The American remembrancer, and universal tablet of memory: containing a list of the most eminent men, whether in ancient or modern times, with the atchievements [sic] for which they have been particularly distinguished: as also the most memorable events in history, from the earliest period till the year 1795, classed under distinct heads, with their respective dates. : To which is added, a table, comprehending the periods at which the most remarkable cities and towns were founded, their present population, latitude, and longitude. : The whole being intended to form a comprehensive abridgement of history and chronology, particularly of that part which relates to America. / By James Hardie, A.M. ; [One line of Latin quotation]

Inventions, Improvements, and Discoveries in the Arts, &c.

* This mark denotes that the person mentioned has obtained a patent from the Federal Government.

AGARIC of the oak, first known to be a styptic, June 1750.

Air balloons, invented in France by Monsieur Mon∣golfier 1783; introduced into England by Lunardi, who ascended from Moorfields, London, Sept. 15, 1784; into America by Blanchard, who ascended from the prison, yard Philadelphia, Jan. 9, 1793.

Air pumps, invented 1654, air guns 1656.

Algebra, first known in Europe 1494.

Allum, first brought to perfection in England 1609: discovered in Ireland, Oct. 22, 1757.

Amethists, discovered at Kerry in Ireland 1755.

Anatomy, restored in 1550; of Plants discovered 1680.

Anchors, invented 587.

Animal magnetism, first discovered in France 1788, introduced into England 1789; into America 1791.

Apothecaries, first mentioned in history 1345.

Appeals, first made from England to Rome 1138; abolished 1532.

Apple-trees, brought into Italy from Syria and Africa, nine years before Christ.

Apricots, which originally come from Epirus, first planted in England 1540.

Argand's lamps, introduced into general use in Lon∣don, in 1785.

Arithmetic, introduced into Europe from Arabia 991. Decimal, invented 1402.

Army, the first standing one in modern times esta∣blished in France in 1445.

Artichokes, first planted in England 1487.

Asparagus first produced in England 1608.

Astronomical observations, first made at Babylon 2234 before Christ.

Astronomy and Geography, brought to Europe by the Moors of Barbary 1201.

Attraction, the first idea of, taken up by Kepler 1605.

Auction, the first in Britain, was about 1700, by Elisha Yale, of the goods he brought home with him from Fort George in the East Indies, where he had been governor.

Aurora Borealis, or the Northern lights, first obser∣ved, March 6, 1716. Electricity of, discovered 1769; remarked in New Hampshire 1719.

BAIZE manufacture, first introduced at Colchester in England 1660.

Banks, first began 808; that of Venice 1157; of Genoa 1345; of Amsterdam 1609; of England 1640; old Scotch bank 1649, of Hamburg 1710, of the royal bank of Scotland 1727, of Ireland 1783; in the British settlements in the East Indies 1787.

Banks in America. Bank established in Philadelphia for the purpose of supplying the American army with provisions, by a number of gentlemen with a capital of (839,160 Dollars), June 17, 1780.

Bank of North America, incorporated by Congress, Dec. 31, 1781. The first at Boston† 1.1 was established 1784, and the Bank of New York commenced in the same year. The banks of New Hampshire and of South Carolina incorporated 1792, and those of Pennsylvania and the District of Columbia 1793.

Bark Jesuit, found in Peru, its virtues discovered 1500; first brought to Europe 1650.

Bark, a method, by which the essence or gum of, may be extracted, improved by John Biddis and Thomas Bedwell* 1791.

Bark, an improvement in the mode of grinding for tanning by John Markley of Pennsylvania *, 1795

Barometers, invented by Toricelli 1626.

Battering ram, invented 441, before Christ.

Bayonets, first used at the end of muskets by the French 1693.

Beer, first made in Scotland 1482, introduced into England 1524.

Bedstead a, particularly adapted to the situation of sick or bedridden people, invented by Conrad Ludwig Kuhn *, 1791.

Bells, invented by Paulinus Bishop of Nola in Cam∣pania about 400: first known in France 550, were in∣troduced into churches in England about 900: the first music bells set in England was at Croyland abbey in Lincolnshire 960.

Bells, an improvement in their construction by Robert Leslie of Pennsylvania * 1793.

Bellows, invented 554, before Christ; an improve∣ment in their construction by James Drake of New Jersey * 1793; another improvement by James Ram∣sey * 1794.

Bible, the first printed in America was by Robert Aiken of Philadelphia 1782, see Religious Institutions.

Bills of exchange, first mentioned 1160: the only mode of sending money from England by law 1381.

Bills of mortality, for London, began 1538;

Blankets, first made in England 1340.

Blister plaisters, invented 60 before Christ.

Blood, its circulation through the lungs first made public by Servetus a French physician 1553, fully de∣monstrated and confirmed by William Harvey an Eng∣lish physician 1628.

Boats, flat bottomed, invented in the reign of William the conqueror about the year 1066; a mode of propelling boats by horses invented by Henry Voight

of Pennsylvania* 1791: an improvement in a machine for propelling them, invented by Abijah Babcock of the Western territory * 1793.

Bombs, first invented by a man at Venlo in France 1388; bomb vessels invented in France 1681.

Books, in the present form were invented by Attalus king of Pergamus 887: the first supposed to be written in Job's time, who died 1553, before Christ; a very large estate given for one on Cosmography by king Alfred of England about 870, Manuscript volumes were sold from (44 Dollars to 133 Dollars and 20 Cents) a piece about 1400; the first printed one was the vulgate edition of the bible 1462, Cornelius Nepos was the first classic printed in Russia, April 29, 1762. Lucian's Dialogues, the first Greek book printed in America was at Philadelphia by Joseph James, 1789.

Book keeping, first used after the Italian method in London 1569.

Boots, were invented 907, before Christ; an im∣provement in manufacturing them invented by Peter Gordon * of Philadelphia 1791.

Bo••nties, first legally granted in England, for raising naval stores in America 1703.

Bows and arrows, introduced into England 1066.

Boxing, schools opened in different parts of Britain, to teach the science of, 1790.

Brasil, diamond mines discovered 1730.

Bread-trees, 347 plants of the, brought from Ota∣heite to Jamaica by Captain Bligh, Feb. 7, 1793, where they are said to prosper well.

Bricks, first used in England by the Romans about 40, A. D. an improvement in making them by Apollas Kinsley * of New York 1794; by Christopher Colles, * of New York who invented a machine for tempering and moulding clay 1793; by Samuel Brower * of New York who invented an improvement in manufacturing brick and pan-tile the same year; another improvement in manufacturing brick by David Ridgway * 1792.

Bridges wooden, an improvement in their con∣struction by John Stone * 1791.

Bridge, the first of stone in England, was at Bow near Strafford 1087. Westminster bridge London, which, if we except those of China, is perhaps equal to any in the world, was finished 1750.

Blackfriar's bridge, equally elegant, erected 1770.

