The doctrine of predestination unto life, explained and vindicated: in four sermons, preach'd to the Church of Christ, meeting in Brattle-Street, and publish'd at their general desire: with some additional passages and quotations. / By William Cooper, one of the pastors of said church. ; With a preface by the senior Pastors of the town. ; [Ten lines of Latin quotation from Zanch]

OF Predestination arrow_forward unto Life.

SERMON I.

ROMANS, VIII. 29, 30.

For whom he did fore-know, he also did pre∣destinate to be conformed to the image of his Son, that he might be the first-born among many brethren.

Moreover, whom he did predestinate, them he also called; and whom he called, them he also justified; and whom he justified, them he also glorified.

THE apostle having in the foregoing chapters of this epistle, explain'd the doct∣rine of justification, and press'd the necessity of sanctification, applies him∣self in this to the consolati∣on of the Lord's people. For the holy

scriptures are not only profitable for doctrine for reproof, for correction, and instruction in righteousness, but are written that we, thro' patience and comfort of them, might have hope: And the ministers of the word are appoint∣ed to be helpers of the joy of them who thro' grace have believed. And, as a worthy Ex∣positor † 1.1 says of this chapter, many of the people of God have found it a well spring of comfort to their souls, living and dying, and have suck'd and been satisfied from these breasts of consolation, and with joy drawn water out of these wells of salvation.

Having reckon'd up many particular in∣stances of the happiness of true christians, such as a freedom from guilt and condem∣nation, the indwelling of the Holy Spirit, a relation to God as his children, a title to future glory, and the concurrence of all providences to promote their spiritual and everlasting good, he represents the ground of all these as laid in God's eternal decree of Election, or arrow_back Predestination arrow_forward unto life, in the words that I have read. For whom he did fore-know, them he also did predestinate, &c. Here the order of the causes of our salvation is plainly set before us These words have been commonly call'd the golden chain of

salvation; and such a chain it is as cannot be broken. There are four links in it.

1. Whom he did fore-know, he also did pre∣destinate to be conformed to the image of his Son. Whom he did fore-know. This is the foun∣dation upon which the whole frame of the surprising work of man's redemption stands; the first thing to be consider'd in the scheme of salvation, upon which all the other parts follow, and with which they are insepera∣bly connected. It is here said of a num∣ber of the children of men, as distinguish'd from the rest, that God has fore-known them. And this fore-knowledge implies choice; his having pitch'd upon them to be the objects on whom his redeeming grace shall be glorified. It is the same with that ever∣lasting love, wherewith he is said to have loved his people, Jer. 31.3. And means nothing less than his having set them apart for himself, Psal. 4.3. Words of knowledge in scripture often signifie affection and choice. So God said to Moses, Exod. 33.17 Thou hast found grace in my sight, and I know thee by name. Where one expression explains the other. So the apostle tells us, 1 Cor. 8.3. That if any man love God, the same is known of him. A knowledge of sa∣vour and good-will must needs be here in∣tended; and this previous and preparatory to any thing recommending and lovely in

the objects of it; as is plain from the man∣ner in which the apostle speaks to the Ga∣latians, ch 4. v. 9. Ye have known God, or rather are known of God On the other hand, we are told ‖ 1.2 our Saviour will say to some in the great day, I never knew you, i e. I never approv'd and own'd you; for both their persons and characters were well known to him. † 1.3 The same word is rendred fore-ordained, in 1 Pet. 1.20. Who, (i. e. Christ) was verily fore ordained before the foundation of the world, but was manifest in these last times for you. God's fore-knowing his people means nothing less than his eternal purpose to make them his friends and favourites. It must signifie his deter∣mining

mining to do them good, to call, justifie, and sanctifie them now, and glorifie them hereafter.

Those whom God thus fore-knew, he did predestinate to be conformed to the image of his son; to be like to Jesus Christ in the temper of their minds, and actions of their lives. This takes in the whole work of sanctification, of which Christ is the great pattern and samplar. Observe; It is not said God fore-knew they would be con∣form'd to the image of his son, and so pre∣destinated them, as some turn the sence of the words. This cannot be the meaning of them; for this conformity to Christ is said to be the thing they are predestinated to, and is made the result of this fore-knowledge; the effect of it, and not the cause. Whom he did foreknow, them he did predestinate to be conformed to the image of his son. Being design'd for glory and happiness as the end, they are decreed to grace and holiness as the way. For if there is a dif∣ference between fore-knowledge and pre∣destination, it seems to be this, the former is the appointment of the end, the other of the means unto it. And they are pre∣destinated to this conformity to the image of the son of God, for the honour of Christ, whose glory is design'd by the Father in the whole work of redemption. That he might

be the first born among many brethren; might have the honour of being the great pattern of holiness, as well as the meritorious cause of our salvation and so in all things might have the preheminence.

2. Whom he did predestinate, them he also called. Not only with the external call; so many are called, that were not chosen † 1.4; but with the internal and effec∣tual call; which is the work of the Spirit of God, whereby he convinces the consci∣ence of guilt and wrath, enlightens the un∣derstanding in the knowledge of Christ; bows the will, and inclines the heart, to embrace him as a saviour, and obey him as a king and lord. 'Tis, says one, an effec∣tual call from self and earth, to God, and Christ, and heaven, as the end; from sin and vanity, to grace and holiness, and seri∣ousness, as the way." This is the first open work of grace upon an elect person. And all whom God has from eternity pre∣destinated to grace and glory, he does in his own way and time, thus effectually call.

3. Whom he called, them he also justified. Being in their effectual calling perswaded and enabled to embrace the Lord Jesus

Christ as he is offered in the gospel, they are thro' him absolved from guilt, and ac∣cepted as righteous; are no longer look'd upon and dealt with as criminals, but own'd and lov'd as friends and favourites.

4. Whom he justified, them he also glorified. The other privileges the elect of God are made partakers of in time, this of glorification, when time shall be with them no more; in the soul first at death, in soul and body united after the resurrection, through a blessed never-ending eternity. To this they were design'd in their electi∣on; for this they are prepared by their effectual calling, and the sanctification of the spirit; that which hindreth is taken out of the way in their justification; and now, what can come between such a soul and glory? As for God his work is perfect † 1.5; and in the glorification of all the elect, his design of love to them will have its full accomplishment.

It is not my intention to speak of all these privileges in the order in which they stand connected in our text; and I have but lately discours'd concerning two of them, effectual calling and justification. My present purpose therefore is, to treat only

of that which is the ground of them all, and from which the rest result, namely, Election, or arrow_back Predestination arrow_forward unto life.

This is an illustrious and very precious doctrine of christianity; so plainly reveal'd in the holy scriptures, that 'tis really strange that any who profess to regulate their faith by the bible can deny it. Yet 'tis not only deny'd by many, but decried and reproach'd as unworthy of God, and prejudicial to religion; while others who don't care to deny it, yet speak of it as amongst those mysterious, controversial, and speculative points, which it is best not to meddle with; and so they would have it smother'd in the church, and shut out of our sermons.

True indeed this doctrine has its myste∣ries, and abstruse difficulties, when our minds try to enter far into it; so has other doctrines of the gospel which yet we must affirm constantly, and endeavour to explain. Nor is it a doctrine purely speculative; no, it has a powerful influence upon vital re∣ligion, and practical godliness — It has a direct tendency to advance the glory of God's grace in our salvation, to humble the pride of man, to engage the love, excite the praises, and constrain the obedience of God's children.

