The Gentleman's pocket library. Containing, 1. The principles of politeness. 2. The economy of human life. 3. Rochefoucauld's Moral reflections. 4. Lavater's Aphorisms on man. 5. The polite philosopher. 6. The way to wealth, by Dr. Franklin. 7. Select sentences. 8. Detached sentences. 9. Old Italian, Spanish and English proverbs. 10. A tablet of memory.

THE TABLET OF MEMORY, COMPREHENDING AN EPITOME OF GENERAL HISTORY.

BEFORE CHRIST.

4004 THE creation of the world, and of Adam and Eve.

4003 The birth of Cain, the first who was born of a woman.

3017 Enoch translated into heaven.

2308 The old world destroyed by a deluge which continued 377 days.

2247 The tower of Babel is built about this time by Noah's pos|terity; upon which God miraculously confounds their language, and thus disperses them into different nations.

2234 Celestial observations are begun at Babylon, the city which first gave birth to learning and the sciences.

2138 Misraim, the son of Ham, founds the kingdom of Egypt, which lasted 1663 years, to the conquest of Cambyses.

2059 Ninus, the son of Belus, founds the kingdom of Assyria, which lasted above 1000 years.

1921 The covenant of God made with Abraham, when he leaves Haran to go into Canaan, which begins the 430 years of sojourning.

1897 The cities of Sodom and Gomorrah are destroyed for their wickedness by fire from heaven.

1856 The kingdom of Argos in Greece begins under Inachus.

1822 Memnon the Egyptian invents the letters.

1715 Prometheus first struck fire from flints.

1635 Joseph dies in Egypt, which concludes the book of Genesis, containing a period of 2369 years.

1574 Aaron born in Egypt; 1490, appointed by God first high priest of the Israelites.

1571 Moses, brother to Aaron, born in Egypt, and adopted by Pharaoh's daughter.

1556 Cocrops brings a colony of Saites from Egypt, into Attics, and begins the kingdom of Athens in Greece.

1546 Scamander comes from Crete into Phrygia, and begins the kingdom of Troy.

1503 Deluge of Deucalio•• in Thessaly.

1493 Cadmus carried the Phoenecian letters into Greece, and built the citadel of Thebes.

1491 Moses performs a number of miracles in Egypt, and departs from that kingdom, together with 600,000 Israelites, besides children, which completed the 430 years of so|journing.

1485 The first ship that appeared in Greece brought from Egypt by Danaus, who arrived at Rhodes, and brought with him his fifty daughters.

1453 The first Olympic games celebrated at Olympia, in Greece.

1452 The Pentateuch, or five first books of Moses, are written in the land of Moab, where he died the year following, a|ged 110 years.

1451 The Israelites, after sojourning in the wilderness forty years, are led under Joshua into the land of Canaan, where they fix themselves, after having subdued the natives; and the period of the sabatical year commences.

1263 Argonautic expedition.

1198 The rape of Helen by Paris, which, in 1193 gave rise to the Trojan war, and siege of Troy by the Greeks, which con|tinued ten years, when that city was taken and burned.

1048 David is sole King of Israel.

1004 The temple is solemnly dedicated by Solomon.

896 Elijah, the prophet, is translated to heaven.

894 Money first made of gold and silver at Argos.

869 The city of Carthage, in Africa, founded by queen Dido.

814 The kingdom of Macedon begins.

776 The first Olympiad begins.

753 AEra of the building of Rome in Italy by Romulus, first King of the Romans.

720 Samaria taken, after three years siege, and the kingdom of Israel overthrown by Salmanaser king of Assyria, who carried the ten tribes into captivity.

The first eclipse of the moon on record.

658 Byzantium (now Constantinople) built by a colony of Athe|nians.

604 By order of Necho, King of Egypt, some Phoenicians sailed from the Red Sea round Africa, and returned by the Me|diterran••an.

600 Thales of Miletus travels into Egypt, acquires the knowledge of geometry, astronomy, and philosophy; returns to Greece, calculates eclipses, and gives general notions of the universe, and maintains that one Supreme Intelligence regulates all its motions.

Maps, globes, and signs of the Zodiac, invented by Anaxi|mander, the scholar of Thales.

597 Jehoiakin, king of Judah, is carried away captive by Nebu|chadnezzar to Babylon.

587 The city of Jerusalem taken after a siege of 18 months.

562 The first comedy at Athens acted upon a moveable scaffold.

559 Cyrus the first king of Persia.

538 The kingdom of Babylon destroyed; that city being taken by Cyrus, who, in 536, issued an edict for the return of the Jews.

534 The first tragedy acted at Athens, on a waggon, by Thespis.

526 Learning is greatly encouraged at Athens, and a public library first founded.

515 The second temple at Jerusalem is finished under Darius.

509 Tarquin the seventh and last king of the Romans is expelled; and Rome is governed by two consuls, and other repub|lican magistrates, until the battle of Pharsalia, 461 years.

504 Sardis taken and burned by the Athenians, which gave occa|sion to the Persian invasion of Greece.

486 AE••chylus, the Greek Poet, first gains the prize of tragedy.

481 Xerxes, king of Persia, begins his expedition against Greece.

458 Ezra is sent from Babylon to Jerusalem, with the captive Jews and the vessels of gold and silver, &c. being 70 weeks of years, or 490 years before the crucifixion of our Saviour.

454 The Romans send to Athens for Solon's laws.

451 The decem••irs created at Rome, and the laws of the twelve tables, compiled and ratified.

443 Censors created at Rome.

432 Nineteen years cycle invented by Meton.

430 The history of the Old Testament finishes about this time, Malachi, the last of the prophets.

401 Retreat of 10,000 Greeks, under Xenophon.

400 Socrates, the founder of moral philosophy among the Greeks, put to death by the Athenians, who soon after repent, and erect to his memory a statue of brass.

379 Boeotian war commences in Greece, finished in 366, after the death of Epeminondas, the last of the Grecian heroes. After his death Philip, brother to the king of Macedon, who had been educated under him, privately set out for that country, seized the kingdom, and after a continual course of war, treachery, and dissimulation, put an end to the liberty of the Greeks by the battle of Cheronea.

336 Philip king of Macedon murdered, and succeeded by his son Alexander the Great.

332 Alexandria in Egypt built.

331 Alexander king of Macedon, conquers Darius king of Persia, and other nations of Asia.

323 Dies at Babylon, and his empire is divided by his generals into four kingdoms, after destroying his wives, children, brother, mother and sisters.

291 Darkness at Rome at noon day.

290 Solar Quadrants introduced at 〈◊〉〈◊〉.

285 Dionysius, of Alexandria, began his astronomical ae••a on Monday June 26, being the first who found the solar year to consist exactly of 365 days, five hours, and 49 minutes.

284 Ptolemy Philadelphus, King of Egypt, employs seventy two

interpreters to translate the Old Testament into the Greek language, which is called the Septuagint.

269 The first coinage of silver at Rome.

264 The first Punic war begins, and continues 24 years. The chronology of the Arundelian marbles composed.

250 Eratosthenes first attempted to measure the earth.

242 Conic sections invented by Apollonius.

218 The second Punic war begins and continues 17 years. Han|nibal passes the Alps, and defeats the Romans in several battles; but being abandoned and refused support by his countrymen, fails in the accomplishment of his purpose.