Bridges, some of the most remarkable in America;

Over York river in main district 270 feet long, built 1761.

Over Connecticut river, between Walpole and West∣minster 1784.

Over Charles river 1503 feet in length 1787.

Over Mystic river, Connecticut, 2420 feet long 1787.

Essex Massachussetts 1500 feet long 1789.

Over Merrimack river 1793.

* Piscataqua, from Newington to Durham 1362 feet in length, desinged by Timothy Palmer of Newbury port, and compleated Dec. 9, 1794.† 1.2

Bridges, over the Hackinsack and Passaic, finished Feb. 5, 1795.

Building with stone, brought into England by Bennet a monk 670; with brick about 886.

Bull fighting, first introduced into Spain 1560.

Bullets of stone, used 1514, Iron ones being not yet invented.

CALENDAR, first regulated by Pope Gregory 1579.

Calendar,‡ 1.3 the French adopted by the Convention 1793.

Callico, first imported into England by the East India Company 1657.

Camera Obscura, invented 1515.

Canals, first made in England by Henry I. 1130.

The Canal, which joins the Baltic and North Sea made open to all nations, May 14, 1785. From the forth to the Clyde in Scotland 1768. The Canal of Lan∣guedoc in France was begun 1666. It is extended over hills and vallies for 100 miles, opens a communication between the Mediterranean and the Ocean, and was compleated 1680.

Canal, the Grand, in Ireland, was begun 1756, and compleated from Dublin to Monastereven 1786. Ca∣nals in China, some of them are of an amazing extent, one in particular, reaching from Canton to Peking, being 1800 miles in length.

Canal,† 1.4 in North Carolina, from Philips lake to a river about 5½ miles distance, finished by Messieurs, Collins, Allen, and Dickinson 1785.

A company established to cut one in Virginia, to remove the obstructions of navigation in the Potomack 1784.

A company, incorporated by the legislature of North Carolina and Virginia, for opening a Navigable canal from Pasquota•• to a branch of Elizabeth river 1790.

A company, incorporated in New York, for cutting a canal between Hudson's river and lake Champlain 1792.

A company, incorporated in New York, for extend∣ing the navigation from the now navigable part of Hudson's river, to lake Ontario and the Seneca lake 1792.

A Canal, compleated to James river Virginia, where the navigation had been heretofore interrupted 1795.

South Hadley Canal, Massachussetts, began 1793.

A Canal and Lock, navigation between the rivers Schuylkill and Susquehannah, began 1792.

Between the rivers Delaware and Schuylkill 1792.

Canal company of Conewago incorporated, April 10, 1793.

Candles tallow, so great a luxury, that splinters of wood were generally used for light 1300. Tallow Candles first began to be used in England 1390. The art of manufacturing them improved by Richard Robotheau * of New York 1793, by Joseph Stacy Sampson,* who invented two machines, the one for cutting candlewicks, and the other for dipping candles, 1790, by Benjamin Folger,* who invented a mode of separating and refining the gross matter contained in common whale oils, whereby it is rendered fit for making candles 1792.

Cannibals,† 1.5 their existence confirmed by Captain Furneaux 1775.

Cannons, invented 1330; first used by the English 1346, in Denmark 1354.

Caps, first worn 1449: Red Caps adopted by the Jacobins of France as a distinguishing badge 1790.

Card teeth, a machine invented for bending and cut∣ting, by Mr Chittendon of Connecticut about 1787.

Cards playing, first invented in France as an amuse∣ment for Charles VI. 1390.

Carriages, to be propelled by the mechanical powers, improved by John J. Staples, Jun.* of New York 1793.

Carving in marble, invented 772, before Christ.

Celery, first introduced into England by Count Tal∣lard 1709.

Celestial sphere, first seen in Greece 368, before Christ.

Chain shot, invented by Admiral De Witt 1666.

Chairs sedan, first used in London 1634.

Charity schools,‡ 1.6 first began in England 1688: a charity school for the blacks instituted at Philadelphia 1770: at New York about the year 1786.

Chemistry and distillery, introduced into Europe by the Moors, who had learnt it from the Egyptians 1150.

Cherries, first brought from Pontus to Rome 70, A. D.

Cherry trees, first planted in Britain 100 before before Christ: brought from Flanders and planted in Kent with such success that an orchard of 32 acres pro∣duced in one year (4440 Dollars) 1540.

Chess the game of, invented 608, before Christ.

Chest, at Chatham for the relief of seamen, insti∣tuted 1558.

Chiaro obscuro, the art of printing in, with three plates to imitate drawings, first used 1500.

Chimnies, began to be introduced into England about 1300.

China, first made in England, by Mr. Wedgwood 1762.

Chivalry, began in Europe 912.

Circumnavigation of the globe, has been effected in England by Drake 1579; Cavendish 1586, Cowley 1683, Dampier 1689; Anson 1740: Byron 1764; Carteret 1766; Cook 1768; 1772; 1776; continued by King 1780; and since by Portlock, &c. 1788. The most remarkable Spanish Circumnavigator, was Magel∣lan who first entered the Pacific ocean 1520. The others are Grayalva 1537; Mendana 1567; Quiros 1605. The Dutch Circumnavigators were Le Maire 1615. Tasman 1642; Roggewein 1721. M. Bou∣gainville the Frenchman's voyage was 1766.

Civil list, of the king of Britain, is 3,996,000 Dol∣lars: that allowed to the late king of France in the

year 1789, was 4,624,997 Dollars. The money ap∣propriated by the United States to defray the civil list, which besides the salaries allowed to all the officers of government, comprehended a number of pensions to disabled soldiers, their widows &c. amounted only to 521,447 Dollars, 1793.

Clocks, called Water clocks, first used in Rome 158, before Christ; clocks first set up in churches 913; made to strike by the Arabians 801; by the Italians 1300; in England 1368.

Cloth, coarse woollen, introduced into England 1191: a manufactory of cloth established at Hartford New England about 1787: a machine for raising and shearing the nap of Cloth invented by Samuel G. D••••rr * 1792, another invention for the same purpose by Samuel Mulliken * 1791.

Coaches,† 1.7 first used in England 1589: Hackney coaches established in London, when at first there were only 20, 1625. Their number was extended to 1000, 1770. Hackney coaches used in New York 1787.

Coals, discovered at Newcastle in England 1234, first began to be used 1280. The first ship with Irish coals arrived at Dublin from Newry 1742; discovered in the Western counties of Virginia about 1765, where there are found to be immense quantities. They abound also in the State of Pennsylvania, New York and in other parts of the United States.

Cockfighting, instituted by the Romans after a vic∣tory, which they had gained over the Persians 476, before Christ.

Coffee, first brought into England by Nathaniel Conopius a Cretan 1651.

‡ 1.8

Coffee-trees, discovered in the West Indies 1730: first cultivated at Surinam by the Dutch 1718. Its culture first encouraged in the British plantations 1732.