Our saviour preach'd this doctrine; so did his apostles after him; and the epistles to the churches are full of it; which plain∣ly shews God would not have it lock'd up from his people. Should we therefore, who now preach the gospel to you, pass it over in silence, we should not be able to say we have declar'd to you the whole counsel of God. I humbly apprehend such an omission would be in effect to say, that Christ and his apostles preach'd, and the scriptures reveal a doctrine, which is found to be useless if not hurtful, and therefore may not now be insisted on. And would not this be to reproach the Holy Spirit who has indited the scriptures, and to do an unspeakable injury to revelation it self?

Besides, we are verily perswaded the edification and consolation of the people of God, are not a little concern'd in the opening and applying of this truth; and that many other doctrines of the gospel cannot be righly understood without it — I have therefore chosen this for my subject, out of the chapter that has been read in course this afternoon; sensible, I hope, that 'tis an awful and tremendous subject; and with an humble dependence on the Holy Spirit so to enlighten and assist me, as that the truth may not suffer, nor any soul be hurt, thro' an unskilful management.

Indeed, let the subject be managed never so cautiously & scripturally, it can hardly be expected but it will be treated as the discourses of the apostle himself were, of whom we read, Acts 19.8, 9. That when he went into the synagogue, and spake boldly for the space of three months, disputing and perswa∣ding the things concerning the kingdom of God, divers were hardned, and believed not, but spake evil of that way before the multitude. But duty is ours, and the event God's. We must always leave the success of our preach∣ing with him; and we are assured his word will not return void, but will accomplish the thing whereunto it is sent † 1.6 If any should be enrag'd and hardn'd by the things that are spoken, and wrest them to their own de∣struction, (which God forbid!) some, I trust, may be confirm'd, edified, and com∣forted. Yea, possibly these discourses on election, may be bless'd for the conversion of some of the elect of God, who may be awakned hereby to give diligence to make their calling and election sure: And if so, free grace will have the glory.

Tho' I shall study as much brevity as is consistent with clearness, yet I can't pro∣secute my design within the compass of a

single sermon; three or four discourses, if God give us the opportunity for them, will be little eno' for my purpose And now, my Hearers, let me crave, and, as I speak in the name of Christ, I may demand your reverend and serious attention. Let me entreat you to lay aside prejudices, if you have entertain'd any, against this doctrine, and to receive with meekness the engrafted word which is able to save your souls. Let me de∣sire you to stop all censures till I have fi∣nish'd the subject, if, thro' the good hand of our God upon us, I may be allowed to do so. And let me further ask you, before I proceed, to lift up your heart to God, in some such secret petition as this, "Lord! If this doctrine be according to thy mind and will, suffer not my mind to be preju∣diced against it; but help me to receive it in the love of it, and to improve it to all those holy saving purposes for which thou hast reveal'd it in thy word!" If any will not do thus, let me tell them, their minds are not rightly dispos'd to hear, nor can they be look'd upon to be sincere enquirers after truth.

And now the method in which, thro' divine assistance, I would pursue the sub∣ject is this,

I. I would represent and state the truth, to shew you what we intend by the doctrine of Election, or arrow_back Predestination arrow_forward unto life.

II. I will endeavour to prove it, and shew that the doctrine so represented and stated, is really the doctrine of the gospel.

III. I shall attempt to answer the ob∣jections commonly bro't against it, and to clear the doctrine of some difficulties wherewith its enemies have loaded it.

IV. I shall expose a few of the absur∣dities which follow upon the denial of this doctrine, and mention some difficulties of which the contrary scheme labours, and with which they are embarrass'd who are on the other side of the question.

V. I shall open the importance of the doctrine, and shew of what consequence it is in the christian scheme.

Lastly, I shall endeavour to improve it to the great ends of serious religion, and practical godliness.

I. I am in the first place, to represent and state the truth, and shew what we in∣tend by the doctrine of Election, or Pre∣destination

unto life. And I chuse to des∣cribe it to you in the terms of the 17th among the famous articles of the church of England, which are subscrib'd by all the allow'd clergy of the nation "Predesti∣nation unto life, says that article, is the everlasting purpose of God, whereby before the foundation of the world was laid, he hath constantly decreed by his counsel, secret to us, to deliver from curse and con∣demnation, those whom he hath chosen in Christ Jesus out of mankind, and to bring them by Christ unto everlasting salvation, as vessels made to honour." With this article agree the confession of faith set forth by the assembly of Divines at West∣minster, and also their Catechisms, both the larger, and the shorter which we receive and teach. This truth so asserted in our publick standards, I shall explain in several distinct propositions.

1. arrow_back Predestination arrow_forward unto life respects only some of mankind It can't respect all, in∣asmuch as all the children of men will not be finally sav'd. As there are evidently two sorts of persons in the world now, good and bad, so we are sure from the word of God there will be found two very different sorts of persons at the great day, who will be dealt with after a very differ∣ent

manner; the righteous and the wicked. These shall go away into everlasting punishment, but the righteous into life eternal. * 1.7 And if all mankind are not finally sav'd, to be sure they were not originally predestinated un∣to life; for the decree of God can't be frustrated. He hath said, My counsel shall stand, and I will do all my pleasure. ‖ 1.8 There is a remnant, says the apostle, according to the election of grace, Rom. 11.5. and a rem∣nant can't be all. So in the 11th v. The election hath obtain'd it, and the rest were blinded. The common distinction there∣fore of the elect, and non-elect, is just and necessary. When some are chosen out of many, the rest must of consequence be left, or the very notion of election is destroy'd.

2. These were personally chosen and pitch'd upon in the purpose and decree of God concerning them. Some will have the election the scripture speaks of, to be only of qualifications, and not of persons; but this is meer evasion and trifling. The scrip∣ture plainly speaks of an election of per∣sons. Whom he did fore-know, says the text, them he did predestinate. These our saviour stiles † 1.9 the men that the father had

given him out of the world, and their names * 1.10 are said to be written in the book of life from the foundation of the world.

3. Those who are predestinated unto life and happiness as the end, are also pre∣destinated unto faith and holiness as the way. When God chuses persons to an end, he also determines the means to that end. The same decree that predestinates any persons to salvation, ascertains the means of attaining that salvation. These, accord∣ing to the constitution of the gospel, are faith and holiness; and so they come under the same decree by which any are predesti∣nated unto glory. The elect are not pre∣destinated unto life, provided they perform the conditions of salvation, do believe in the Lord Jesus Christ, and are holy, in which they are lift entirely to their own will and choice. No; the arrow_back predestination arrow_forward we are speaking of, is no such conditional un∣certain thing as this makes it to be. The objects of it are by one determinate decree appointed to a certain salvation, which they shall obtain thro' faith and sanctifica∣tion, which are given them in consequence of the decree, So the Apostle tells the

believing and sanctified Thessalonians, 2 ep, 2. ch 13 v. God hath from the beginning cho∣sen you to salvation, through sanctification of the spirit, and belief of the truth; whereunto he called you by our gospel, to the obtaining of the glory of our Lord Jesus Christ. And our text tells us, whom God fore-knew, he pre∣destinated to be conform'd to the image of his son; in which is included the whole of that work of sanctification by which they are made meet for the inheritance of the saints in light. Col. 1.12.