190 The first Roman army enters Asia, and from the spoils of Antiochus brings the Asiatic luxury to Rome.

170 Eighty thousand Jews massacred by Antiochus Epiphanes.

168 Perscus dectated by the Romans, which ends the Macedonian kingdom.

167 The first library erected at Rome, of books brought from Macedonia.

163 The government of Judea under the Maccabees begins, and continues 126 years.

146 Cartbage and Corinth rased to the ground by the Romans.

145 An hundred thousand inhabitants of Antioth massacred in one day by the Jews.

135 The history of the Apocrypha ends.

63 Cataline's conspiracy against the liberties of his country de|tected.

32 Julius Caesar makes his first expedition into Britain.

47 The battle of 〈◊〉〈◊〉 between Caesar and Pompey, in which the l••tter is defeated.

The Alexandrian library, consisting of 400,000 valuable books, burnt by accident.

45 The war of Africa, in which Cato kills himself.

The solar year introduced by Caesar.

44 Caesar killed in the senate house, after having sought 50 pitched battles, and overturned the liberties of his country.

43 Brutus, one of the conspirators against Caesar, and chief of the republicans, being vanquished in the battle of Philippi, kills himself.

35 The battle of Actium fought, in which Mark Antony and Cleopatra are totally defeated by Octavius, nephew to Ju|lius Caesar.

30 Alexandria taken by Octavius, and Egypt reduced to a Roman province.

27 Octavius, by a decree of the senate, obtains the title of Au|gustus Caesar, and an absolute exemption from the laws, and is properly the first Roman emperor.

8 The temple of Janus is shut by Augustus, as an emblem of universal peace; and JESUS CHRIST is supposed to have been born in September, or on Monday, December 25.

AFTER CHRIST.

12 CHRIST disputes with the Doctors in the temple.

29—is baptized in the wilderness by Joh••.

33—is crucified on Friday, April 3, at three o'clock, P. M. His Resurrection on the Lord's day, April 5: His Ascension, Thursday, May 14.

36 St. Paul converted.

39 St. Matthew writes his Gospel.

Pontius Pilate kills himself.

40 The name of Christians first given at Antioch to the followers of Christ.

43 Claudius Caesar's expedition into Britain.

44 St. Mark writes his Gospel.

46 Christianity carried into Spain.

49 London is founded by the Romans: and in 363 surrounded with a wall, some parts of which are still observable.

51 Caractacus, the British king, is carried in chains to Rome.

52 The council of the Apostles at Jerusalem.

55 St. Luke writes his Gospel.

60 Christianity preached in Britain.

61 Boadicea, the British Queen, defeats the Romans; but is con|quered soon after by Suetonius, governor of Britain.

62 St. Paul is sent in bonds to Rome—writes his epistles between 51 and 66.

63 The acts of the Apostles written.

Christianity is supposed to be introduced into Britian by St. Paul, or some of his disciples, about this time.

64 Rome set on fire, and burned for six days: upon which began, under Nero, the first persecution against the Christians.

67 St. Peter and St. Paul put to death.

70 Titus takes Jerusalem, which is rased to the ground, and the plough made to pass over it.

79 Herculaneum overwhelmed by an eruption of Mount Vesuvius.

85 Julius Agricola, governor of South Britain to protect the ci|vilized Britons from the incursions of the Caledonians, builds a line of forts between the rivers Forth and Clyde; defeats the Caledonians under Galgachus on the Grampian hills; and first sails round Britain.

96 St. John the Evangelist wrote his Revelation—his Gospel in 97.

121 The Caledonians re-conquer from the Romans all the South|ern parts of Scotland; upon which the emperor Adrian builds a wall between Newcastle and Carlisle; but this also proving ineffectual, Pollius Urbicus, the Roman General, about the year 144, repairs Agricola's forts, which he joins by a wall four yards thick, since called Antoninus's wall.

136 The second Jewish war ends, when they were all banished Judea.

139 Justin writes his first apology for the Christians.

140 Dublin built.

152 The emperor Antoninus Plus stops the persecution against the Christians.

211 The emperor Severus, after having conquered the Scots, and

pent them up by a new wall between the Forth and Clyde (since called Graham's Dyke) having also conquered the Parthians, in the east, and extended the Roman empire to its utmost bounds, dies at York.

217 The septuagint said to be found in a cask.

Church yards begin to be consecrated.

274 Silk first brought from India, and the manufactory of it in|troduced into Europe 551.

303 The tenth general persecution begins under Dioclesian and Galerius.

306 Constantine the great begins his reign.

308 Cardinals first instituted.

31•• The tenth persecution ends by an edict of Constantine, who favours the Christians, and gives full liberty to their reli|gion.

325 The first general council at Nice, when 318 fathers attended against Arius, where was composed the famous Nicene Creed.

328 Constantine removes the seat of empire from Rome to By|zantium, which is thenceforward called Constantinople.

331 Constantine orders all the Heathen temples to be destroyed.

363 The emperor Julian, surnamed the apostate, endeavours in vain to re-build the temple of Jerusalem.

364 The Roman empire is divided into the eastern (Constantino|ple the capital,) and western (of which Rome continued to be the capital;) each being now under the government of different Emperors.

The Scots utterly defeated and driven out of their country by the Picts and Romans.

Marriage in Lent forbidden.

400 Bells invented by Bishop Paulinus of Nola in Campagna.

404 The kingdom of Scotland revives under Fergus II.

410 Rome taken and plundered by Alari••, king of the Goths.

412 The Vand Is begin their Kingdom in Spain.

420 The Kingdom of France begins upon the lower Rhine, under Pharamond.

Salique law confirmed by this monarch.

426 The Romans withdraw their troops from Britain, and never return, advising the Britons to arm in their own defence, and trust to their own valour.

432 St. Patrick began to preach in Ireland: he died 17th, March, 493 aged 122 years.

446 The Britons now left to themselves, are greatly harrassed by the Scots and Pict; upon which they once more make their complaint to the Romans, but receive no assistance from that quarter.

447 Attila (••urnamed the scourge of God) with 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Huns, ravages the Roman empire.

449 Vortigern, King of the Britons, invites the Saxons into Bri|tain against the Scots and Picts.

455 The Saxons having repulsed the Scots and Picts, invite over

more of their countrymen, and begin to establish themselves in Kent under Hengist.

476 The Western empire entirely destroyed; upon the ruins of which several new states arise in Italy and other parts, consisting of Goths, Vandals, Huns, and other barbarians; under whom literature is extinguished, and the works of the learned are destroyed.

496 Clovis King of France baptized, and Christianity begins in that kingdom.

508 Prince Arthur begins his reign over the Britons.

510 Paris becomes the capital of France.

516 The computing of time by the Christian aera is introduced by Dionysius the monk.

529 The code of Justinian, the eastern emperor, is published.

557 A terrible plague all over Europe, Asia, and Africa, which continues near 50 years.

581 Latin ceased to be spoken about this time in Italy.

600 Bells first used in churches.

606 The power of the Popes begins by the concessions of Phocas, emperor of the East.

622 Mahomet flies from Mecca to Medina in Arabia. His fol|lowers compute their time from this aera, which in Arabic is called Hegira, i. e. the flight.

637 Jerusalem taken by the Saracens, or followers of Mahomet.

640 Alexandria in Egypt is taken by the Saracens, and the grand library there burned by order of Omar their caliph, or prince.

664 Glass invented in England by Benault, a monk.

670 Building with stone introduced into England by Bennet, a monk.

685 The Britons totally expelled by the Saxons, and driven into Wales and Cornwall.

696 Churches first begun to be built in England.

713 The Saracens conquer Spain. Their progress stoppead in France by Charles Martel, in 732.

726 The controversy about images begins, and occasions many insurrections in the eastern empire.

748 The computing of years from the birth of Christ begun to be used in history.

749 The race of Abbas become caliphs of the Saracens, and en|courage learning.

761 Thirty thousand books burnt by order of the emperor Leo.

762 The city of Bagdad upon the Tigris is made the capital of the Saracen empire.

786 The surplice, a vestment of the Pagan priests, introduced into churches.

800 Charlemagne, king of France, begins the empire of Germa|ny, afterwards called the western empire, and endeavours in vain to restore learning in Europe.