Coin, silver, first coined by Sidon king of Argos 869, before Christ. Silver first coined at Rome 269, before Christ, before which time, brass money was only used. Coin first used in Britain 25, before Christ: in Scotland of Gold and silver 233, after Christ; first made round in England 1101: gold first coined in England 1087; gold first coined at Venice 1476: Shil∣lings first coined in England 1505: Copper money in∣troduced into France 1580: Copper money first intro∣duced into England by James I. 1620: milling coins introduced 1632: Guineas were first coined 1673: one million of Guineas was coined from French Louis d'ors in 1710.

Coins, the first of copper at the mint of the United States 1793, of silver 1794.

Coin, a French, bearing date 1596, found in digging a well at Dorchester Massachussetts, July 30, 1631.

Coining with a die, first invented 1617: first used in England 1620.

Comedy, the first acted at Athens on a scaffold by Susarian and Dolon 562, before Christ; the first in England 1551.

Compass, the seaman's, first invented or improved by Gioya or Goya at Venice 1300; its variation disco∣vered by Columbus on his first voyage to America 1493.

Conic section, the first idea of, given 240 years before Christ.

Copper, first exported from Virginia, Oct. 1730, Copper money, see coins.

Copper mines, first discovered in Sweden 1396; in England 1561; in the State of New York 1722: up∣wards of 200 lb. weight of copper plowed up in a field near New Brunswick 1750, and a rich vein found in that neighbourhood in the year following; two lumps

of pure virgin copper weighing 1900 lb. found in Van∣horne's mountain, New Jersey, whe•• there is a rich vein 1734. Copper is also found at Leveret, Massa∣chussetts, also in Pennsylvania, and it abounds in Virginia.

Cordage, an improvement in the mode of manu∣facturing it by George Parkinson of Pennsylvania * 1793.

Cornelius Nepos published at Moskow, being the first Classical author printed in Russia, April 29, 1762.

Corporations, invented by king Numa among the Romans 118 before Christ; began in England 1090.

Cotton manufactory, established at Providence Rhode Island about the year 1788.

Cotton wool, used in English manufactures in 1787, was valued at (33,300,031 Dollars) and weighed 22, 600,000 lb. An improvement in the mode of gurning it invented by Eli Whitney of Massachussetts * 1794; a machine to spin it improved by William Pollard 1791.

Counterfeiting, a method devised by Francis Bailey,* of Philadelphia to render it difficult, 1791.

Couriers, or posts, first instituted by Charlemagne about 808.

Crayons, the art of fixing them, discovered 1748.

Crockery ware, first invented 1309, before Christ. A manufactory of, set up at New York about 1787.

Crown, the first Roman who wore one, was the ty∣rant Tarquin 616, before Christ; the first single one used by the Pope was 553; and the first tiara or triple crown used 1364. The first used in England was 872.

Croisades to Palestine, began 1095.

Currants, first planted in England 1532.

Customs, on exports and imports first collected in England about 979; amounted only to 62,160 Dol∣lars, 1580, farmed for many years for 88,800 Dollars till 1590: for 222,000 Dollars, 1592. The customs produced 2,476,418 Dollars, 1688; amounted in 1788, to 15,540,000 Dol. The customs in the United States amounted in the year 1793, to about 4,000,000 Dol.

Customs, the first collector of, in America, appointed at Charleston South Carolina 1685.

Cyphers, digits, or figures in arithmetic, invented by the Arabian moors, 813.

DECIMAL arithmetic, invented by Simon Stevin of Bruges 1602.

Degrees academical, first introduced at Paris before 1213.

Diamonds, first polished and cut at Bruges 1489.

Diamond mines, discovered in Brasil 1730; that of Couloar in the East Indies 1640; that of Raolconda in 1584; one sent from Brasil to the court of Portugal which weighed 12½ ounces valued at 224 millions Ster∣ling (993,560,000 Dollars).

Debt. See National debt.

Dice, invented 1500, before Christ.

Dieu & mon droit, first used as a motto by Richard I. on a victory over the French 1194.

Dispensary, the Philadelphia founded 1786, the New York 1789.

Distaff spinning, first introduced into England 1505.

Distillation, an improvement in the art of, by Aaron Putnam * 1791: another improvement in the same art by John Fitch * 1793: another by Joseph Simpson of Virginia 1794.

Distillery, in England in the year 1784, yielded to government 1,651,329 Dollars.

Docks or harbours, a machine for cleaning or deepen∣ing them, improved by Peter Zacharie * 1794.

Dollar, the first coined at the mint of the United States, 1794.

Duel, the first public, 1096.

Dying, was so much a mystery to the English pre∣vious to the year 1608, that they used to send their cloths white to Holland, which were there dyed and afterwards returned to England for sale: An improve∣ment in the art of manufacturing the plant called Khus

or Surac for the purpose of dying invented by Richard Rosewell * of Connecticut 1793.

Duck and other cloth, an improvement in the mode of weaving and beating, invented by James Davenport of New Jersey * 1794. A duck manufactory has for several years been established at Boston, where 68,000 yards equal to any imported have been made in a single year. There is also a large Duck manufactory at Wilsonville, Pennsylvania, belonging to Judge Wilson, erected 1794, which promises very favourably.

EARTHEN vessels, first made by the Romans 715, before Christ.

Eclipses, (the most remarkable) of the sun, observ∣ed at Sardis, and predicted by Thales 585, before Christ; at Athens 424, before Christ. At Rome, which caused a total darkness at noon-day A. D. 291: the same thing happened in France, June 29, 1033: in England an eclipse occasioned so great a darkness, that the stars were visible at ten in the morning, June 22, 1191. Another eclipse of the sun occasioned so great a darkness in England, that the birds went to roost about ten in the morning, April 28, 1715.

Eclipses of the moon, total, observed by the Chal∣deans at Babylon 721, before Christ. At Syracuse 413, before Christ. In Asia Minor 219, before Christ. At Rome 168, before Christ. Another which terrified the Roman troops and prevented their revolt A. D. 14.

Electricity, first idea of it given by two globes of brimstone 1467: electric stroke discovered at Leyden 1746; first known that it would set fire to spirits 1756; the identity of electric fire and lightning, discovered by Doctor Franklin, who thereupon invented a method of securing buildings from thunder storms 1757.

Elevator, a new piece of mechanism invented by Rev. Dr. Collin of Philadelphia, for which he was honoured

by the American Philosophical society, with the magel∣lanic† 1.9 prize, Dec. 26, 1794.

Ell, or yard, in measure, fixed by the length of Henry I••'s arm 1101.

Encyclopaedia the, the greatest typographical un∣dertaking ever attempted in America, the first volume of, was published at Philadelphia, May 1790, and the 13th volume, March 1795.

Eng••nes, to extinguish fires, invented 1663.