4. arrow_back Predestination arrow_forward unto life is from ever∣lasting. Therefore those who are the objects of it, are said to be chosen before the founda∣tion of the world, Eph. 1.4. before the very first dawn of time, i. e. from all eter∣nity. Tho' there is no inward nor visible difference between the elect and others, till the grace of God in their effectual calling in time makes it, yet the purpose of mercy concerning them was before the mountains were settled, or the hills bro't forth, while God had not yet made the earth, nor the fields, nor the highest part of the dust of the world. God's purposes are, like himself, eternal; for, such is his perfection that he comprehends all things referring to his creatures, together and at once, and no new thoughts or designs ever come into

his mind, but what were there from eter∣nity, in which there is no succession. And, O the pleasure! for any to follow God's thoughts concerning them so far back, as to apprehend him saying unto them, as to his church of old, I have loved thee with an everlasting love, therefore with loving-kindness have I drawn thee. † 1.11

5. It is a perfectly free and sovereign act of God. His distribution of rewards and punishments at the last day will be founded in justice, but his chusing some to make them the objects of his love, and passing by others, is founded in his sovereignty and supremacy, whereby he is Lord of all, and accountable to none. This is what proud mortals are loth to stoop to, and apt to rise up against; but let us be struck into an awful adoring silence, by what the apostle says of this matter, in Rom 9 ch. from the 14th v. where the divine sovereignty is both asserted and pleaded for. What shall we say then? Is there unrighteousness with God? God forbid. For he saith to Moses, I will have mercy on whom I will have mercy, and I will have compassion on whom I will have compassion. So then, it is not of him that willeth, nor of him

that runneth, but of God that sheweth mercy.— Thou wilt say then unto me, Why doth be yet find fault? For who hath resisted his will? Nay, but O man, who art thou that repliest against God? 〈…〉〈…〉 thing formed say to him that formed it, why hast thou made me thus? Hath not the potter power over the clay, of the same lump to make the vessel unto honour, and another unto dishonour? The great God was under no necessity to chute any of us unto eter∣nal life. He would have been perfectly blessed himself, if our whole race had perish'd for ever. That he has chosen any is owing entirely to the good pleasure of his will. If he was pleas'd to make choice of any, he was under no necessity to pitch upon such and such. All the reason to be given is that, † 1.12 Even so father for so it seem∣eth good in the sight! There was nothing in the chosen remnant to move God to place his regards upon them before others The sore sight of their faith and obedience was not the cause; for, as we have had occasion to hint already, they were chosen to faith and obedience, and so it could not be for them: they are the effects of our election, and therefore cannot be the causes of it. God's fore-sight of their faith and holiness,

presupposes his purpose to bestow faith and holiness on them; an this very purpose is a part of their election it self. The apostle therefore tells us, Rom. 9.11. That the purpose of God according to election, is not of works, but of him that calleth.

6. It is certain, infallible, and irrevocable. So are all the decrees of God, and therefore this of arrow_back Predestination arrow_forward unto life. And if it were not so, the people of God could not take much comfort from it. God will never go back from his purpose to save his people; for, * 1.13 He is of one mind, and who can turn him? What can induce him to alter his affection towards them? For such is the perfection of his knowledge, that he can never be surpris'd by any sudden new event, that may cause a change in his mind and will. He fore-saw all the sins of his people, their undutiful and ungrateful car∣riage towards him thro' the whole course of their lives Now, if the foresight of them did not hinder his electing love in its rise, can they frustrate its end, the bringing of them to glory? — And whatever they need to have wrought in them, or done for them, is comprehended in one and the

same decree concerning them, and so shall be accomplish'd by the power of God. The enemies that would hinder them, are indeed numerous and powerful; but the Father that gave them to Christ is greater than all, and none shall pluck them out of his hand. † 1.14 Every thing will conspire, that the purpose of God according to election may stand, Rom 9.11. The apostle speaks perempt∣orily, 2 Tim 2.9. The foundation of God standeth sure, having this seal, The Lord know∣eth them that are his.

7. It is in Jesus Christ that any are pre∣destinated unto life. This is expresly said, Eph. 1.4. He, i e. the Father, hath chosen us in him i. e. Christ, before the foundation of the world Not that we are to suppose that the elect are chosen for the sake of Christ, or that he is the meritorious cause of their election No; for tho' he has merited their salvation, purchas'd for them pardon, grace, and glory, he did not pur∣chase their election, but they were con∣sider'd as elected when they were given to Christ to redeem, and so election is not to be look'd upon as a purchased blessing. But they are said to be chosen in him, be∣cause

it is by virtue of that union with him, which is made in their effectual calling, that they come to be made partakers of those benefits to which they are chosen. The Lord Jesus Christ was in God's eter∣nal purpose consider'd as the great Media∣tor by whom the salvation of his chosen people was to be brot' about; and those ordain'd to salvation were given to Him, that he might rightfully entitle them to that salvation, and successfully bring them to it. Thus he stands as the head of the elect, and they are said to be chosen in him; and he is spoken of as set up from ever∣lasting, Pro. 8.23. and is himself called God's elect, Isai. 42.1. being himself cho∣sen to be the mediator and redeemer by the same decree in which the elect among the children of men were chosen to salva∣tion † 1.15.

Once more,

8thly, The last and highest end of this is the manifestation of the divine glory, in the salvation of some of the fallen human race. The divine glory is the most excellent end that can possibly be aim'd at, and therefore an infinitely wise God cannot design any thing short of it, as the great motive or in∣ducement for him to act: and so whatever lower ends are 〈◊〉〈◊〉 by him, they must all be resolv'd into this as the principal. For, of him, and thro' him, and to him are all things † 1.16. The two attributes which God hath a peculiar design at the display and advancement of, in and by his reasonable

creatures, are his grace and his justice; the former in them that are sav'd, and the lat∣ter in them that perish. This is plainly to be gather'd from those words of the apostle, Rom. 9.22, 23. What if God, willing to shew his wrath, and to make his power known, endured with much long suffering the vessels of wrath fitted to destruction: And that he might make known the riches of his glory on the vessels of mercy, which he had afore prepared unto glory? The design then which lay at the bottom of God's decree of election, is the everlast∣ing display of his sovereign and glorious grace to the worlds of intellectual creatures which he has made. To this the scriptures refer it, and in this they ultimately resolve it. Eph. 1.5, 6, Having predestinated us to the adoption of children by Jesus Christ, to himself, according to the good pleasure of his will, TO THE PRAISE OF THE GLORY OF HIS GRACE. And the same reason is given over again, in the 2 ch. 7 v. That he might shew the exceed∣ing riches of his grace, in his kindness towards us, thro' Jesus Christ.

Thus I have, in several distinct propo∣sitions, explain'd and stated the truth be∣fore us. The time will not allow me to enter upon the second thing propos'd, the proof of the point, or to shew that this doctrine, as we have now represented it, is really the doctrine of the gospel I shall

therefore conclude the present discourse by adding a few words that have a tendency to give what has been already said, an en∣livening and quickning efficacy upon our hearts.