828 Egbert king of Wessex unites the Heptarchy by the name of England.

838 The Scots and Picts have a decisive battle, in which the for|mer

prevail, and both kingdoms are united by Kennet, which begins the second period of the Scottish history.

The Danes with 60 ships arrived at and took Dublin.

867 The Danes begin their ravages in England.

871 Bath Springs first discovered.

886 Juries first instituted.

896 Alfred the Great, after subduing the Danish invaders, com|poses his body of laws; divides England into counties, hundreds, and tythings; erects county courts, and founds the University of Oxford about this time.

915 The University of Cambridge founded.

936 The Saracen empire divided into seven kingdoms, by usurp|ation.

940 Christianity established in Denmark.

989 Christianity established in Russia.

991 The figures in arithmetic are brought into Europe by the Sa|racens, from Arabia. Letters of the Alphabet were hither|to used.

996 Otho III. makes the empire of Germany elective.

999 Boleslaus the first King of Poland.

1000 Paper made of cotton rags comes into use, that of linen do. 1170.

1005 All the old churches are rebuilt about this time in a new style.

1014 On Good Friday, April 23d, the famous b••ttle of Clontarf was sought, wherein the Danes were completely defeated with a loss of 11,000 men, and driven out of Ireland—but the Irish king Brian Boromy, was killed, aged 88.

1015 Children forbidden by law to be sold by their parents in England.

Priests forbidden to marry.

1017 Canute, king of Denmark, gets possession of England.

1025 Musical gamut invented.

1040 The Danes driven out of Scotland.

1041 The Saxon line restored under Edward the Confessor.

1043 The Turks become formidable, and take possession of Persia.

1065 The Turks take Jerusalem from the Saracens.

1066 The battle of Hastings fought, between Harold and William Duke of Normandy, in which Harold is conquered and slain: after which William becomes king of England.

1070 William introduces the feudal law.

1075 Henry IV, Emperor of Germany, and the Pope, quarrel about the nomination of the German bishops. Henry in penance, walks barefooted to Rome, towards the end of January.

1076 Justices of the peace first appointed in England.

1080 Doomlday book began to be compiled by order of William, from a survey of all the estates in England, and finished in 1086.

The Tower of London built by the same prince, to curb his English subjects; numbers of whom fly to Scotland, where they introduce the Saxon or English language; are protected by Malcolm, and have lands given them.

1086 Kingdom of Bohemia begun.

1091 The Saracens in Spain, being hard pressed by the Spaniards, call to their assistance Joseph king of Morocco; by which the Moors get possession of all the Saracen dominions in Spain.

1096 The first Crusade to the Holy Land begun, to drive the infi|dels from Jerusalem.

1107 King's speech first delivered by Henry I.

1110 Edgar Atheling, the last of the Saxon princes, dies in En|gland, where he had been permitted to reside as a subject. Learning revived in Cambridge.

1118 The order of the Knights Templars instituted to defend the S••pulchre at Jerusalem, and to protect Christian strangers.

1140 King Stephen grants liberty to his nobles to build castles; in consequence of which 1100 are erected in 14 years.

1151 The canon law collected by Gratian, a monk of Bologns.

1163 London bridge, consisting of 19 small arches, first built of stone.

1164 The Teutonic order of religious knights begins in Germany.

1171 Dermot Mac Murrogh, prince of Leinster, being beaten and put to flight by other princes, induces some English adventurers to land in Ireland, and assist him in recover|ing his dominious: Dublin is besieged and taken by Ray|mend le Gross.

1172 Henry II. lands at Waterford, and soon after obtains from Richard E. Strongbow (who had married the daughter of Mac Murrogh, and according to compact, succeeded to his dominions) a surrender of Dublin; where he erects a pavilion of wicker work, and entertains several Irish princes, who, voluntarily, submit to him, on condition of being governed by the same laws, civil and ecclesiastical, and enjoying the same liberties and immunities, as the people of England.

Henry II. landed in Ireland, with 400 knights and 5000 men.

1173 The same king grants its first charter to Dublin; and, by divers privileges, encourages a colony from Brstol to set|tle in it.

1174 Henry II. creates his younger son, 12 years old, king or lord of Ireland, who grants charters to the city of Dub|lin, and other corporations.

1180 Glass windows began to be used in private houses in England.

1182 Pope Alexander III, compelled the kings of England and France to hold the stirrups of his saddle when he mount|ed his horse.

1186 The great conjunction of the sun and moon and all the planets in Libra, happened in September.

1192 The battle of Ascalon, in Judea, in which Richard, king of England, defeats Saladine's army, consisting of 300,000 combatants.

Richard treacherously imprisoned in his way home by the Emperor of Germany.

1194 Dieu et mon Droit, first used as a motto by Richard, on a victory over the French.

1200 Chimn••es were not known in England.

Surnames now began to be use 〈◊〉〈◊〉 among the nobility.

1208 London incorporated, and obtained its first charter from king John.

1210 King John met in Dublin upwards of 20 Irish princes, who swore allegiance to him, and there caused them to esta|blish the English laws and customs••

Courts of Judicature first erected in Ireland.

1215 Magna Cha••••a is signed by king John and the barons of England; and the following year it is granted to the Irish by Henry III.

1217 The same prince grants the city of Dublin to the citizens, in fee farm at 200 marks ••er annum.

1227 The Tartars, a new race of barbarians, under Gingis Khan, emerge, from the northern parts of Asia, conquer the greatest part of that continent, and in 22 years destroy upwards of 14 millions of people.

1233 The inquisition, begun in 1204, is now trusted to the Do|minicans.

The houses of London, and other cities in England, France, and Germany, still thatched with straw.

1252 Magnifying glass••s invented by Roger Bacon.

1253 The famous astronomical tables are composed by Alonzo king of Castile.

1258 The Tartars take Bagdad, which puts an end to the empire of the 〈◊〉〈◊〉.

1263 Acho, king of Norway, invades Scotland with 160 sail, and lands 20000 men at the mouth of the Clyde, but most of them are cut to pieces by Alexander III. who recovers the western isles.

1264 The commons of England have a place in parliament.

1269 The Hamburgh company incorporated in England.

1273 The empire of the present Austrian family begins in Ger|many.

1280 Pulvis fulminans and gun powder invented by Roger Bacon.

1282 Lewellyn, prince of Wales, defeated and killed by Edward I. who 〈◊〉〈◊〉 that principality to England.

1284 Edward II. born at Carnarvon, is the first prince of Wales.

1285 Alexander III. king of Scotland dies, and that kingdom is disputed by twelve candidates, who submit their claims to the arbitration of Edward, king of England, which lays the foundation of a long and desolating war between the two nations.

Spectacles invented by Alexander Spin••, a Spanish monk.

1293 There is a regular succession of English parliaments from this year, being the 2nd. of Edward I.

1298 The present Turkish empire begins in Bythinia under Otto|man

Silver hasted knives, spoons, and cups, a great luxury.

Splinters of wood generally used for lights.

Wine sold by the apothecaries as a cordial.

1299 Windmills invented.

1300 About this time the mariner's compass was invented, or improved, by John Gioia, or Goya, a Neapolitan. The flower de luce, the arms of the duke of Anjou, then king of Naples, was placed by him at the point of the needle, in compliment to that prince.

1307 The beginning of the Swiss cantons.

Interest of money in England at 45 per cent.