England, the first geographical map of it, 1520.

Engraving, and etching, and consequently rolling-press printing, invented by a goldsmith at Florence 1460. In m••zzotinto, and improved by Prince Rupert of Palatine 1648; Crayon engraving, invented at Paris by Bonnet 1769.

Epsom, mineral spring in England, first discovered 1630. A spring in Vermont produces Epsom salts.

Eras, the most remarkable in history. The Christians make their era from the birth of Christ, which hap∣pened in the year of the world 3962. This was not used till about the year 600. The Mahometans com∣pute their time from the Hegira; or flight of their pro∣phet A. D. 617: The ancient Greeks reckoned by Olympiads, the first of which is placed in the year of the world 3187; but as this account perished under the Constantinopolitan Emperors, they reckoned by induc∣tions, every induction containing 15 years, and the first beginning A. D. 313. The ancient Romans reckoned from the building of their city, which was A. M 3113. The Jews had diverse epochs or eras; first, from the creation of the world 4004, before Christ; secondly from the universal deluge A. M. 1656: thirdly from

the confusion of languages 1757, A. M. fourthly, from Abraham's journey to the land of Canaan 2021, A. M. fifthly, from the departure of the Israelites out of Egypt 2513, A. M. sixthly, from the year of the jubilee 2499: 7thly, from the building of Solomon's Temple 2932; and 8thly, from the captivity of Babylon 3357: The French era commenced Sept. 20, 1792, from which time they compute as follows: the — year of the French re∣public one and indivisible.

Exports, from Britain in 1700, were to the amount of 32,423,999 Dollars: and the imports 27,707,577 Dollars. In 1788, the exports were 81,234,977 Dol∣lars, and the imports 79,049,860 Dollars. The exports from the United States, from Oct. 1, 1792, to Sept. 30, 1793, amounted to 26,011,788 Dollars, from Oct. 1, 1793, to Sept. 1, 1794, they amounted to 29,464,470 Dollars.

FANS, muffs, masks, and false hair, were first de∣vised by the harlots in Italy; and afterwards brought into England from France 1572.

Feudal system, first introduced into England 1066, into Scotland 1090.

Figures in arithmetic, introduced from India into Arabia 900: by the Arabs into Europe 1240.

Fire engines to force water, invented 1663.

Fire, a method to prevent its spreading, invented by David Hartley of England 1766; a method invented for safely conducting persons and effects from houses when on fire, invented by Samuel Green * 1792; an improvement in the mode of stopping its progress, by Benjamin Taylor of New York * 1794.

Fire-ships, invented 1588.

Flag, of the United States, established by act of Con∣gress, June 14, 1777.

Flour and meal, an improvement in the manufacture of, by Oliver Evans of Pennsylvania * 1791.

Flowers, the art of preserving them in sand, dis∣covered 1633; a mode of preserving them from the effects of frost in winter, and hastening their vegetation in summer, invented by George Morris 1792*.

Franking of letters, first claimed in Britain 1660; commenced 1734; members of both houses of Congress and the executive officers of government, enjoy the privilege of Franking letters on public business.

Friction, at the point of a spindle, several devices invented to diminish it by Robert R. Livingston, of New York 1791.

GARDENING, the art of, introduced into Eng∣land from the Netherlands about 1500.

Gauging, the art of, invented 1570.

Gauze, the manufacture of, began at Paisley in Scot∣land 1759. Its progress was so rapid, that in the year 1784, it employed 11,634 hands, and yielded 1,554,000 Dollars.

Gilding, with leaf gold, on bole amoniac, the art of, invented 1273.

Ginseng, first discovered in Canada, by Father Lafi∣tau, a Jesuit, 1715.

Glass, introduced into England about 674; Glass windows began to be used in private houses about 1180; Glass bottles first made in England 1557. Glass manu∣factories have lately been established in New York† 1.10 and Massachussetts.

Gold. See Coin.

Gold mines, discovered in Malacca, Oct. 27, 1731; in New Andalusia 1785.

Glauber salts, a sufficient quantity manufactured by the Messrs. Marshall of Philadelphia, to supply the United States 1794.

Greek language, first introduced into England by William Grocyn, who publicly taught it at Oxford 1491.

Grist mills, invented in Ireland 214.

Guillotine, so called from the name of the person who brought it into use in 〈◊〉〈◊〉 was used for the execution of criminals at Hal•••••••• in England about 1600. It was afterwards introduced into Scotland by the Earl of Morton, who suffered by it himself. In Bri∣tain, it was called the Maid••n.

Guineas, first coined in England 1673; so called because the gold of which they were made was brought from the coast of Guinea.

Guinea, the first slave trade on that coast, by the English, was opened by John Hawkins, assisted by a subscription of sundry other persons 1563, when he set out with three ships, purchased negroes, sold them at Hispaniola, and as he returned home richly laden, other avaricious persons followed the example, and thus a traffic commenced, which to the disgrace of humanity, has been carried on ever since.

Gunpowder, and great guns, invented by Swartz a monk of Cologne 1330; used at the battle of Cressy 1336; where Edward the third had four pieces of can∣nons which greatly contributed to gain him the victory, 1346. they were used at the siege of Ca••ais 1347; first used at sea by Venice against Genoa 1377: first made in England of brass 1535: of iron 1547; Bombs and mortars invented 1634: an improvement in the art of manufacturing Gunpowder invented by Henry Keyser* 1791. In the State of Pennsylvania 25 powder mills have been erected since the year 1770.

HANDKERCHIEFS, first manufactured at Paisley in Scotland 1743, to the worth of 70,533 dollars; this branch of manufacture has encreased so rapidly that in 1784, it yielded 729,869 Dollars.

Hats for men, invented at Paris by a Swiss 1404.

Hebrew points, invented 475.

Hemp and flax, a machine to break and swingle, invented by Samuel Mulliken * 1791, a mode of break∣ing

and softening hemp and flax for spinning, invented by the same person 1795.

Herculaneum, the ancient city of, discovered 1730

Herring fishery, first commenced 1164: the art of curing them sound out by William Backel a Dutchman 1416.

Holy war (as it was called) began 1096.

Hospital, the Pennsylvania, founded 1750: the New York about 1771.

Hydraulic fire engines, invented 1682: an improve∣ment in hydraulics, made by Joshua Hatheway of Vermont * 1794.

Hydrostatics, taught by Archimedes 200 before Christ.

IAMBIC verse, invented by Archilochus who flour∣ished 686 before Christ.

Impeachment, the first by the English commons 1386. The first in Pennsylvania was against Francis Hopkinson judge of the admiralty 1780; the second against John Nicholson Comptroller General 1792. Both gentlemen were acquitted.

Indigo, discovered in south Carolina 1745.

Innoculation, for the small-pox, first tried in Eng∣land on criminals 1721: the same year it began to be practised at Boston in Massachussetts by Doctor Boyl∣ston.