1. arrow_back Predestination arrow_forward unto life is a thing secret to us. Who the persons are that are the objects of it. God has not revealed. This is at present lock'd up within the di∣vine breast. Yet we know,

2. It comprehends a very great & glori∣ous number. Some have thought the elect among mankind, were to make up the number, and supply the room of the fallen angels. But this is an extra-scriptural con∣jecture; and for ought we know they may be many more. To be sure they are a number sufficient to give the brightest dis∣play of the riches of free grace in; and a number worthy of that infinite price the blood of the son of God, which was laid down to redeem them. They are said to be many in our text. Whom he did predestinate to be conformed to the image of his son, that he might be the first born among many brethren. And they are said, in Rev. ••. ••. to be a great multitude which no 〈…〉〈…〉 number.

3. Some of all sorts, conditions, and cha∣racters, are of this number They are ta∣ken out of all nations, and kindreds, and people, and tongues; and in the day when they shall be made up, shall be seen to come from the east and from the west, and from the north and from the south. † 1.17 If not many wise men after the flesh, not many mighty, not many noble, are chosen and called, yet some are * 1.18. And, hearken my beloved brethren, says the apostle, Hath not God chosen out of the poor of this world, some to make them rich in faith, and heirs of the kingdom. ‖ 1.19 Yea, some who have been the greatest sinners, while in their unregenerate state, are of this number. The apostle tells the Corin∣thians, some of you were fornicators, idolators, adulterers, abusers of your selves with mankind; theives, covetous, drunkards, extortioners, &c. but ye are washed, but ye are sanctified, but ye are justified, in the name of the Lord Jesus, and by the Spirit of our God. † 1.20

4. Some of them are bro't forth in every age of the world; that so Christ may have a seed to serve him in every generation to the end of time, and there may be some to

ballance the world, even a blessing in it, * 1.21 for whose sake it should not be destroyed.

5. Wherever the gospel is preach'd there are some of these to be gather'd in by it. It is more than probable that where God sends a faithful ministry, and the gospel is preach'd in the purity of it, He has a design to extend his saving grace to some among that people, whom he will by such a ministry effectually call, and bring home to himself. So the apostle Paul was sent to preach the gospel in Gorinth, because God had much people in that city, Acts 18.10.

It follows then, that this is no such discouraging doctrine as some would repre∣sent it. Since 'tis a secret with God who are predestinated unto life, and who are not; since the number of the elect is such a great number, an innumerable multitude; since a part of them are bro't forth in every age; since the greatest sinners may be of this number, and none are excluded on account of any outward circumstances; since the preaching of the gospel is the appointed means of gathering them in, and wherever the gospel is preach'd, we may suppose there are a number to be bro't by

it to that faith and holiness, which is the predestinated way to eternal life; since, I say, these things are so, there is enough to prevent discouragement, to raise our hope of, and quicken our endeavours after sal∣vation.

Therefore our way is, to accept of the general grace offered in the gospel, to de∣vote and resign our selves to God, to de∣pend upon the merits of our Redeemer, and put our selves under the teaching sanctify∣ing influences of his Spirit, in the use of the appointed means, humbly waiting for his renewing and reconciling grace: Thus we may come to know the purposed love of God to us, that he hath not appointed us to wrath, but to obtain salvation by our Lord Jesus Christ. Instead then of rising up against, and quarrelling with what we have now heard, let us turn it into a prayer.; and there can't be a better prayer after this sermon, than that which the Holy Ghost has put into our mouths, Psal. 106.4, 5. Remember me, O Lord, with the favour that thou bearest unto thy people! O visit me with thy salvation! that I may see the good of thy chosen; that I may rejoice with the gladness of thy nation; that I may glory with thine inhe∣ritance!

SERMON II.

ROMANS, VIII. 29, 30.

For whom he did fore-know, he also did pre∣destinate to be conformed to the image of his son, that be might be the first-born among many brethren.

Moreover, whom he did predestinate, them be also called; and whom he called them he also justified; and whom be justified, them be also glorified.

THERE is an excellent and most wise order and con∣nection in all that God brings to pass; and this order so settled and join'd together, that it can never be broken. The salvation of any of the children of fallen Adam, takes its rise in the eternal counsel, free purpose, and electing love of God. Whom

he did fore-know, and personally chuse to salvation, them he did predestinate to all the means which lead to that salva∣tion. That which first follows predesti∣nation is effectual calling: Whom he did predestinate, says the text, them he also called. In his appointed time, by his word and spirit, he powerfully draws these to a thankful acceptance of, and firm reliance on the Lord Jesus Christ as their saviour, and an obedient walking in him as the way to eternal life. Upon this ensues their justification: Whom he called, them he also justified. Being united to Christ in their effectual calling, they are thro' him absolv'd from guilt, and accepted as righteous. Now, after their calling, they are in Christ Jesus, † 1.22 and walk not after the flesh but after the spirit, and so no condemnation belongs to them. Upon these will finally follow their glorification in heaven, after they have glorified God on earth; in which God's design of love to them, will have its full and eternal accomplishment: Whom he justified, them he also glorified.

It was not my design, when I began up∣on these words the last Lords-day, to speak of all these privileges in the order in which

the text presents them; but only of that which is the ground of them all, and from which the rest result, namely, Election, or arrow_back Predestination arrow_forward unto life; a plain and precious, but disrelish'd and oppos'd truth of the gos∣pel. That I have taken this in hand, I'm sure is not from a love to controversy, or fondness to oppose the schemes of others, but, I hope, from a sincere desire to fulfill the ministry of the Lord Jesus which I have receiv'd among you, by testifying the gospel of the grace of God in all the parts of it. We trust, my Brethren, that we aim to speak, not as pleasing men, but God; and there∣fore we dare not baulk any truth, in its proper place and season, because 'tis un∣fashionable, oppos'd by the wisdom of the world, or run down by popular outcry. Nor am I determin'd to this opinion by the prejudice of education, but because after careful searches and researches, I am convinc'd of the truth of it, upon what appears to me to be the strongest evidence; and the more I enquire into it, the more I see it to agree with the holy scriptures, and the divine perfections.

It was the business of the former discourse to explain and state the truth under con∣sideration. That which we are next to proceed to is to prove and confirm it. The point then to be now establish'd is this,

"That a certain, great and glorious num∣ber, were elected by God, in his eternal counsel and purpose, from the rest of fallen mankind, to be in time effectually called and justified, in order to their being finally bro't to eternal life and glory; and this out of his meer good pleasure, and for the praise of his glorious grace." And if the truth of this is once evinced to the con∣viction of a sober, honest, and serious mind, it may be hop'd all disgust at it will cease, and every thought that exalts it self against it will be suppressed.

I. In the first place, this truth must be establish'd by the authority of the sacred scriptures. Hither we must refer the deci∣sion of all points in religion. Here we must repair to know of every doctrine whether it be of God. Now, What saith the scripture concerning this doctrine? And surely he that runs may read this truth throughout the sacred pages.

Let me prepare the way to the more direct and positive proof I shall fetch from the bible, by first of all presenting you with some scripture instances of a lower election, of God's chusing and predestinating certain persons by name, and some of them long before they were born, to some special privileges, high honours, and signal servi∣ces

in the world. And if these may'nt be taken for positive proof of that election we are treating of, yet they will serve greatly to illustrate it, and they are by very judicious Divines look'd upon as ex∣amples and patterns of it, inasmuch as they plainly shew that the glorious God does act with respect to the children of men, with a sovereign liberty, and in a way of discriminating favour; yea, many of them were instances of the very election we are now to exhibit the proof of, inasmuch as it plainly appears by the account the scripture gives of them, that at the same time they were called to those external privileges and temporal honours to which they were chosen, they were also called to the spiritual and saving blessings of the covenant of grace.

