, February. "Interview with Victoria Reich, Director, LOCKSS Program." RLG Diginews 10(1), np.

Reid, Lydia J.E. 1995, Summer. "Electronic Records Training: Suggestions for the Implementation of the CART Curriculum." The American Archivist 58(3): 326-340.

Relick, Clyde. 2005. "The ERA: Technology to Aid Archivists and Historians and Records Administration." Quarterly of the National Archives 37(4): 46-49.

Rhodes, Barbara and William Wells Streeter. 1999. Before Photocopying: The Art and History of Mechanical Copying. New Castle, DE: Oak Knoll Press.

Rosenbusch, Andrea. 2001, May. "Are Our Users Being Served?: A Report on Online Archival Databases." Archives and Manuscripts: The Journal of the Australian Society of Archivists 29(1): 44-61.

Ross, Fiona, Sue McKemmish, and Shannon Falkhead. 2006, November. "Indigenous Knowledge and the Archives: Designing Trusted Archival Systems for Koorie Communities." Archives & Manuscripts 34(2): 112-151.

Rothenberg, Jeff. 1998, January. "Avoiding Technological Quicksand: Finding a Viable Technical Foundation for Digital Preservation." Retrieved on September 6, 2007, from http://www.clir.org/pubs/reports/rothenberg/contents.htm

Rusbridge, Chris. 2006, Feb. 8. "Excuse M...Some Digital Preservation Fallacies?" Ariadne (46). Retrieved on September 5, 2007, from http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/issue46/rusbridge/intro.html

Russell, Lynette. 2006, May. "Indigenous Records and Archives: Mutual Obligations and Building Trust." Archives & Manuscripts 34(1): 32-43.

Ruth, Janice E. 1997, Summer. "Encoded Archival Description: A Structural Overview." The American Archivist 60(3): 310-329.

Rütimann, Hans and M. Stuart Lynn. 1992, March. "Computerization Project of the Archivo General De Indias, Seville, Spain." Retrieved September 6, 2007, from http://www.clir.org/pubs/reports/archivo/archivo.html

Salman, Lamia. 1981, Oct./Dec. "The Information Needs of the Third World Countries: Analytical Case-Studies." UNESCO Journal of Information Science, Librarianship and Archives Administration 3(4): 241-246.

Scalera, Nicholas. 1995. "Public-Key Encryption and the Clipper Chip: Implications for the Archival Administration of Electronic Records." Archival Issues: Journal of the Midwest Archives Conference 20(1): 65-78.

Schwirtlich, Anne-Marie, Jim Stokes, and Paul Macpherson. 2003. "Bringing Them Home: Database Ethics, Culture and Information About Indigenous Austalians." Comma: 1: 141-146.

Senecal, Sylvain. Spring 2005. "The Effect of the Web on Archives." Archivaria (59): 139-152.

Sexton, A., C. Turner, G., Yeo G, and S. Hockey. 2004, April. "Understanding Users: A Prerequisite for Developing New Technologies." Journal of the Society of Archivists 25(1), 33-49.

Sharpe, Robert. 2005, June. "Digital Preservation: Practical Experiences." Records Management Society Bulletin 126: 3-10.

Shenton, Caroline. October 2006. "Raising the Portcullis: The Automation of the Parliamentary Archives." Journal of the Society of Archivists 27(2): 155-164.

Shepherd, E. and R. Pringle. 2002, April. "Mapping Descriptive Standards Across Domains: A Comparison of ISAD(G) and SPECTRUM." Journal of the Society of Archivists 23(1), 17-34.

Shiu, Monique. February 1999. "The Hong Kong Film Archive Library: Towards Information Technology." Multimedia Information and Technology 25(1): 72-74.

Smith, Laura. 2007, June. "National Archives Goes Wiki." Information World Review (236): 6.

Sprinkle, Matthew. 1995, Fall. "Lasers and the Fate of Phonographic Recordings." The American Archivist 58(4): 458-463.

Stanford U Gets LC Grant for CLOCKSS." 2006, July. Advanced Technology Libraries 35(7): 4.

Steinmark, Charlotte. 1996. "The Use of Information Technology in the European Searchrooms - Results from the Danish Pilot Project Ouverture." Journal of the Society of Archivists 17(1): 55-65.