Insurances, on ships and merchandize, contrived by Claudius the Roman Emperor 43.

Iron,† 1.11 discovered by the burning of mount Ida 1406 before Christ: first discovered in Virginia 1715; an iron m••ne opened in Vermont at Tinmouth 1785.*

Iron Bullets, first used in England 1550.

Italian method of bookkeeping, published in Eng∣land 1569.

JUPITER's Satellites, discovered by Jansen 1590.

KINGDOMS, the origin of, by Nimrod at Babylon 2337, before Christ.

Knitting stockings, the art of, invented in Spain, about 1550.

Knives, first made in England about 1563.

LACE Flanders, may be made more valuable than gold; as an ounce has been sold in London for 177 Dollars and 60 Cents, which is about ten times the value of standard gold.

Lacteals the, discovered by chance, in opening a dog by Aselsius, July 23, 1662: in birds, fishes, &c. by Mr. Hewson surgeon of London 1770.

Lanterns, invented by king Alfred 890.

Laquer varnish, first used instead of gilding 1633.

Lead mine, discovered in Rutland county, Vermont, about 1792. Lead is also found in several other parts of the United States.

Leo IX. was the first Pope, who kept up an army, 1054.

Letters, invented by Memnon the Egyptian 1822 before Christ.

Library, the first private one was the property of Aristotle 534, before Christ; the first public one of which we have any certain account, was founded at Athens by Hipparchus 526, before Christ; the second was founded at Alexandria by Ptolemy Philadelphus 284: and was burnt when Julius Caesar set fire to that city 47, before Christ, by which catastrophe 400,000 volumes in Manuscript were said to have been destroyed. The first at Rome was established 167. At Constanti∣nople by Constantine the great about the year 333, which was destroyed 477. From the remains of the

first library at Alexandria, a second was fou••••ed by Ptolemy's successors, and reputed to have cons••••••d of 700,000 volumes which was totally destroyed by the Saracens 642. The Vatican at Rome, founded by Pope Nicholas V. 1446. The Imperial at Vienna by Maximi∣lian I. about 1500. The Royal at Paris by Francis I. 1520. The Escurial at Madrid by Philip II▪ 1557. The Bodleian at Oxford 1598. The Cottonian found∣ed at Westminster by Sir Robert Cotton 1600. The Radcliffe••an at Oxford, founded by the will of Doctor Radcliffe, who left 177,600 Dollars to the university for that purpose 1714.

Libraries, the most remarkable in America. The Library of Philadelphia founded 1731. The Loga∣nian library founded by the will of James Logan of Philadelphia, who left for the use of the public a large and valuable collection of books 1776; was opened in the present building 1794. The New York library was instituted about 1771. The library of Newport founded 1747, by a donation of 1294 volumes from Abraham Redwood. The library of the University of Kentucky, was given by the Rev. John Todd, about 1790.† 1.12

Linen, first made in England 1253, previous to which woollen shirts were worn. In the year 1787, 30,728,728 yards were exported from Ireland.

Loadstone attraction of, known in France before 1180.

Logarithms, invented by Sir John Napier, of Mar∣cheston in Scotland 1618.

Loan office, the first continental established, Oct. 4, 1776.

Longitude, discovered by Harrison's time piece, for which the inventor received from the British Parliament a reward of 44,400 Dollars, 1764.

Looking-glasses, made only at Venice 1300.

Lotteries, established for money in England 1693.

MACHINE to work in a current of water, or air, by means of valves or hinged buckets, improved by John Clark * of Virginia 1793.

Magic lanterns, first invented by Roger Bacon 1252.

Magnifying glasses, invented by Roger Bacon 1260; an improved one made by David Rittenhouse of Phila∣delphia about 1750.

Malacca, gold mines, discovered 1731.

Malt liquor, first used in Egypt 450, before Christ.

Manufactures, in England, produced in the year 1783, the enormous sum of 251,126,400 Dollars.

Maps, and globes, invented by Anaximander 600, before Christ: Maps and Charts were first brought to England by Bartholomew Columbus 1489. The first map of England was published 1520: that of Russia 1560. The first of New England by Captain John Smith 1614.

Maritime affairs, an improvement in, by Benjamin Wynkoop * of Pennsylvania 1794.

Mercator's charts, invented 1556.

Mercury, discovered to be antivenereal 1512; dis∣covered to be maleable by Mrs. Orbelin at Vienna 1785.

Microscopes, invented by Jansen 1590; first used in Germany 1621. Solar microscopes invented 1740.

Millitary uniforms, first introduced into France by Louis XIV. about 1650.

Mills an improvement in Dr. Barker's, by James Rumsey * 1791: an improvement by Oliver Evans 1791, a hand mill invented by Solomon Hodge, and Jonathan Dorr,* for picking mill stones 1792.

Minute-men, troops so called, instituted in Massa∣chussetts, Oct. 1774.

Mirrors, invented in silver by Praxiteles 288, before Christ.

Monarch, the first sole, in England 828.

Money, first made at Argos 894, before Christ. It has encreased 18 times its value from 1290, to 1789, and twelve times its value from 1530, to 1789.

Months, first received their names from Charle∣magne about the year 870. New names given to the months by the French convention 1794.

Mortar, a mode of manufacturing a certain species of it, for the flooring of malt houses, and also for co∣vering the bottoms of ships and vessels to preserve them from worms, invented by Richard Robotheau,* of Vermont 1794.

Mortars, for bombs, first made in England 1543.

Mulberry-trees, first planted in England 1609. They have for these some years past been planted in Massa∣chussetts and Connecticut, where they thrive remark∣ably well.

Muskets, first used in France at the siege of Arras 1414; in general use 1521.

Muslins, from India, first worn in England 1670.

NAILS, an improved method of manufacturing them, invented by Samuel Briggs Sen. and Junior * 1791; by Thomas Perkins,* of Pennsylvania 1794: another by Jonathan G. Pierson,* of New York 1795; and a third, by Jacob Perkins,* of Massachussetts, in the same year.

National debt, the British, amounted in the year 1783, to the sum of 1,241,863,173 Dollars.† 1.13 Were this sum laid down in guineas in a line, it would extend above 4300 miles in length; if in British shillings, it would extend three and a half times round the globe; if in solid silver it would require 60,400 horses to draw it, at 15 cwt. for each horse.

National, the debt, of the United States, nearly 70,000,000 Dollars.† 1.14

Navigation submarine, a machine invented for, by David Bushnell of Saybrook, Connecticut 1776.

Navigable canals. See Canals.

Needles, were first made in England, by a native of India 1545.

Negroe, adventure, the first to America 1508: the first from England 1562.

News-papers, the first published in Paris was 1631: first in England,‡ 1.15 August 22, 1642. The first printed in Philadelphia was 1719.

New-style, see Remarkable events.

OAK, saw dust, first discovered to be useful in tan∣ning 1765.