Thus Abraham was pitch'd upon to be the root and father of God's peculiar peo∣ple, whom he would own and honour above all the nations of the world; and also to be one from whose loins the Messiah himself should descend. Gen. 12. begin. Now the Lord had said unto Abraham, Get thee out of thy country, and from thy kindred, and from thy fathers house, unto a land that I will shew thee. And I will make of thee a great nation and I will bless thee, and make thy name great; and thou shalt be a blessing.

And I will bless them that bless thee, and curse them that curse thee: and in thee shall all families of the earth be blessed. A high honour and advancement indeed! Yet he was more blessed in those spiritual blessings which accompanied it. For he was at the same time made a justified believer; as we read, Abraham believed God, and it was accounted to him for righteousness † 1.23 He had a cove∣nant interest in and relation to God, and such acceptance with the Almighty, as to be spoken of in this stile, The friend of God. * 1.24 And was there any thing in Abraham, to move God thus to prefer him above the rest of his kindred? No, in no wise. It was all special grace and favour. For he was a stupid idolater as well as the rest of his family, and had serv'd God no better than they The scripture represents God as acting herein with a sovereign liberty, and by a free hand of mercy snatching him as a brand out of the burning Joshua, in God s name, declares this to the tribes of Israel when they were assembled at Shechem, Josh. 24.2, 3. Thus saith the Lord God of Israel, Your fathers dwelt on the other side of the flood in old time, even Terah the father of Abraham, and the father of Nachor; and

they served other God's. And I took your father Abraham from the other side of the flood, &c. For this God is ador'd long after in a solemn assembly of the children of Israel, Neh 9 7, 8. Thru art the Lord the God, who didst chuse Abram, and broughtest him forth out of Ur of the Chaldees, and gavest him the name of Abraham, and madest a co∣venant with him. And when the prophet had occasion to put that people in mind of their original, he does it in these terms, Isai. 51.2, 3. Look unto the rock whence ye are hewn, and to the hole of the pit whence ye are digged. Look unto Abraham your father, and unto Sarah that bear you; for I called him alone, and blessed him.

With the like sovereign liberty he acted with respect to Abraham's seed. He takes not all of them; but in Isaac shall thy seed be called † 1.25. Thus Isaac was taken, and not Ishmael. And tho' in answer to Abraham's prayer for Ishmael, common blessings are secur'd to him, yet covenant blessings are reserv'd for Isaac, and appropriated to him, who was not yet born. Gen. 17.18.19, 20. And Abraham said unto God, O that Ishmael might live before thee! And God said, Sarah thy wife shall bear thee a son indeed; and thou

shalt call his name Isaac: And I will establish my covenant with him for an everlasting cove∣nant, and with his seed after him And as for Ishmael, I have heard thee: Behold I have blessed him, and will make him fruitful, and will multiply him exceedingly: twelve princes shall he beget, and I will make him a great na∣tion. But my covenant will I establish with Isaac, whom Sarah shall bear unto thee at this set time in the next year.

The like sovereignty was exercis'd in the case of Jacob and Esau, whose story is recorded in the 25th ch. of Genesis, and is recited and referr'd to by the apostle in the 9th ch. to the Romans, to illustrate and con∣firm the truth we are establishing. They were both the sons of Isaac by one mother, and were twin-brethren. But there was a difference made between them by the di∣vine counsel, before they were born. Both lay strugling alike in their mothers womb, when it was said, * 1.26 The 〈◊〉〈◊〉 shall serve the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 And contrary to the intention of Isaac, Jacob inherits the blessing. And tho' the good father blessed Jacob unwitt∣ingly, and by mistake, yet, being after∣wards convinc'd that he was the person for whom God design'd the blessing, and on

whose head it was to rest by the divine determination, he acquies'd in the will of God, tho' it contradicted his own appre∣hension and affection; and was so far from reversing what he had done, that he repeats it and passionately affirms it, † 1.27 I have bles∣sed him, yea, and he shall be blessed. And tho' Jacob acted a dishonest and sinful part, (of which he was afterwards no doubt made sensible, and bro't to repentance for it, and so mercifully pardon'd of the free grace of God thro' the promised Messiah) yet Isaac in his blessing him, and not re∣versing it, was under the conduct and in∣fluence of the divine Spirit; for we are told, Heb. 11.20. By faith Isaac blessed Jacob, and Esau, concerning things to come. Here Jacob is put first by the apostle, tho' the younger, as having the precedency, and a better blessing. It is indeed a strange story! And if the design and meaning of it be enquir'd after, the apostle explains it thus, in Romans the 9th ch. 11 v. That the purpose of God according to election might stand, not of works, but of him that calleth. i. e. says Mr. Henry on the place, "That this great truth may be establish'd, that God chuseth some, and resuseth others, as a free agent,

by his own absolute and sovereign will, dispensing his favours, or withholding them, as he pleaseth."

And if we look to the posterity of Jacob, the Israelites, this people the Lord chose in Abraham, four hundred years before he publickly own'd them They are expresly term'd an elect nation, as being distinguish'd from the rest of the world; an holy, special, and peculiar people unto God. When he divided to the nations their inheritance, and se∣parated the sons of Adam, He took these for his own portion, the lot of his inheritance; † 1.28 tho the earth was his to chuse a people out of to his name. And their history, from the time of their being first form'd into a people, abundantly shews the special and peculiar love of God to them, above all other people in the world. Because they were precious in his sight, and honourable, there∣fore he gave men for them, and people for their life, when their preservation and interests call'd for it; yea, he gave Egypt for their ransom, Ethiopia and Seba for them. * 1.29 And why did the Lord take these? What was there to intitle them to this distinguishing honour? Did he chuse them because they were a better people, or a greater nation?

No such matter. Moses tells them, Deut. 7.7, 8. The Lord did not set his love upon you, nor chuse you, because ye were more in num∣ber than any people, for ye were the fewest of all people. And as their number was small, so their disposition was bad and their man∣ners ill. They were a peevish and humoursome people, froward and perverse, obstinate and incorrigible; strangely ad∣dicted to the idolatries of Egypt, and other nations. The Lord fore-saw this before he chose them; for he tells them by the prophet, Isai. 48.4.8. I knew that thou wouldest deal treacherously, and wast called a transgressor from the womb. I knew that thou wast obstinate, thy neck an iron sinew, and thy brow brass. I have even from the beginning declared it unto thee; before it came to pass I shewed it thee. Therefore the only reason assign'd why God set his love upon them as he did, is this, because he loved them. All was from free favour, to manifest his sove∣reignty, and because he had his elect a∣mong them, in a still higher and more ap∣propriate sense. So God said to Moses, Exod. 33.19. I will be gracious to whom I will be gracious, and will shew mercy to whom I will shew mercy.