Stevens, L. Nye. 1999. "National Archives [microform]: The Challenge of Electronic Records Management: Statement of L. Nye Stevens, Director, Federal Management and Workforce Issues, General Government Division, Before the Subcommittee on Government Management, Information, and Technology, Committee on Government Reform, House of Representatives/United States General Accounting Office." Washington, DC: The Office.

Stielow, Frederick J. Spring 1992. "Archival Theory and the Preservation of Electronic Media: Opportunities and Standards Below the Cutting Edge." The American Archivist 55(2): 332-343.

Stout, Lee. 1995, Spring. "The Role of the University Archives in the Campus Information Environment." The American Archivist 58(2): 124-140.

Suderman, Jim. 2002, Spring. "Defining Electronic Series: A Study. Archivaria (53): 31-46.

Swartz, Nikki. 2005 March/April. "Managing Web Records is Critical, NARA Says." Information Management Journal 39(2): 16.

—- ed. 2006 May/June. "Group Seeks Open Technology Standard." Information Management Journal 40(3): 6.

Talbot, David. 2005. "The Fading Memory of the State - The National Archives Struggle to Save Endangered Electronic Records." Technology Review: MIT's Magazine of Innovation 108(7): 44-49.

Tamminga, Tim. 2006, April-May. "Partnership Tackles Archiving Challenge." Research Information 22: 16-18.

Tatem, Jill. 1998. "EAD: Obstacles to Implementation, Opportunities for Understanding." Archival Issues: Journal of the Midwest Archives Conference 23(2): 155-169.

Teruggi, Daniel. 2004, April 30. "Can We Save Our Audio-visual Heritage?" Ariadne 39. Retrieved September 3, 2007, from http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/issue39/teruggi/

Thibodeau, Kenneth. 2001 February. "Building the Archives of the Future: Advances in Preserving Electronic Records at the National Archives and Records Administration." D-Lib Magazine 7(2). Retrieved September 24, 2007,from http://www.dlib.org/dlib/february01/thibodeau/02thibodeau.html

Tibbo, Helen R. 2006, June. "So much to learn, so little time to learn it: North American Archival Education Programs in the Information Age and the Role for Certificate Programs." Archival Science 6(2): 231-245.

—-. 2001, Spring/Summer. "Finding Finding Aids on the World Wide Web." The American Archivist 64(1): 61-77.

—-. 1995, Summer. "Interviewing Techniques for Remote Reference: Electronic Versus Traditional Environments." The American Archivist 58(3): 294-310.

Trace, Ciaran B. 2006, May. "For Love of the Game: An Ethnographic Analysis of Archival Reference Work." Archives & Manuscripts 34(1), 124-143.

Turci, Ariana. 2006. "The Use of digital Restoration Within European Film Archives." The Moving Image 6(1): 111-124.

Turnbaugh, Roy. 1997, Spring. "Information Technology, Records, and State Archives." The American Archivist 60(2): 184-200.

Turnbull, Paul. 2002, May. "Engaging with History Complexity in the Virtual Environment: The South Seas Project." Archives and Manuscripts: The Journal of the Australian Society of Archivists 30(1): 66-81.

Unamboowe, Ira. 1980 April/June. "A Unified Information System for Appropriate Technology." UNESCO Journal of Information Science, Librarianship and Archives Administration 2(2): 117-122.

United States. Congress. 2000. "The Nation Archives and Records Administration: Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Government Management, Information, and Technology of the Committee on Government Reform, House of Representatives, One Hundred Sixth Congress, First Session, October 20, 1999." Washington: US GPO. Retrieved on September 12, 2007, from http://purl.access.gpo.gov/GPO/LPS6657

United States. Congress. House. Committee on Government Reform. Subcommittee on Government, Management, Information, and Technology. 2000. "The National Archives and Records Administration : hearing before the Subcommittee on Government Management, Information, and Technology of the Committee on Government Reform, House of Representatives, One Hundred Sixth Congress, first session, October 20, 1999." Washington: United States Government Printing Office. Online access: http://purl.access.gpo.gov/GPO/LPS6657.