Oiled silk, linen or cotton, the method of manufac∣turing and of covering them with hair, wool or fur, improved by Ralph Hodgson * 1792.

Olives, first planted in Italy 562, before Christ.

Olympiads, the method of reckoning time by the ancient Greeks, each olympiad consisting of four years. The first commenced 776, before Christ.

Orbits, of the planets, first determined by a Saxon Clergyman 1681.

Orrerry, invented 1670.

PAINTING the art of, first introduced at Rome from Hetruria by Quintus, who, on that account, was surnamed Pictor 291, before Christ.

Paper, made of cotton rags, was in use 1000: that of l••nen rags 1417. The manufacture of, introduced into England 1558; Little or no white paper was manufactured in England, previous to the year 1690: an improvement in the mode of making moulds for the manufacturing of paper, by John Carnes Junior,* of Delaware 1793; another improvement in the art of manufacturing paper and paste board, by John Biddis * of Pennsylvania 1794.

Parliament, the first in England 1216; made trien∣nial 1651: Septennial† 1.16 1716.

Pawnbrokers, first began in England 1457.

Pendulum, and cylindric mills, invented by James Rumsey * 1791; double pendulum, invented by Robert Leslie * of Pennsylvania 1793.

Penny-post, set up in London and suburbs, by one Murray an upholsterer, 1683, who afterwards assigned the same to one Dockwra. It was ultimately claimed by government, who allowed the latter a pension of 888 Dollars per annum.

Peruke, the first worn in France 1620; introduced into England 1660.

Phosphorus, artificial fire, discovered 1675.

Physic, the practice of, was confined to ecclesiastics from 1206, to about 1500.

Pins, first brought from France into England 1543. Previous to that invention both sexes used ribbons, loop-holes, laces and skewers of brass, silver, and gold.

Pitch and tar, made from pitcoal, discovered at Bristol in England 1779.

Plaister of Paris, the way first found out for taking a likeness in it, by Andrew Verocchio 1470.

Planetarium a, invented by Joseph Pope, of Boston 1788.

Poor rates, in England, in 1680, amounted to 2,953,940 Dollars: in 1760, to 6,912,209 Dollars, in 1785, to 9,690,977 Dollars, and they are still in∣creasing.

Population: for the population and religion of the diffe∣rent countries in the world, see under Population and Religion.

Porcelain, of Saxony, brought to perfection 1719.

Port holes, in ships of war, introduced 1545

Post-offices,† 1.17 first established in Paris 1470: in Eng∣land 1642: in Scotland 1695: first established in Ame∣rica by Parliament 1710: by congress, July 26, 1775.

Pot and pearl ashes, an improvement in the art of manufacturing them by Samuel Hopkins * 1790: an improvement in the construction of a furnace for manu∣facturing them, by Edward Ryan,* of Pennsylvania 1793.

Potatoes, first carried to England from America 1610.

Potosi mountain, which contains the richest mine in America, discovered 1546.

Powdering the hair, the custom of, took its rise from some ballad singers at a fair in Europe, who powdered themselves to look the more ridiculous 1614. This practice was only known in America a short time before the late revolution.

Printing, Chinese mode of, on tablets existed from the most remote antiquity.

Printing, invented in Europe, by I. Faust 1441: first made public by John Guttenburg of Mentz 1458: brought into England by William Caxton a mercer of London 1471, who had a press in Westminster abbey till 1494;

Printing press, the first in New England, established at Cambridge 1639: The first thing printed was "the Freeman's oath," and the next an almanac.

Printing house, first set up in Constantinople 1784.

Pumps, first invented 1425, an improvement in the art of working them by Elisha Bigg * of Pennsylvania 1794.

Purple, discovery of it about 500 before Christ.

QUADRANTS solar, introduced 290 before Christ.

Quicksilver, the use of, in refining silver ore, disco∣vered 1540: a large mine of, discovered at Guanca∣velica in Peru 1567.

RED book, published by the National Assembly of France, by which amongst other immense depredations committed on the public treasury, it appeared that the king's brothers, notwithstanding their immense reve∣nues, had spent two millions sterling of the public money (8,880,000 Dollars).

Rice, first brought to Carolina by a brigantine from Madagascar, the captain of which presented the gover∣nor with a bag; which he afterwards divided amongst his neighbours 1696.

Roses, first planted in England 1522.

Russia, began their new year from Jan. 1, 1700.

SAIL cloth, first made in England 1599. The sails of ships, boats, windmills, &c. an improvement in the mode of supplying, invented by Robert Heterick * of Pennsylvania 1793.

Saltmines, discovered in Staffordshire England 1670: rock salt discovered about 950: the mode of procuring salt from sea water and b••ine, improved by James Fennell * of Pennsylvania 1794.

Saturn's Satellites, first discovered 1608.

Saw-mills, first erected near London 1633; a hori∣zontal saw-mill for cutting and polishing marble, in∣vented Samuel Mulliken * 1791. Improvement in a round saw and perfection of a saw-mill, by Zachariah Cox* of Georgia 1793; a machine for sawing wood, grinding bark, &c. by Thomas Farring ••n* 1792.

Sea water, made fresh by an experiment, Jan. 1752.

Semper eadem, first used as the motto for the arms of England, Dec. 13, 1702.

Shillings, first coined in England 1505.

Ship, the first seen in Greece, arrived at Rhodes from Egypt 1485 before Christ.

Shipping, the tonnage of those built in the United States amounted in 1789, to 18,000 tons: in 1790, to 32,000, and during the 18 months following Jan. 1, 1792, it amounted to 80,000 tons.

Shoes, of the present fashion first worn in England, 1633.

Signals at sea, first devised by the Duke of York, who was afterwards James II. 1665. Lord Howe is said to have made very important improvements in the mode of exhibiting signals, about the year 1781

Silk, wrought, brought from Persia to Greece 323 before Christ: from India 274 after Christ. Silk in∣troduced into Europe by some monks 531: began to be manufactured in England 1504: in France 1521. Broad silk manufacture from raw silk introduced into England 1620. Lombe's famous silk throwing ma∣chine, which contains 26,586, wheels * and in a day and night works 318,504,960 yards of organzine silk, erected at Derby in England 1719, the culture of, first introduced into Carolina by Sir Nathaniel Johnson 1700. Silk has lately been raised and manufactured in different parts of New England in considerable quantities, particularly by the industrious ladies of Connecticut.

Silver,† 1.18 first coined at the mint of the United States 1794.

Sirnames, introduced into England by the Normans 1200.

‡ 1.19Slave trade, first commenced 1503; began by the English 1556. The importation of slaves to the West Indies is said, by Abbe Reynal, to have amounted to 9,000,000, of whom 60,000 are imported annually.

In 1768,

Britain purchased	53,100
America	6,300
France	23,500
Holland	11,300
Portugal	8,700
Denmark	1,200.