If we go on to name David, He, the most unlikely among the sons of Jesse, was cho∣sen to be the king of Israel. He was the

youngest of the family, employ'd in the meanest service, to keep the sheep,; scarce reckon'd as one of the family, for he was not bro't in amongst the rest, when Samuel was sent to anoint him whom the Lord had chosen. But when all the other had been refus'd as they pass'd before Samuel, tho' several of them stood fair in the eye of the prophet, and David was at last fetch'd; as soon as he appear'd the Lord said. Arise, anoint him, for this is he. † 1.30 The peculiarity of the divine choice appearing in this instance▪ the psalmist sings of, Psa. 78.70, 71. He chose David also his servant, and took him from among the sheep-folds; from following the ewes great with young, he bro't him to feed Jacob his people, and Israel his inheritance.

Another remarkable instance was Cyrus. This man was design'd in the purpose of God for great and noble work; to destroy a mighty monarchy, release God's people out of captivity, and rebuild his temple. It was foretold what great things should be done by him, more than an hundred years before he was born; and he was called by his name too: And this not from any wor∣thyness in himself, for 'tis said he did not so much as know the Lord. This famous

man and his wondrous actions, were pro∣phesied of so long before hand, by the pro∣phet Isaiah, in the latter part of the 44th, and the beginning of the 45th chapters of his book. Thus saith the Lord, that confirmeth the word of his servant, and performeth the counsel of his messengers; that saith to Jerusa∣lem, thou shalt be inhabited, and to the cities of Judah, ye shall be built, and I will raise up the decayed places thereof: That saith of Cyrus, He is my shepherd, and shall perform all my pleasure; even saying to Jerusalem, thou shalt be built, and to the temple, thy foundation shall be laid. Thus saith the Lord to his anointed, to Cyrus, whose right hand I have holden, to sub∣due nations before him: and I will loose the loins of kings to open before him the two leav'd gates, and the gates shall not be shut. I will go before thee, and make the crooked places straight; I will brake in pieces the gates of brass, and cut in sunder the bars of iron: And I will give thee the treasures of darkness, and hidden riches of secret places; that thou mayst know, that I the Lord, which call thee by thy name, am the God of Israel. For Jacob my servants sake, and Israel mine elect, I have even called thee by thy name; I have even sir-named thee, though thou hast not known me.

The prophet Jeremy was likewise or∣dain'd to great things before he was born. To him God said, Jer. 1, 5. Before I formed

thee in the belly I knew thee; and before thou camest forth cut of the womb I sanctified thee, and I ordained thee a prophet unto the nations.

And of the apostle Paul the Lord said, He is a chosen vessel unto me, to bear my name before the Gentiles, and to suffer great things for my names sake, Acts 9.15. He, afterwards speaking of his conversion, and call to the postleship, ascribes them to the powerful grace of God, in consequence of his previous purpose and fore-ordination. Gal. 1.15, 16. It pleased God, who separated me from my mothers womb, and called me by his grace, to reveal his son in me, that I might preach him among the heathen. Now, shall we say that these, and other such instances on sacred record, are to be consider'd only as histori∣cal relations? Surely that would be too low and narrow a meaning for them. Ac∣cording to the apostle's reasoning in the 9th ch. to the Romans, in the cases of Isaac and Ishmael, Jacob and Esau, it is very plain they were intended for the illustrating the methods of God's grace towards particular persons. And, I think, it is justly inferr'd and argu'd, "If there be an election per∣sonal unto things of a temporal concern∣ment, and that so long before some of the persons were in being, how much more unto things of a spiritual and eternal con∣cernment? And if the Lord did not look

out of himself for the moving considerations on which he selected these persons to their several privileges and honours, much less can election unto life be founded in any deservings of the creature From the less to the greater is a scriptural way of argu∣ing, and in many cases proves strongly" † 1.31

But I proceed to exhibit that more direct and positive proof which the bible furnishes us with. There we read abundantly of an election which can be understood of no other than a personal election unto eternal life as the end, and unto Christ, and faith, and holiness as the way. And tho' we find this doctrine in the old testament, in the writings of Moses and the prophets; as ap∣pears from some of the scriptures we have had occasion already to mention, and from others which I might turn you to * 1.32; yet I shall here look only into the new testament, where the mysteries of godliness are more

manifest, and things that have been hid from ages and generations are discover'd.

I shall not distribute the scriptures I shall mention into any other order than that which the bible presents them in: And so we must begin with some passages in the discourses of our blessed SAVIOUR himself, by which it will appear that HE taught this very doctrine; He, who is the faithful and true witness, and well knew what doc∣trine was safe and profitable to teach, as well as true. I think the first passage we meet with to our purpose, if we read the evangelists in the order of an harmony, is in the sermon which Christ preach'd to the people at Nazareth, Luke 4 25, 26, 27. But I tell you of a truth, many widows were in Israel in the days of Elias, when the heaven was shut up three years and six months, when great famine was in all the land; but unto none of them was Elias sent, save unto Sarepta, a City of Zidon, unto a woman that was a widow. And many lepers were in Israel in the time of Eliseus the prophet, and none of them were cleansed save Naaman the Syrian. The ma∣nifest design of our saviour in these two examples, is to assert the sovereignty of God in the dispensations of his favour; and to let them know, that as the prophet Elijah was sent to relieve a favourite widow, and the prophet Elisha to heal a distinguish'd

leper, so he came with a commission and design to save, not all, but a select number, of the Jews and Gentiles. And it seems they could not bear this doctrine even in those days: For it follows, And all they in the synagogue, when they heard these things, were filled with wrath, and rose up, and thrust him out of the city, and led him to the brow of a hill, that they might cast him down headlong. But this did not cause him to suppress the truth, or wave it, when he had occasion to mention it, whether in his prayers or ser∣mons. — At a time when he had been re∣proving and threatning the places where he had preach'd the gospel, for their impe∣nitence and unbelief, he comforts himself with the thoughts that there was a number upon whom the word had come with a saving light and power, pursuant to the purpose and pleasure of the father; whom he adores as the proprietor and disposer of all spiritual and heavenly blessings, and whose free dispensation of his savours, he most heartily approves of, and acquieses in, Mat. 11.25, 26 At that time Jesus answered and said, I thank thee, O father, Lord of heaven and earth, because thou hast hid these things from the wise and prudent, and hast re∣vealed them unto babes. Even so, father, for so it seemeth good in thy sight! — At another time when his disciples express'd them∣selves

something surpriz'd that he taught the people in parables, without an expo∣sition to let them into the meaning of what he deliver'd to them, explaining things only to their small and select company in a private way, and desired a reason of this his conduct; he answers them in such a manner as to let them know, that spiritual light and knowledge, a saving discovery of gospel truths, were given to some, and to themselves in particular, in a way of free special distinguishing favour; but withheld from others according to God's wise holy and sovereign pleasure: He said unto them, Because it is given to you to know the mysteries of the kingdom of heaven, but to them it is not given, Mat. 13.10, 11. — So when, on another occasion, there were some who complain'd against the method he observ'd in the bestowment of his bounty and mercy, He in reply to them, vindicates his own right to dispose of the blessings of the gospel as he saw meet, because he was the sovereign proprietor thereof, and none could claim what he did not see cause to give. Mat. 20.15, 16. Is it not lawful for me to do what I will with mine own? Is thine eye evil, because I am good? So the last shall be first, and the first last; for many he called, but few chosen. And when, a little after this, the mother of Zebedees children,