1308 The Popes remove to Avignon in France for 70 years.

1314 The battle of Bannock burn between Edward II. and Robert Bruce, in which the English are overthrown with prodi|gious slaughter, and all their boasted pretensions of so|vereignty are utterly dissipated.

1320 Gold first coi•••••• in Christendom.

1336 Two Braban•• weavers settle at York, which, says Edward III. may prove of great benefit to us and our subjects.

1337 The first comet whose course is described with astronomical exactness.

1340 Gunpowder first suggested as useful for warlike purposes by Swartz, a monk of Cologne; 13••6, Edward III. had four pieces of cannon, which contributed to gain him the battle of Cressy.

Oil painting first made use of by John. Vaneck.

1344 The first creation to titles by patent used by Edward III.

1349 The order of the Garter instituted in England by Edward III.

1352 The Turks first enter Europe.

1356 The battle of Poictiers, in which king John of France, and his sons, are taken prisoners by Edward the black prince.

1357 Coals first brought to London.

1358 Arms of England and France first quartered by Edward III.

1362 The law pleadings in England changed from French to En|glish, as a favour of Edward III to his people.

1386 A company of linen weavers from the Netherlands establish|ed in London.

1388 The battle of Otterburn between Hotspur and the earl of Douglas; on this is founded the ballad of Chevy Ch••ce.

Title of Baron first given by Richard II.

1390 Co••••se cloth first made in England at Kendal.

1391 Cards invented in France for the king's amusement.

1399 Westminster Abbey rebuilt and enlarged.

Order of the Bath instituted at the coronation of Henry IV.

1402 Bajaze•• defeated by Tamerlane, and the power of the Turks almost entirely destroyed.

1404 Hats for men invented at Paris by a Swiss.

1412 Denmark united with the crown of Norway.

1415 The battle of Agincourt, gained over the French by Henry V. of England.

1416 The art of curing herrings invented by William Boekel, a Dutchman; by which he rendered an essential service to his country.

1428 The siege of Orleans. The celebrated Maid of Orleans ap|pears and gives the first blow to the English power in France. She is afterwards taken prisoner, and basely put to death.

1430 Laurentius of Haerlem invents the Art of Printing, which he practised with separate wooden types. Guttenburgh afterwards invented cut metal types. Peter Schoeffer in|vented the mode of casting types in matrices. But the most authentic accounts ascribe the invention of printing to Dr. Faust, or Faustus, in 1444.

1446 The Vatican Library founded at Rome

The sea broke in at Dort, and drowned 100,000 people.

1453 Constantinople taken by the Turks, which utterly over|throws the Roman empire.

1454 Otto Guerick, a German, invents the air pump.

Cape Verd Isles first seen.

Duelling appointed in certain cases in France, in order to have the judgment of God.

1460 Engravings and etchings in copper invented.

1471 Decimal arithmetic invented, and the use of tangents in trig|onometry introduced, by Regiomontanus.

1473 Greek language brought into France.

1483 Richard III, King of England, and last of the Plantagenets, is defeated and killed at the battle of Bosworth, by Henry (Tudor) VII, which puts an end to the civil wars between the houses of York and Lancaster.

1485 Great numbers carried off by the sweating sickness.

1486 Henry establishes fifty yeomen of the guard, the first stand|ing army.

1489 Maps and sea charts first brought to England by Barth. Co|lumbus.

1491 William Grocin publicly teaches the Greek language at Ox|ford.

The Moors, hitherto a formidable enemy to the native Span|iards, are entirely subdued by Ferdinand, and become subjects of that Prince on certain conditions; but are cru|elly persecuted by the inquisitors.

1492 America discovered by Columbus.

1494 Algebra first known in Europe.

1497 The Portuguese first sail to the East Indies by the Cape of Good Hope.

South America discovered by Americus Vespusius, from whom the continent unjustly takes its name.

1499 North America discovered for Henry VII. by Cabot a na|tive of Bristol.

1500 Maximilian divides the empire of Germany into six circles. Brasil discovered by Cabral.

1503 Mines used in the attack and defence of places, invented.

1509 Gardening introduced into England from the Netherlands, from whence vegetables were imported hitherto.

1512 Florida discovered.

1513 The battle of Flowden, in which James IV, of Scotland is killed, with the flower of his nobility.

1517 Martin Luther began the reformation.

Egypt conquered by the Turks.

1518 Magellan, in the service of Spain, discovers the straits which bear his name, makes the first voyage round the world, but is killed by savages in the Marianne islands.

Republic of Geneva founded.

1520 Henry VIII, for his writings in favour of Popery, receives the title of "Defender of the Faith" from the Pope.

Chocolate first brought from Mexico by the Spaniards.

1529 The name of protestant takes its rise from the reformed pro|testing against the church of Rome, at the diet of Spires in Germany.

1530 Copernicus revives the Pythagorean system of astronomy.

1533 Currant trees brought into England from Zante.

1537 Religious houses dissolved by Henry VIII.

1539 The first English edition of the bible authorised, the present translation finished 1611. About this time cannon be|gan to be used in ships.

1543 Silk Stockings first worn by the French King.

Pins first used in England; before which time the ladies used skewers.

1544 Good lands let in England at one shilling per acre.

1545 The famous Council of Trent begins, and continues 18 years.

1546 Interest of money first established in England by law at ten per cent.

Ann Ascue, a Protestant, cruelly tortured by order of Henry VIII. who, to the utter disgrace of royalty, put his own hands to the rack, as not thinking the executioner suffi|ciently expert. She endured every thing with patience, and was afterwards burnt.

1549 Lords Lieutenants of counties instituted in England.

1550 Cherries, pears, &c. introduced into England.

1553 Circulation of the blood through the lungs first published by Michael Servetus.

1557 Groats and half groats the greatest silver coin in England.

1560 Siberia was about this time discovered, under the reign of Czar Ivan Basilides.

1563 Knives first made in England.

The 39 articles of the English faith established.

1565 Botany revived at Thuringe in Germany,

Potatoes first brought to Ireland from New Spain.

Henry Lord Dainly, husband to Queen Mary of Scotland, blown up with Gun-powder in the Provost's house at Edinburgh, about two in the morning of Feb. 11.

1569 Royal Exchange, of London, first built.

Circulation of the blood published by Cisalpinus.

Mary Queen of Scotland, driven from her kingdom by the rebellion of her subjects, flies to Queen Elizabeth for pro|tection, by whom she is treacherously imprisoned.

1571 Printing in Irish characters first instituted.

1572 The great massacre of protestants at Paris.

1573 Marby-hill in Hereford removed of itself.

1578 Apricots and artichokes introduced into England.

1579 The Dutch shake off the Spanish Yoke, and the republic of Holland begins.

English East India Company incorporated—established 1600.

English Turkey Company incorporated.

1580 Sir Francis Drake returns from his voyage round the world, being the first English circumnavigator.

1581 J. Usher, Archbishop of Armagh, born in Dublin, drew up 104 articles of religion for Ireland, 1615; which were established, 1635,—Died, 1656.

1582 Pope Gregory introduces the new style in Italy; the 5th. October being counted 15.

1583 Tobacco first brought from Virginia into England.

1587 Mary Queen of Scots is beheaded by order of Elizabeth, af|ter 18 years imprisonment.

1588 The Spanish Armada destroyed by Drake and other English Admirals.

Henry IV, passes the edict of Nantz, tolerating the Protest|ants.

The manufactory of paper introduced into England at Dart|ford.

1589 Coaches first introduced into England.

Bombs invented at V••nlo.