United States. General Accounting Office. 1999. "National Archives [microform]: Preserving Electronic Records in an Era of Rapidly Changing Technology: Report to the Chairman, Committee on Governmental Affairs, US Senate/United States General Accounting Office." Washington, DC: The Office.

United States. National Records and Archives Administration. 2006. "Preserving the Past to Protect the Future: The Strategic Plan of the National Records and Archives Administration - 2006-2016." Washington, DC: United States National Archives and Records Administration. Retrieved on September 11, 2007, from http://purl.access.gpo.gov/GPO/LPS75663

Vargas, Mark A. and Janet Padway. 1992. "Catalog Them Again for the First Time." Archival Issues: Journal of the Midwest Archives Conference 17(1): 49-63.

Walch, Victoria Irons. Winter 1990. "The Role of Standards in the Archival Management of Electronic Records." The American Archivist 53(1): 30-43.

——. Spring 1997. "State Archives in 1997: Diverse Conditions, Common Directions." The American Archivist 60(2): 132-151.

Walters, Tyler O. 1994. "Adapting Library Bibliographic Utilities and Local System Software for Use in Archival Information Systems-the Case of NOTIS 5.0." Archival Issues: Journal of the Midwest Archives Conference 19(2): 107-118.

——. 1995, Fall. "Thinking About Archival Preservation in the ‘90s and Beyond: Some Recent Publications and Their Implications for Archivists." The American Archivist 58(4): 476-492.

——. 1998. "Automated Access Practices at Archival Repositories of Association of Research Libraries Institutions." Archival Issues: Journal of the Midwest Archives Conference 23(2): 171-189.

Walters, Tyler O. and Ivan E. Hanthorn. 1998, Spring. "Special Collections Repositories at Association of Research Libraries Institutions: A Study of Current Practices in Preservation Management." The American Archivist 61(1): 158-186.

Waters, Donald J. 1992, June 25. "Electronic Technologies and Preservation: Based on a Presentation to the Annual Meeting of the Research Libraries Group." Retrieved on September 6, 2007, from http://www.clir.org/pubs/reports/waters/waters2.html

Watry, Paul B. and Maureen M. Watry. 1996. "Automating Archival Collections Using MARC-AMC and Z39.50 at the University of Liverpool: A Case Study." Journal of the Society of Archivists 17(2): 167-173.

Watson, Andrea and P. Toby Graham. 1998, Spring. "CSS Alabama Digital Collection: A Special Collections Digitization Project." The American Archivist 61(1): 124-134.

Weber, Hartmut. 1993, February. "Opto-Electronic Storage - An Alternative to Filming?" Retrieved September 6, 2007, from http://www.clir.org/pubs/reports/weber/weber.html

Weber, Jerry. 1993. "Photocopiers-Friend or Foe? A Survey by the Preservation and Conservation Group of the Society of Archivists." Journal of the Society of Archivists 14(1): 65-68.

Well, GladysAnn and Richard Pearce-Moses. 2006. "From Bibliographer to Curator: Archival Strategies for Capturing Web Publications." IFLA Journal 32(1): 41-47.

West, Jessamyn. 2007, April 15. "Saving Digital History." Library Journal Net Connect Supplement 132: 2-6. Retrieved on September 23, 2007, from http://www.libraryjournal.com/info/CA6436107.html?q=saving+digital+history

Wythe, Deborah. 2007, Spring. "New Technologies and the Convergence of Libraries, Archives and Museums." RBM: A Journal of Rare Books, Manuscripts, & Cultural Heritage 8(1): 51-55.

Yakel, Elizabeth. 2003. "Impact of Internet-Based Discovery Tools on Use and Users of Archives." Comma 2/3: 191-200.

Yakel, Elizabeth and Jihyun Kim. 2003-2004. "Midwest State Archives on the Web: A Content and Impact Analysis." Archival Issues: Journal of the Midwest Archives Conference 28(1): 47-62.

—-. 2005 November. "Adoption and Diffusion of Encoded Archival Description." Journal of the American Society of Information Science & Technology 56(13): 1427-1437.

Zeidberg, David S. Spring 1999. "The Archival View of Technology: Resources for the Scholar of the Future." Library Trends 47(4): 796-805.