who had entertain'd the notion of a tem∣poral kingdom which Christ was about to set up, came to him with that ambitious request, that her two sons might be his chief favourites and ministers, might set the one on his right hand, the other on his left in his king∣dom; in his answer to her he not only lets her know she was mistaken about the na∣ture of his kingdom, which was not of this world, but that the donatives and honours of it, were long since settled, and were to be dispos'd of by him to those persons for whom they were design'd in the Father's counsel and purpose, and to no other. He said, To sit on my right hand, and on my left, is not mine to give, but to those for whom it is prepared of my father. — In the 13th ch. of Mark, our saviour fore-tells the unparalled distress and desolation which would come upon the Jews, when the Roman armies should make a descent upon Judea, and in∣vest Jerusalem, the holy city; whose power and rage would be so great as to make even a full end of that people, if the merciful providence of God did not interpose, to restrain and limit them Such a remem∣brance of mercy in the midst of this judg∣ment he gives them the promise of; but withal lets them know this favour would be shewn them, for the sake of a chosen number; that such of his elect

as were

then living in their sins, and those of them who were to descend from the loins of some of that age, might be bro't to faith and repentance; and that they together with the already converted, might be preserved for the propagation of his kingdom in the world;

the 19, and 20th verses, For in those days shall be affliction, such as was not from the beginning of the crea∣tion which God created, unto this time. And except the Lord had shortned those days, no flesh should be saved; but for the elects sake whom he hath chosen, he hath shortned the days: Our saviour goes on in the next verses, to fore∣tell that false christs, and false prophets would arise at that time; so plausible in their pre∣tences, so artful in their managements, and so industrious to seduce, that they would deceive and draw away the very elect them∣selves, were not their perseverance in the faith secur'd by the purpose of God con∣cerning them, and their seduction & over∣throw thereby rendred impossible —. In the 6th ch. of John, we have our blessed Lord complaining of the unbelief of the generality of those who had both seen his miracles, and heard his preaching; yet com∣forting himself, and refreshing others who wish'd to see his saving work go on, with the thought, that a goodly number would after all believe and be saved; even as many

as the father had given to him for his charge and care. The 36, 37, 38, & 39th, verses; I have said to you, that ye also have seen me and believe not. All that the father hath given me, shall come to me: — for I came down from heaven, not to do mine own will, but the will of him that sent me. And this is the fa∣ther's will which hath sent me, that of all which he hath given me, I should loose nothing, but should raise it up again at the last day — In the 10th chap. he speaks of his own re∣demption, as being of just the same extent with the Fathers election; represents him∣self as under a necessity to bring all that belong'd to this election, into his church, and a participation of the blessings of the gospel, by the influences of his spirit ac∣companying his word, because he cou'd not otherwise discharge his trust, and ful∣fill the engagements he had enter'd into; and speaks of the continued unbelief of those to whom he preach'd the gospel, as a sign they were not included in this num∣ber. The 15th, 16th, 26th, 27th, & 28th, verses; — I lay down my life for the sheep. And other sheep I have which are not of this fold; them also I must bring, and they shall hear my voice; and there shall be one fold, and one shepherd. Ye believe not, because ye are not of my sheep, as I said unto you. My sheep hear my voice, and I know them, and they follow me:

and I give unto them eternal life, and they shall never perish, neither shall any pluck them out of my hand. My father which gave them me is greater than all, and none is able to pluck them out of my fathers hand; whose power is also engag'd for their preservation, and from whom I am never separated in council and working. It is true, The calling of the Gentiles into the church is referr'd to in what is said in the 16th v; but to restrain all that our Saviour has here said to the calling of them as a body, appears to be very contrary to the run of his discourse, wherein by the sheep which he speaks of as belonging to himself in the quality of a shepherd, is evidently meant a select num∣ber out of the Jews and Gentiles both —. In the 13th ch. of this same gospel, our Saviour giving an intimation to his disci∣ples of the damning sin of Judas just before he committed it, makes this distinction be∣tween him and the rest of the apostles, I speak not of you all; I know whom I have cho∣sen, v. 13. The choice must refer to sal∣vation, and not to the apostleship, for to this he was chosen, as much as the other apostles; wherefore he says in another place, Have not I chosen you twelve, and one

of you is a devil? * 1.33 — Our Saviour, as he began, so, he ends his ministry with this doctrine: For his parting prayer with his disciples, just before he left them and the world, is full of it. It is recorded in the 17th ch. of John's gospel; and plainly shews that as in his mediatorial undertaking, he was concern'd with a peculiar number given him by way of distinction out of mankind in general, so these only were interested in this intercessory prayer, as those to whom the blessings he ask'd for and claim'd, did rightfully belong. These words spake Jesus, and lift up his eyes to hea∣ven, and said, Father, the hour is come; glorifie thy son, that thy son also may glorifie thee. As thou hast given him power over all flesh, that

he should give eternal life to as many as thou hast given him. — I have manifested thy name unto the men which thou gavest me out of the world; thine they were, and thou gavest them me, and they have kept thy word. I have given unto them the words which thou gavest me, and they have received them, and have known surely that I came out from thee, and they have believed that thou didst send me. I pray for them; I pray not for the world, but for them which thou hast given me, for they are thine. Keep thro' thy own name, those whom thou hast given me. Sanctifie them thro' thy truth. Let them be one, as thou father art in me, and I in thee. Father, I will that they also whom thou hast given me, be with me, where I am, that they may behold my glory which thou hast given me. And that none might restrain this prayer to the apostles, our saviour shews how extensive it was in the intention of it; that it inclu∣ded all that in every age should obtain the faith of God's elect. v. 20. Neither pray I for these alone, but for them also which shall believe on me thro' their word. — Thus far we have quoted the words of Christ Himself, the great prophet of the church; who, came from the bosom of the father, the seat of his counsels as well as love, and therefore was well able to reveal the secrets of heaven to men upon earth; and was faithful to him that appointed him, as also Moses was faithful in all his house.

The disciples whom our Lord sent forth to preach under the special guidance of his spirit; and the apostles who were train'd up for the work of the ministry under the per∣sonal instructions of their divine master, or were taught the gospel they were to preach by immediate revelation from Christ him∣self; they taught this doctrine after him without the least hesitation, and preach'd and wrote in the same strain with him.

The Evangelist Luke, (who was very probably one of the seventy disciples, and with good reason is suppos'd to have wrote the narrative of the Acts of the Apostles, as well as the third of the four gospels which bears his name) giving an account of the success of the gospel among the Gentiles, upon the Jews refusal of it makes the work of saving faith in those in whom it was wro't, to be the result of that act of grace which we call arrow_back predestination arrow_forward . Acts 13.48. And when the Gentiles heard this, they were glad, and glorified the word of the Lord; and as many as wore ORDAINED unto eternal life believed.