1591 Trinity College, Dublin, founded.

1597 Watches first brought into England from Germany.

1600 Building with brick introduced into England by the earl of Arundel, most of the houses in London being hitherto built with wood.

1602 Decimal arithmetic invented at Bruges.

1603 Queen Elizabeth (the last of the Tudors) dies, and nomi|nates James VI. of Scotland (and first of the Stuarts) as her successor, which unites both Kingdoms under the name of Great Britain.

1605 The Gunpowder plot discovered at Westminster.

Kepler lays the foundation of the Newtonian system of at|traction.

1606 Oaths of allegiance first administered in England.

1608 Galileo, of Florence, first discovers the satellites about the planet Jupiter by the telescope, then just invented in Holland.

Quebec settled by the French.

1610 Henry IV, is murdered at Paris by Ra••illiac, a priest.

Virginia and Newfoundland settled by the English.

Hudson's Bay discovered by a Captain of that name, who is left by his men to perish on that desolate coast.

1611 Baronets first created in England by James I.

1614 Napier, of Marcheston, in Scotland, invents the logarithms.

Sir Hugh Middleton brings the new river to London from Ware.

The custom of powdering the hair took its rise from some

ballad singers at St. German's fair, who powdered them|selves to look the more ridiculous.

1614 New York and New Jersey settled by the Dutch.

1618 New Holland discovered by the Dutch.

1619 Dr. W. Harvey, an Englishman, fully confirms the doctrine of the circulation of the blood.

1620 The broad silk manufactory from raw silk introduced into England.

Cape Cod, Massachusetts, discovered.

1622 Nova Scotia settled.

1623 New Hampshire settled by an English colony.

Plymouth in New England planted by a part of Mr. Ro|binson's congregation.

1625 The island of Barbadoes, the first English settlement in the West Indies, is planted.

1626 The barometer invented by Torricelli.

1627 The thermometer invented by Drebellius.

A colony of Swedes settled on Delaware river, Pennsylvania.

1629 Carolina planted—discovered 1497.

1630 Peruvian bark first brought to France.

1631 Newspapers first published at Paris.

Boston first settled.

1632 The battle of Lutzen, in which Gustavus Adolphus, king of Sweden, and head of the Protestants in Germany, is killed.

1633 Maryland settled by Lord Baltimore, with a colony of Ro|man Catholics.

1635 Connecticut and Rhode Island settled.

1637 New Jersey, in America, settled by the Swedes.

1638 Harvard College in Cambridge, Massachusetts, established.

1640 King Charles disobliges his Scottish subjects; on which their army under General Lesley, enters England, and takes Newcastle, being encouraged by the male contents in England.

The massacre in Ireland, when 40,000 English Protestants were killed.

1642 Civil war begins in England.

1646 Episcopacy abolished in England.

Sympathetic powder made known by Sir Kenelm Digby.

1647 The first Selenographic maps made by Hevelius.

1649 Charles I. beheaded at Whitehall, January 30, aged 49.

1652 The first coffee house in London.

The speaking trumpet invented by Kirchir, a Jesuit.

1654 Cromwell assumes the Protectorship.

1655 The English, under Admiral Penn, take Jamaica from the Spaniards.

Algiers reduced by admiral Blake.

1658 Cromwell dies, and is succeeded in the Protectorship by his son Richard.

1659 Transfusion of the blood first suggested at Oxford.

1660 King Charles II. is restored by Monk, commander of the

army, after an exile of twelve years in France and Hol|land.

1660 Episcopacy restored in England and Scotland.

The people of Denmark being oppressed by the Nobles, surrender their privileges to Fred. III. who becomes ab|solute.

1662 The Royal Society established in London by Charles II. Pendulum clocks invented by John Fromentel, a Dutchman. Fire engines invented.

1665 The plague rages in London.

1666 The great fire of London began, Sept. 2, and continued three days, in which were destroyed 1••,000 houses and 400 streets.

Tea first used in England.

Academy of sciences established in France.

1667 The peace of Breda, which confirms to the English the New Netherlands, now known by the names of Penn|sylvania, New York, and New Jersey.

1669 South Carolina planted by an English colony under Gover|nor Sayle.

1670 The English Hudson's Bay Company incorporated.

1671 Academy of Architecture established in France.

1672 Lewis XIV. overruns great part of Holland, when the Dutch open their sluices, being determined to drown their country, and retire to their settlements in the East Indies.

African company established.

1673 St. Helena taken by the English.

1675 Coffee houses shut up by proclamation, as encouragers of se|dition.

1676 Repeating clocks and watches invented by Barlow.

1678 The peace of Nimeguen.

The habeas corpus act passed.

1679 Darkness at London, that one could not read at noon day, January 12.

1680 A great comet appeared, and continued visible from Nov. 3, to March 9.

1681 William Penn, a Quaker, receives a charter for planting Pennsylvania.

Pennsylvania settled.

1682 College of physicians, at Edinburgh, incorporated.

Royal academy established at Nismes.

1683 India stock sold from 360 to 500 per cent.

1685 The duke of Monmouth, natural son to Charles II. raises a rebellion, but is defeated at the battle of Sedgemoor, and beheaded.

The edict of Nantz infamously revoked by Lewis XIV. and and the protestants cruelly persecuted.

1687 The palace of Versailles, near Paris, finished by Lewis XIV.

1688 The Revolution in Great Britain begins, Nov. 5. King James retires to France, December 3.

1689 King William and Queen Mary, daughter and son in law to James II. are proclaimed February 16.

••iscount Dundee stands out for James in Scotland, but is killed after gaining the battle of Killycrankie, upon which the Highlanders disperse.

The land tax passes in England.

The toleration act passes in ditto.

1690 The battle of the Boyne, gained by William against James in Ireland, July 1.

1691 The war in Ireland finished by the surrender of Limerick to William.

1692 The English and Dutch fleets, commanded by Admiral Rus|sel, defeated the French fleet off La Hogue.

Massacre of the Macdonalds, at Glencoe, in Scotland, (for not surrendering in time according to king William's proclamation,) said to be without the king's knowledge.

1693 Bayonets at the end of loaded muskets first used by the French.

The duchy of Hanover made the ninth electorate.

Bank of England established by king William.

The first public lottery was drawn this year.

Stamp duties instituted in England.

1695 Bank of Scotland established.

1696 The peace of Ryswick.

1697 Malt tax established.

1699 The Scots settled a colony at the isthmus of Darien, in Amer|ica; and called it Caledonia.

1700 Charles XII, of Sweden, begins his reign.

Yale College established at Saybrook, Connecticut—removed to Newhaven 1716.

1701 Prussia erected into a kingdom.

Cottonian library settled for public benefit.

Society for the propagation of the gospel in foreign parts established.

1702 King William dies, aged 50, and is succeeded by Queen Anne, daughter to James II, who, with the emperor and States General, renews the war against France and Spain.

1704 Gibraltar taken from the Spaniards by Admiral Rooke

The battle of Blenheim, won by the Duke of Marlborough and Allies against the French.

The court of Exchequer instituted in England.

Prussian blue discovered at Berlin.

1706 The Treaty of Union betwixt England and Scotland, signed June 22.

1707 The first British Parliament.

1708 Minorca taken from the Spaniards by General Stanhope.

The battle of Oudenarde won by Marlborough and the allies.

Sardinia erected into a kingdom, and given to the Duke of Savoy.

1709 Peter the Great, Czar of Muscovy, defeats Charles XII, at Pultowa, who flies to Turkey.

1710 Queen Anne changes the Whig Ministry for others more fa|vourable to the interest of her brother, the late Pretender.

The cathedral church of St. Paul, London, rebuilt by Sir Christopher Wren, in 37 years, at one million of expense, by a duty on coals.