Soap, first made at Bristol 1524.

Speaking trumpets, invented by Kircher, a jesuit 1652.

Spectacles invented by Spina a monk of Pisa 1299.

Sphere, invented by Archimedes of Syracuse 209 before Christ.

Spinning wheel, invented at Brunswick in Germany 1530: another invented by Mr. Swindell at Stockport in Cheshire, which finishes on each spindle, three lays of 30 hanks to the pound in one hour 1785; a machine for spinning flax, hemp, and combed wool, invented by George Parkinson * 1791, an improved machine for spinning, doubling, twisting, and reeling thread, by Obadiah Herbert* 1792.

Spirits, 4,869,992 gallons, were imported into the United States 1792.

Starching of linen, first introduced into England 1552.

Steam engine, invented for taking ballast or gravel out of rivers, and for raising great quantities of water 1618. An improvement in the steam still by Alex∣ander Anderson * of Pennsylvania Sept. 12, 1794; different modes of propelling vessels by means of steam by James Rumsey, John Fitch, Nathan Read, and John Stevens, each of whom obtained patents for their respective discoveries 1794: an improved method of raising water by means of steam by John Stevens * 1794, who also invented a method of applying steam for the purpose of working a bellows. In the same year an engine was invented to raise steam by Englehart Cruise * of Maryland: a steam jack invented by John Bailey * 1792.

Steel, may be made 300 times dearer than standard gold; thus six steel wire springs for watch pendulums weigh one grain, for which the artist receives ten dol∣lars, when a grain of gold is only worth about 3½ Cents. A new method of tempering steel edged in∣struments, invented by David Hartley * 1792.

Stills, an improvement in, invented by John Kin∣caid * of Philadelphia 1794.

Stockings silk, first worn by Henry II. of France 1543: in England by Queen Elizabeth 1560: the weaving of them was invented by the Rev. Mr. Lee of Cambridge in England 1589.

Stone, cured by a medicine invented by Mrs. Ste∣phens, for the discovery of which she received a pre∣mium from the British government, June 1739.

Stops, in literature introduced 1520: the colon 1580, the semicolon 1599.

Style. See Remarkable events.

Sugar, first mentioned by Paul Eginetta a physician, 625, being originally brought to Europe from China and the East; produced in the island of Sicily 1148: carried to the West Indies by the Spaniards and Por∣tuguese 1550. Sugar refining first introduced into Eng∣land

1659; a new and useful improvement in moulds or vessels for the purpose of claying or whitening re∣fined sugar, invented by Jonathan Williams, Junior, of Pennsylvania 1793.† 1.20

Sugar Maple, 120,000 lb. of, was manufactured in the thinly inhabited parts of the county of Otsego state of New York, equal in flavour and whiteness to the best muscovado in the year 1791.‡ 1.21

Sunday schools, first established in Gloucester in England by Mr Rakes 1784: became general in Eng∣land and Scotland 1787; instituted in Philadelphia 1791.

Sun-dials, invented 558 before Christ.

Supremacy, of the Pope above kings, &c. said to be introduced 607. King Henry VIII. of England, was the first prince who threw of the yoke of supremacy 1533.

TAPESTRY, introduced into England by Sir Fran∣cis Crane 1619.

Tar, mineral, discovered in Gloucestershire in Eng∣land 1787.

Tea, first brought into Europe by the Dutch East India company early in the last century: and first men∣tioned in the British statute books 1660. The tea plant was introduced into Georgia by Samuel Bowen about 1770, where it is said to thrive.

Telegraphe, an instrument, by which dispatches can be transmitted to places some hundred miles distance in a few hours, invented in France 1793.

Telescopes, invented by Jansen, a spectacle maker at Middleburgh, 1520. The first reflecting ones made on the principles of Sir Isaac Newton 1692. The first made in America, was by D. Rittenhouse.

Theatres, that of Bacchus erected at Athens 420 before Christ, and this was the first of which we have any account.

Theracic duct, discovered in a horse by Eusta••hius 1563: in the human body 1653. See Lacteals.

Thermometers, first invented by a Dutchman 1620.

Thread, first made at Paisley in Scotland 1722.

Threshing of grain, an improvemeet in the art of, by Samuel Mulliken 1791,* another by James Ward∣rop of Virginia * 1794.

Tin, found at an early period of the British history in Devonshire, and Cornwall in Wales. First found in Germany 1241, and in Barbary 1640.

Titles,† 1.22 first creation to, by Patent in England 1344.

Titles royal, the following is the succession, in which they swelled in England: Henry IV. had the title of "Grace" conferred on him. Henry II. that of "ex∣cellent grace." Edward IV. that of "high and mighty prince." Henry VII. "Highness." Henry VIII. "Majesty." James I. "Sacred Majesty," or most excellent Majesty.

Tobacco,‡ 1.23 first discovered by the Spaniards in Yucatan 1520: introduced into France by Nicot 1560: first brought into England by Mr. R. Lane 1586.

Tollgates, or Turnpikes, first in England 1350: first in Pennsylvania 1793.

Tonnage, of the United States in 1789, amounted to 297,468 tons: in 1790, to 347,663; in 1791, to 363,810; and in 1792, to 549,279.

Tragedy, the first acted at Athens was 535 before Christ.

Transfusion of the blood, first tried at Paris 1667.

Treaty, the first between England and any foreign nation, was with the Flemings 1272.

Trumpets, speaking, first invented by Kircher a Jesuit 1652.

Turnpikes, see Tollgates.

VENEREAL disease, first brought from America into Spain by Columbus's fleet 1492. Thence carried into Italy, where it broke out in the French army at Naples 1493.

Ventilators, invented by the Rev. Dr. Hales of Eng∣land 1740.

Vines, grew wild in the island of Sicily in Homer's time: first planted in the Island Madeira 1420. From vines which grew wild in the Territory North West of the Ohio, the French settlers made 110 hogsheads of strong wine 1769.

Violins, invented about 1477.

Vision, the true theory of, first given by Kepler about 1610.

Voyages round the globe, see Circumnavigaton.

WATCHES, supposed to be invented at Nurem∣berg in Germany 1477; first used in astronomical ob∣servations by Purbech 1500: first brought from Ger∣m••••y to England 1597: invented with pendulums by Huygens of Zulichem 1657: spring pocket watches invented by Hooke 1658, an improvement in the con∣struction of watches by Robert Leslie * of Philadelphia 1793.

Water mills, for grinding corn, invented by Belli∣sarius, while besieged in Rome by the Goths 529. The ancients parched their corn and pounded it in mor∣tars. Afterwards mills were invented, which were

turned by men and beasts with great labour; and yet Pliny mentions wheels turned by water. For improve∣ments in the construction of water mills by Americans, see Mills.

Weaving duck, an improvement in, by James Da∣venport* of New Jersey 1794.