The English South Sea Company began.

1713 The peace of Utrecht, whereby Newfoundland, Nova Sco|tia, New Britain, and Hudson's Bay, in North America, were yielded to Great Britain; Gibraltar and Minorca, in Europe, were also confirmed to the said crown by this treaty.

1714 Queen Anne dies, at the age of 49, and is succeeded by George I.

Interest reduced to 5 per cent. in England.

1715 Lewis XIV. dies, and is succeeded by his great grand son Lewis XV.

The rebellion in Scotland begins in September, under the Earl of Mar, in favour of the Pretender. The action of Sheriffmuir, and the surrender of Preston, both in No|vember, when the rebels disperse.

1716 Aurora Borealis first taken notice of in England—1719 in New England.

The Pretender married to the princess Sobieski, grand daughter to John Sobieski, late king of Poland.

An act passed for septennial parliaments.

1719 The Mississipi scheme at its height in France.

Lombe's silk throwing machine, containing 26,526 wheels, erected at Derby; takes up one eighth of a mile; one wa|ter wheel moves the rest; and in 24 hours it works 318,504.960 yards of organzine silk thread.

The South Sea scheme in England began April 7, was at its height at the end of June, and quite sunk about Septem|ber 29.

1724 Boston (Mass.) Episcopal Charitable Society established, and incorporated, 1••th. Feb. 1784.

1727 King George I. dies, in the 68th year of his age, and is succeeded by his only son, George II.

Inoculation first tried on criminals with success.

Russia, formerly a dukedom, is now established as an em|pire.

1728 North Carolina settled about this time.

1729 The Irish Parliament sat at the Blue Coat Hospital, Dublin, where an attempt was made to obtain the supplies for 21 years; but rejected by a majority of one.

1731 The first person executed in Britain for forgery.

1732 GEORGE WASHINGTON, THE FATHER OF HIS COUN|TRY, AND THE FRIEND OF MAN, WAS BORN IN VIR|GINIA.

Georgia settled by Gen. Oglethorpe.

Kouli Khan usurps the Persion throne, conquers the Mogul empire, and returns with 231 millions sterling.

1734 Forgery first punished in England with death.

1736 Captain Porteus, having ordered his soldiers to fire upon the populace, at the execution of a smuggler, is himself hanged by the mob at Edinburgh.

1737 The earth proved to be flatted towards the poles.

1738 June 4. King George III. of Great Britain, born.

Westminster Bridge, consisting of 15 arches, began; finished in 1750, at the expence of 389,0001 desrayed by Parlia|ment.

Nassau Hall, or Princeton College in New Jersey, founded.

1739 Letters of marque issued out in Britain against Spain, July 21, and war declared October 23.

1740 The first ship with Irish coals arrived at Dublin from Newry.

1743 The battle of Dettingen won by the English and Allies, in favour of the queen of Hungary.

1744 War declared against France.

Commodore Anson returns from his voyage round the world.

1745 The rebellion breaks out in Scotland, and the Pretender's army defeated by the duke of Cumberland, at Culloden, April 16, 1746.

1746 British Linen Company erected.

Electric shock discovered.

Lima and Callao swallowed up by an earthquake.

1747 Dec. 23 Boston, Massachusetts, sustained a loss by fire of its court-house and records.

1748 The peace of Aix lx Chapelle, by which a restitution of all places taken during the war was to be made on all sides.

Halifax, in Nova Scotia, built.

1749 The interest of the British funds reduced to three per cent.

British herring fishery incorporated.

Dublin Society incorporated by charter.

1751 Antiquarian Society at London incorporated.

Charleston, S. C infested with worms.

1752 The new style introduced into Great Britain; the third of September being counted the fourteenth.

Identity of electric fire and lightning discovered by Dr. Franklin, who thereupon invented a method of securing buildings from thunder storms.

Marine Society, Newport, R. I. instituted.

1753 The British Museum erected at Montague House.

Society of Arts, Manufactures and Commere, instituted in London.

Sept. 15, Charleston, S. C. destroyed by a hurricane.

1754 Columbia, (formerly king's) College, N. York, first founded.

1755 Lisbon destroyed by an earthquake.

1756 One hundred and forty six Englishmen are confined in the black hole at Calcutta, in the East Indies, by order of the Nabob, and 123 found dead next morning.

Marine Society established at London.

1757 Jan 5. Damien attempted to assassinate the French king.

1758 July 4, Savannah, state of Georgia, damaged by fire.

Williamsburgh, S. C. destroyed by a hurricane.

1759 General Wolfe is killed in the battle of Quebec, which is gained by the English.

1760 Black Friar's Bridge, consisting of nine arches, begun; finished 1770, at the expence of 152,8401. to be dis|charged by a toll. George II. dies, and is succeeded by George III.

March 20, Boston, (Mass.) sustained a loss by fire of 100,0001. again in 1761, 64, and 1775; and again, April 20, 1787, 100 houses burnt.

1761 Charlestown, (Mass.) greatly damaged by a storm.

Bourbon family compact took place.

1762 War declared against Spain.

Peter III. Emperor of Russia, is deposed, imprisoned, and murdered.

American Philosophical Society established in Philadelphia.

August 11. Charleston, S. C. greatly damaged by an explo|sion of gun-powder.

1763 The definitive treaty of peace between Great Britain, France, Spain, and Portugal, concluded at Paris, February 10, which confirmed to Great Britain the extensive provinces of Canada, East and West Florida, and part of Louisiana, in North America; also the islands of Grenada, St. Vin|cent, Dominica, and Tobago, in the West Indies

1764 The parliament granted 10,0001. to Mr. Harrison, for his discovery of the longitude by his time piece.

Rhode-Island College, Providence, founded.

1765 George III's royal charter passed for incorporating the so|ciety of artists.

The famous stamp act passed in the British parliament, March 22. Repealed March 18, 1766.

Grand canal adjoining the city bason, Dublin, begun; com|pleted to Monastereven in 1786.

1766 A great spot passed the sun's centre.

Gibraltar almost destroyed by a storm.

1768 Academy of painting established in London.

The Turks imprison the Russian Ambassador, and declare war against that empire.

Duration of Irish parliaments limited to eight years.

1769 Electricity of the aurora borealis discovered by Wideburg at Jena.

1770 Massacre at Boston, March 5.

Dartmouth University, New Hampshire, founded by the Rev. Eleazer Wheelock.

1771 Dr. Solander and Mr. Banks, in his Majesty's ship the En|deavour, Lieutenant Cook, return from a voyage round the world, having made several important discoveries.

1772 The king of Sweden changes the constitution of that king|dom.

A dreadful fire at Antigua.

Twelve hundred and forty people killed in the island of Java, by an electrified cloud.

A revolution in Denmark.

1772 The emperor of Germany, empress of Russia, and the king of Prussia, strip the king of Poland of great part of his dominions, which they divide among themselves, in violation of the most solemn treaties.

1773 Capt. Phipps is sent to explore the north pole; but having made eighty one degrees, is in danger of being locked up by the ice, returns.

The Jesuits expelled from the Pope's dominions, and sup|pressed by his bull.

The English East India Company having, by conquest or treaty, acquired the extensive provinces of Bengal, Orixa, and Bahar, containing fifteen millions of inhabitants, great irregularities are committed by their servants abroad, upon which the British government interferes, and sends out judges, &c.

The war between the Russians and Turks proves disgraceful to the latter, who lose the islands in the Archipelago, and by sea are every where unsuccessful.

Tea, 340 chests, destroyed at Boston.

Dec. 29. The governor's house burnt at New York.

1774 Peace proclaimed between the Russians and Turks.

The British parliament having passed an act, laying a duty of three pence per pound upon all teas imported into America; the colonies, considering this as a grievance, deny the right of the British parliament to tax them.

Boston port bill passed March 25.

Deputies from the several American colonies meet at Phila|delphia, as the first general congress, October 26.

First petition of Congress to the King, November.

1775 April 19. The first action happens in America between the British troops and the Americans at Lexington.

Ticonderoga and Crown Point taken by Colonels Allen and Easton.

A dreadful fire in Grenada; loss computed at 500,0001.

Paper money issued by Congress.

May 20. Articles of confederation and perpetual union are agreed on between the American colonies.

June 17, A bloody action at Bunker's Hill between the Bri|tish troops and the Americans, in which the brave General Warren was slain.

Charlestown, Masschusetts, burnt.

Battle of Quebec, where fell the brave Montgomery, De|cember 31st.

1776 Jan. 1. Norfolk and Portsmouth in Virginia, destroyed by the British.

March 17. The town of Boston evacuated by the king's troops.

An unsuccessful attempt in July, made by Commodore Sir Peter Parker and Lieutenant General Clinton, upon Charleston in South Carolina.

Order for calling in all the light gold, in Great Britain and Ireland, and ordering it for the future to pass only by weight.

1776 Congress declare the American colonies free and indepen|dent States, July 4.

The Americans retreat from Long Island, in August, after a bloody battle, and the city of New York is afterwards taken possession of by the king's troops.

Torture abolished in Poland.

Nov. 16. Fort Washington taken.

18. Fort Lee taken.

20. Great part of the city of New York burnt.

30. Battle of White Plains.

Dec. 6. Newport, R. I taken ••y the British.

December 25, General Washington takes 900 of the Hes|sians prisoners at Trenton.

Capt. COOK first circumnavigated the globe.

Austria granted toleration of religious faith, and abolished torture.

1777 Battle of Brandywine.

Jan. 2. The British defeated at Princeton with the loss of 300 prisoners. On the side of the Americans the brave general Mercer was slain.

General Howe takes possession of Philadelphia, September.

Oct. 4. Battle of Germantown.

15. Esopus on North River, burnt by the British.

Lieutenant General Burgoyne is obliged to surrender his ar|my, consisting of 5752 men to the American Generals Gates and Arnold, October 17.

Oct. 21. Battle of Red Bank.

1778 Jan. 15. Charleston, S. C. sustained a loss by fire, in 250 dwelling, besides out-houses to the amount of 100,0001, sterling.

A treaty of alliance concluded at Paris between the French King and the Thirteen United American States, in which their Independence is acknowledged by the Court of France, February 6.

The earl of Carlisle, William Eden, Esq: and George Johnstone, Esq arrived at Philadelphia the beginning of June, as commissioners for restoring peace between Great Britain and America.

The remains of the earl of Chatham interred at the public expence in Westminster Abbey, June 9, in consequence of a vote of parliament.

Philadelphia evacuated by the king's troops, June 18.

Battle at Monmouth.

The Congress refuse to treat with the British commissioners.

Aug. 7. New York, an accidental fire destroys 300 houses.

Dominica taken by the French, September 7.

Pondicherry surrenders to the arms of Great Britain, Oc|tober 17.

St. Lucia taken by the French, December 28.

1779 St. Vincent taken by the French.

May. Suffolk, Virginia, destroyed by the British.

Grenada taken by the French, July 3.

1779 Battle at Stony Point, July 18.

October 1••. Both houses of the Irish parliament address the king for a free trade.

Nov. 16. Massachusett's Charitable Society instituted.

The Spaniards join with the French and Americans against Great Britain.

1780 Torture in courts of justice abolished in France.

The inquisition abolished in the Duke of Modena's domi|nions.

Admiral Rodney takes twenty two sail of Spanish ships, Jan. 8.

Jan. 15. Woollen goods first exported from Ireland, to a foreign market.

The Admiral also engages a Spanish fleet under the com|mand of Don Juan de Langara, near Cape St. Vincent, and takes five ships of the line, one more driven on shore, and another blown up, Jan. 16.

Three actions between Admiral Rodney and the Count de Guichen, in the West-Indies, in the month of April and May; but none of them decisive.

Charleston, South Carolina, surrenders to Sir Henry Clinton, May 4.

Pensacola, and the whole province of West Florida, surren|der to the arms of the king of Spain, May 9.

The Protestant Association, to the number of 50,000, go up to the House of Commons with their petition for the re|peal of an act passed in favour of the Catholics.

That event followed by the most daring riots in the cities of London and South wark, for several successive days, in which some Popish chapels are destroyed, together with the prisons of Newgate, the King's Bench, the Fleet, se|veral private houses, &c. These alarming riots are at length suppressed by the interposition of the military, and many of the rioters tried and executed for felony.

May 23. Dark day in Massachusetts.

July 10. Six thousand troops under the command of Count Rochambeau arrive at Rhode Island.

Five English East Indiamen, and fifty English merchant ships bound for the West Indies, taken by the combined fleets of France and Spain, August 8.

Earl Cornwallis obtains a victory over general Gates, near Cambden, in South Carolina, August 16.

Arnold, the infamous traitor, deserts the service of his country, escapes to New-York, and is made a Brigadier General in the British service, September 24.

Major Andre, Adjutant General to the British army, hanged as a spy at Tappan, in the State of New-York, October 2.

Henry Laurens, Esq is committed prisoner to the Tower in London, on a charge of high treason, October 4.

Dreadful hurricanes in the West Indies, by which great de|vastation is made in Jamaica, Barbadoes, St. Lucia Do|minica, and other islands, October 3, and 10.

1780 American Academy of Arts and Sciences instituted in Mas|sachusetts.

December 14. Charleston, S. C. evacuated by the British.

A declaration of hostilities, by Great Britain, published against Holland, December 20.

First Irish State Lottery drawn.

The winter of 1780—81, remarkable for its uncommon severity, so that, in January, 1781, the passage between New York and Staten Island was practicable for the hea|viest cannon.

1781 Jan. 17. The British under Colonel Tarleton defeated by General Morgan at the Cowpens.

The Dutch island of St. Eustatia taken by Admiral Rodney and General Vaughan, February 3. Retaken by the French, November 27.

March 15. Battle of Guildford Court House.

The island of Tobago taken by the French, June 2.

A bloody engagement fought between an English Squadron under the command of Admiral Parker, and a Dutch Squadron under the command of Admiral Zoutman, off the Dogger Bank, August 5.

The Marquis La Fayette, at the head of 2000 light infantry, performs important services in Virginia.

September 9. The battle of Eutaw-springs.

13. New London burnt by Traitor Arnold.

Earl Cornwallis, with the British army under his command, surrendered prisoners of war to the American and French troops, under the command of General Washington and Count Rochambeau, at Yorktown, in Virginia, Oct. 19, which decided the contest in favour of America.

Continental paper money ceased to circulate.

November 1. Massachusett's Medical Society incorporated.

1782 Trincomale, on the island of Ceylon, taken by Admiral Hughes, Jan. 11.

Minorca surrendered to the arms of the King of Spain, Feb. 5.

The island of St. Christopher taken by the French, Feb. 12.

The island of Nevis, in the West Indies, taken by the French, Feb. 14.

Montserrat taken by the French, Feb. 22.

The British House of Commons address the King against any farther prosecution of offensive war on the continent of North America, March 4; and resolve, that the House would consider all those as enemies to his Majesty and G. Britain, who should advise, or by any means attempt, the further prosecution of offensive war on the continent of North America, for the purpose of reducing the revolt|ed colonies to obedience by force.