Weights, and measures, invented 194 before Christ: fixed to a standard in England 1257. A mode ascer∣taining with certainty a standard for weights and mea∣sures, according to Philosophical principles, adopted by the French convention 1794.

Whales, killed at Newfoundland and Iceland for their oil only, 1578. As the use of their bones and fins were not known no stays were at that time worn by the Ladies.

Wild fire, commonly called Greek fire, was invent∣ed by Callinicus a Grecian 680. The use of this fire was continued by the Saracens against their enemies till the middle of the fourteenth century, when the scientific or casual compound of nitre, charcoal and sul∣phur led to the discovery of gunpowder.

Wind guns, invented 1648: Wind mills 1299.

Windows of glass, were known as early as the third century, but did not become general in England till the year 1180.

Wine, the art of making it, first discovered by Noah: sold by apothecaries in England as a cordial 1300.

Wire, invented at Nuremberg 1410. Wire mills first constructed in Germany 1563: a machine invented to weave wire by Timothy Kirk and Robert Leslie * 1792.

Wool cards, invented by Bishop Blaize, about 300.

Woollen cloth, the first made in England was 1331: at Sedan, in France 1646; at Hartford in Connecticut about 1787. An improvement in the art of shearing woollen and other cloth, invented by Samuel Kellogg,* of Vermont 1795.

Wormwood and other plants, used for preserving malt liquors before the use of Hops 1492.

Writing, the divine art of, supposed to be communi∣cated by God to Moses, when he received the command∣ments on Mount Sinai 1491 before Christ.

YEAR, the solar, found to consist of 365 days 5 hours and 49 minutes, 285 before Christ.

ZODIAC, the signs of, invented by Aneximan∣der, about 540 before Christ.

Notes

• † 1.1

  There are now 3 banks in Massachussetts incorporated, Massachussetts, Union, and Essex banks.
• † 1.2

  A model of this elegant bridge may now be seen in the Philadelphia library.
• ‡ 1.3

  As many of our readers may be unacquainted with the French mode of reckoning time, we shall here subjoin their Calendar as regulated by the convention.

  The year which consists of twelve months, each month of three decades or thirty days commences on Sept. 22.

  Names of months in French.	Do. in English.	Term.
  	AUTUMN.
  Vindemaire,	Vintage month from	Sept. 22, to Oct. 21,
  Brumaire	Fog month	Oct. 22, to Nov. 20,
  Frumaire	Sleet month	Nov. 21, to Dec. 20,
  	WINTER.
  Nivos	Snow month	Dec. 21, to Jan. 19,
  Pluvios	Rain month	Jan. 20, to Feb. 18,
  Ventos	Wind month	Feb. 19, to March 20.
  	SPRING.
  Germinal	Sprouts month	March 21, to April 19,
  Floreal	Flowers month	April 20, to May 19,
  Priarial	Pasture month	May 20, to June 18,
  	SUMMER.
  Messidor	Harvest month	June 19, to July 18,
  Fervidor	Hot month	July 19, to Aug. 17,
  Fructidor	Fruit month	Aug. 18, to Sept. 16,
  SAMS CULOTIDES, AS FEASTS DEDICATED TO
  Les Vertus	The Virtues	Sept. 17,
  Le Genie	Genius	Sept. 18,
  Le Travail	Labour	Sept. 19,
  Le Opinion	Opinion	Sept. 20,
  Les Recompenses	Rewards	Sept. 21.

  The intercalary day of every fourth year is called La Sans Cullotide; on which there is to be a national renovation of their oath, "to live free or die." The days of each decade are named from the Latin numerals thus, Primidi, Duodi, Tridi, Quatridi, Quintidi, Sextidi, Septidi, Oct••di, Nonodi and Decadi, which last is appointed as a day of rest.
• † 1.4

  Besides the Canals here mentioned, there are many others of great importance now carrying on in different parts of the United States, to particularize all of which, would far exceed our limits. The same may be said of bridges, &c.
• † 1.5

  See Guthrie's Geography, improved by Carey, page 635, Second Volume.
• ‡ 1.6

  The chief cities of the United States, are well provided with such institutions. In the New England, and in some of the other states, provision is made by the legislature for the education of poor children; and as it is universally acknowledged that the diffusion of knowledge is essentially necessary to the existence of a free government, it is certainly to be expected that the enlightened legislators of America will speedily make such provision, as that no person can be so indigent to whose children the means of education shall not be accessible.
• † 1.7

  The number of coaches in England in the year 1788, were 23,000, and the duty on them amounted to 117,000l. Sterling, (5,91,480 Dollars).
• ‡ 1.8

  The duty on coals in England, amounted in the year 1788, to the enormous sum of 306,718 l. Sterling (1,361, 827 Dollars and 92 Cents).
• † 1.9

  Mr John Hyacinth de Magellan of London, presented to the society the sum of 200 Guineas, in the year 1787, the in∣terest of which is to be annually expended in premiums, each to consist of an oval plate of standard gold, to be adjudged by the society to the author of the best discovery or most useful invention relative to navigation, astronomy or natural philosophy.
• † 1.10

  There is in the State of New York a manufactory of bottles, which we are informed, is likely to flourish.
• † 1.11

  This metal is found in great abundance, in almost every one of the United States.
• † 1.12

  Besides the above, there are libraries not only in the other large towns throughout the United States, but also in many of the villages; and it is pleasing to observe, that their number is annually encreasing.
• † 1.13

  Many millions must have been added to this inconceive∣able sum, since the commencement of the present disastrous war.
• † 1.14

  See a view of the United States, by Tench Coxe, page 496.
• ‡ 1.15

  The sum received by the British government, for the duties on News-papers, amounted in the year 1788, to 572,760 Dollars.
• † 1.16

  The number of representatives in the British house of Commons, are from England 489: from Wales 24, and from Scotland 45. In all 558.
• † 1.17

  The postage of letters in the year 1788, amounted in Britain to 1,777,600 Dollars. In France in the year 1789, to 2,220,000 Dollars.
• † 1.18

  There is a silver mine at Phillipsburgh, State of New York.
• ‡ 1.19

  The Quakers, to their lasting honour, were the first who as a religious body publicly discountenanced this infernal traffic. The humane of every religious persuasion in every nation now unite their influence against it. We may therefore hope that as all men are born free, they will in a few years continue so in every stage of life.
• † 1.20

  In England in the year 1787, there was imported 1,926,741 cwt. for which the duty paid to government, amounted to 5,273,897 Dollars.
• ‡ 1.21

  The manufacture of maple sugar, is now carried on in different parts of the United States, and from its excellence being more extensively known, it must in a short time diminish, if not entirely preclude the necessity of importing sugar of any other quality.
• † 1.22

  Titles are now abolished in France, and not known in America. In these two republics merit alone entitles to pre-eminence.
• ‡ 1.23

  Tobacco has its name from Tobago, where it grows in great plenty.