Admiral Rodney obtains a victory over the French fleet un|der the command of Count de Grasse, whom he takes prisoner, near Dominica, in the West Indies.

1782 April 16. The Parliament of Ireland asserted its independ|ence and constitutional rights.

The bill to repeal the declaratory act of George I, relative to the legislation of Ireland, received the royal assent, June 20.

The first great Dungannon Meeting of Delegates from the Irish Ulster Volunteers, held February 15.

April 19. Holland acknowledges the Sovereignty of the Uni|ted States of America.

Washington College, Kent Co. Maryland instituted.

May 5. Sir Guy Carleton (since created Lord Dorchester) arrives at New York with powers to treat of peace with the United States of America.

The French took and destroyed the forts and settlements in Hudson's Bay, August 84.

The Spaniards defeated in their grand attack on Gibraltar, September 13.

Treaty concluded between the Republic of Holland and the United States of America. October 8.

Provisional articles of peace signed at Paris between the Bri|tish and American commissioners, by which the United American Colonies are acknowledged by his Britannic Ma|jesty to be free 〈◊◊〉〈◊◊〉 and independent states, Nov. 30.

1783 Preliminary articles of peace between his Britannic Majesty and the Kings of France and Spain, signed at Versailles, Jan. 20.

Three earthquakes at Calabria Ulterior and Sicily, destroying a great number of towns and inhabitants, Feb. 5, 7, and 28.

Armistice between Great Britain and Holland, Feb. 10.

Ratification of the difinitive treaty of peace between Great Britain, France, Spain, and the United States of America, Sept. 3.

The fire balloon invented by M. Montgolfier of Lyons; from which discovery Messrs. Charles and Robert of Pa|ris taking the hint, construct inflammable gas, or the air balloon.

Courts of justice in England and Ireland separated by a British act of Parliament.

The bank of Ireland, established by act of Parliament, open|ed 25th June.

Nov. 3. American army disbanded.

A convention of representatives from all the Volunteer Corps of Ireland held in the Rotunda, Dublin, for promoting a Parliamentary Reform, 10th Nov.

Nov. 25. The British evacuate New York.

1784 The city of London wait on the King with an address of thanks for dismissing the coalition ministry, Jan. 16.

The Great Seal stolen from the Lord Chancellor's house in Great Ormond-street, March 24.

The difinitive treaty of peace between Great Britain and Holland, May 24.

1784 May 26. Commemoration of Handel, the first performed in Westminster Abbey, London, by 600 performers.

Printing re-established at Constantinople after being abolished 44 years.

Slave trade abolished in Pennsylvania.

Massachusetts' Bank in Boston, incorporated; its capital 400,000 dollars, the number of shares 800.

St. John's College, Annapolis, in Maryland, instituted.

Mr. Lunardi ascended in an air balloon from the Artillery Ground, Moorfields; the first attempt of the kind in England, September 15.

1785 A congress of representatives from the counties of Ireland held in Dublin, for promoting a parliamentary reform, January 20.

Philadelphia Society for promoting Agriculture instituted.

1786 Commissioners from several of the United States assembled at Annapolis, Maryland, to consult what measures should be taken to unite the States in some general and efficient system.

Insurrection in Massachusetts.

Charles river bridge completed, connecting Boston and Charlestown, at the expence of 15,0001.

The king of Sweden prohibited the use of torture in his kingdom.

1787 The articles of Confederation, originally entered into by the United States, being found essentially defective, a general convention of Delegates from all the States, except Rhode Island, was held at Philadelphia, this Summer, with George Washington, Esq. at their head, for the pur|pose of framing a general plan of government for the United States; and after four months deliberation, fixed on our present excellent constitution, which has since been ratified by all the States, in the following order,

• Delaware, 3d. December, 1787.
• Pennsylvania, 13th. December, 1787.
• New Jersey, 19th. December, 1787.
• Georgia, 2d. January, 1788.
• Connecticut, 9th. January, 1788.
• Massachusetts, 6th. February.
• Maryland, 28th. April.
• South Carolina, 23d. May.
• New Hampshire, 21st. June.
• Virginia, 25th. June.
• New York, 26th. July.
• North Carolina, 27th. November, 1789.
• Rhode Island, 29th. May, 1790.
• Vermont, 10th. January, 1791.
• Kentucky, 1st. June, 1792.

March 21. Botany Bay settlement first sailed from England.

Nov. 19. Massachusetts' Society for propagating the gospel among the Indians incorporated.

1788 George Washington was unanimously elected President of the United States, and John Adams, Vice President.

1789 Congress met at New York for the first time under the new Constitution, March 4.

April 30. George Washington was, in due form, publicly invested with the Office of President of the United States of America.

July 14. Revolution in France—capture of the Bastile.

Providence, R. I. Society for the Abolition of Slavery, in|stituted.

1790 Grand French Confederation in the Champ de Mars.

1791 Seven islands discovered in the South Pacific Ocean, between the Marquesas and the Equator, by Capt. Joseph Ingra|ham, of Boston.

Boston Humane Society incorporated.

February 25. Bank of the United States of America incor|porated by act of Congress for 20 years; the amount of the capital, ten millions of dollars; the number of shares twenty-five thousand; and the amount of the property which the corporation may, at any time possess, fifteen millions of dollars.

Boston Historical Society established for the purpose of im|proving the History of America.

March. Bank of New York incorporated; the capital 950,000 dollars; the number of shares 1900.

1792 A bridge was built over Merrimack river between Newbury and Salisbury, state of Massachusetts.

August. The Marquis la Fayette, General of the armies of France, who was the friend, and had served in the army of the United States, was a promoter of the French Revo|lution, and firmly attached to the new constitution of his country, accused of treason, and a price being set on his head, he quitted the army, and kingdom of France, with 1•• officers of rank; who were all taken prisoners by the Prussians, and the Marquis is now in close confinement in the castle of Magdeburgh, once the residence of the cele|brated Trenck.

Insurance Company of North America instituted—their ob|ject is the insuring of vessels, and other property by sea or land.

August 10. Abolition of Royalty in France, and the Aris|tocratic Plot discovered.

Massachusetts' Agricultural Society incorporated.

Bank of New Hampshire incorporated for the term of 50 years; capital 60,000 dollars.

Union Bank, Boston, incorporated; its capital 800,000 dollars; the number of shares 100,000.

1793 January, Trial of Louis XVIth, King of France, commen|ced. The National Assembly, consisting of 745 members, of whom, 25 being absent and the opinions of those pre|sent, taken, it was decreed by 480 (forming a majority)

that the execution should take place, without any appeal nominal to the people—the remaining number voted for punishment under various restrictions—Agreeably to the voice of the majority, he was beheaded the 21st January.

1793 February 5. Declaration of war, against the Combined Pow|ers of Great Britain, Holland, &c. issued by the National Assembly of France.

March 30th. Bank of Pennsylvania incorporated; the capi|tal two millions of dollars, and the number of shares 5,000.

April. The President of the United States, issued his Pro|clamation, for the purposes of enjoining an impartial con|duct on the part of the United States towards the bellige|rent powers, and of observing a strict neutrality.

New York Society for the promotion of Agriculture, Arts and Manufactures instituted.

June. William's College, William's town, Massachusetts, incorporated—Col. Ephraim Williams bequeathed a hand|some donation towards its support; and, in honour of so considerable a benefactor bears his name.

August 3. A malignant Fever, alarming and fatal, said to be the Yellow Fever, commenced its ravages in the city of Philadelphia, by which it 〈◊〉〈◊〉 computed that about 5,000 individuals had perished.

Nov. 16. The Queen of France, beheaded.