The apostle Paul the great doctor of the Gentiles, was a zealous assertor of this truth in almost all his epistles. When he writes to those in Rome who were beloved of God,

and called to be saints, he takes care to let them know the ground of all the privileges they enjoy'd in time, and of that happi∣ness they hop'd for thro' eternity, was laid in God's free electing love. The 8th ch. at the 28th v. And we know that all things shall work together for good to them that love God, to them who are called ACCORDING TO HIS PURPOSE. Then follows the words of our Text For whom he did fore-know, he also did predestinate to be conformed to the image of his son, that he might be the first born among many brethren. Moreover, whom he did pre∣destinate, them he also called; and whom he called, them he also justified; and whom he justified, them he also glorified And to shew the immutability of this electing love of God, and that nothing should hinder the objects of it from being put into the actual possession of the grace and glory to which they were design'd, he leads them into that noble triumph with which the chapter ends, Who shall lay any thing to the charge of God's elect? — Who shall separate us from the love of Christ? — I am perswaded that neither death, nor life, nor angels, nor principa∣lities, nor powers, nor things present, nor things to come; nor height, nor depth, nor any other creature, shall be able to separate us from the love of God which is in Christ Jesus our Lord. — In the 9th chapter he goes on to illustrate this

doctrine from particular instances, and to vindicate it against some objections. When Rebecca had conceived twins by our father Isaac, it was said unto her, the elder shall serve the younger; as it is written, Jacob have I loved, but Esau have I hated; tho' the children being not yet born, had done neither good nor evil: That the purpose of God according to election might stand, not of works, but of him that calleth. What shall we say then? Is there unrighteousness with God? God forbid. For he saith to Moses, I will have mercy on whom I will have mercy, and I will have compassion on whom I will have compassion. For the scripture saith to Pharaoh, Even for this same purpose have I raised thee up, that I might shew my power in thee, and that my name might be declared throughout all the earth. Thou will say then unto me, Why doth he yet find fault? For who hath resisted his will? Nay but, O man, who art thou that repliest against God? Shall the thing formed say to him that formed it, Why hast thou made me thus? Hath not the potter power over the clay, of the same lump to make one vessel unto honour, and another unto dishonour? Some will reply to this, and say, It is not a personal, but a national preference which is here spoken of; and the apostle does not refer to Jacob and Esau in their single capacity, or to the spiritual and everlasting state of either of them; but intends only

their posterity, and the difference made between the Israelites and the Edomites, in the external dispensations of providence; which he mentions to justifie God, and silence the Jews from complaining, tho' they were cast off, and the Gentiles called in their room. But tho' Jacob and Esau are here spoken of with respect to their descendents, it does not follow that they are not to be personally consider'd also; especially since Pharaoh is mentioned, and bro't in as an instance with them. And whoever attends to the manner of the apostles discourse, I think must see that he has something higher than any temporal concerns of men in his eye all along, and refers to their spiritual & everlasting state. Why else does he draw that inference from it in the 16 v; So then it is not of him that willeth, nor of him that runneth, but of God that sheweth mercy? And speak in the 22 and 23 verses, of God's shewing his wrath, and making his power known, on the vessels of wrath fitted for destruction, whom he here endured with much long suffering; and his dis∣playing the riches of his glory, in the vessels of mercy, which he had afore prepared unto glory? In the 11th chap. he further vindicates the divine conduct in casting off the Jews, and reconciles it both with the promise made unto the fathers, and with the divine

goodness in general: And he does this by asserting an election of grace among that people, which wou'd certainly take effect. The rejection, he says, was not total. They were cast off indeed, but not all. There was a chosen remnant among them, that obtain'd righteousness and life by faith in Jesus Christ, tho' the body of that peo∣ple remain'd in unbelief; of which number he reckons himself to be one; and he sug∣gests too that it was a larger number than some might imagine, as was the number of the chosen, preserv'd and faithful, in the days of Elias. From the 1st to the 7th v. I say then, hath God cast away his people? God forbid. For I also am an Israelite of the seed of Abraham, of the tribe of Benjamin. God hath not cast away his people which he FORE-KNEW. Wot ye not what the scripture saith of Elias? How he maketh intercession to God against Israel, saying, Lord, they have killed thy prophets, and digged down thine altars; and I am left alone, and they seek my life. But what saith the an∣swer of God unto him? I have reserv'd to my self seven thousand men, who have not bowed the knee to the image of Baal. Even so then at this time also there is a REMNANT ACCORDING TO THE ELECTION OF GRACE. And if by grace, then it is no more of works, otherwise grace is no more grace. But if it be of works, then it is no more grace; otherwise work is no

more work. What then? Israel hath not ob∣tained that which he seeketh for; but THE ELECTION HATH OBTAIN'D IT, and the rest were blinded.

He begins his epistle to the Ephesians with a most devout and solemn thanks∣giving to God, for those spiritual blessings wherewith believers are blessed; and not only mentions their election and predesti∣nation as one, but as the secret spring from whence all the rest do flow. Chap 1. V. 3, 4, 5: Blessed be the God and father of our Lord Jesus Christ, who hath blessed us with all spiri∣tual blessings in heavenly things in Christ: ACCORDING AS HE HATH CHOSEN US IN HIM, BEFORE THE FOUNDATION OF THE WORLD, that we should be holy, and without blame before him in love: Having predestinated us to the adoption of children by Jesus Christ to himself, according to the good pleasure of his will, to the praise of the glory of his grace. Surely this must contain much more than their being appointed to the outward privileges of the church state of the gospel; for tho' this is a great savour, yet all who are thus savour'd can't be said to be blessed with ALL spiri∣tual blessings in Christ, as those here spoken of are said to be. The apostle leaves us at no loss about the persons here intended; for he calls them in the 1st v. The saints at Ephesus, and faithful in Christ Jesus; and

they are farther described in the 7th v. as having redemption thro' his blood, even the for∣giveness of sins; which things can't be said to belong to those who are no more than visible or nominal christians —.

To the Thessalonians he writes, as know∣ing their election of God, because the gospel had come to them, not in word only but in power; which plainly shews something more is intended than their election to the injoyment of the gospel; for its coming in word only would have been a sufficient proof of that. 1 Ep. 1. ch. 45. v. This is farther explain'd, in his 2d epistle, the 2. ch. at the 13th & 14 verses; where the gospel is considered as the means of their attaining that salvation which they are said to be chosen to; for he says to them, God hath, from the beginning, chosen you to sal∣vation, thro' sanctification of the spirit, and be∣lief of the truth; whereunto he called you by our gospel, to the obtaining the glory of our Lord Jesus Christ —. Hitherto our quotations have been out of those Epistles of Paul which are directed to churches. He also wrote some to particular persons; as to Timothy his own son in the faith, to direct him how to discharge his office as an Evangelist: Him he charges to hold fast the form of sound words, which he had heard from himself;

and we find this to be some of those sound words, a part of the christian doctrine in which he instituted this young divine; That salvation takes its rise, from the free grace, and eternal purpose of God in Jesus Christ. 2 ep. 1 ch. 9th v. Who hath saved us, and called us with an holy calling; not ac∣cording to our works, but according to his own purpose and grace which was given us in Christ Jesus, before the world began. That he might be willing to do and suffer any thing, to promote the salvation of others, he propo∣ses to him his own example, in the 2 ch. the 10th v. I endure all things for the ELECTS SAKE, that they may obtain the salvation in Christ Jesus, to which they are design'd. And lest he shou'd be discourag'd when corrupt teachers shou'd advance dangerous and destructive opinions, as Hymences and Thiletus had done, and the faith of many nominal christians shou'd be overthrown by them, he lets him know, That as many as God had set apart for himself, would be preserved thro' faith unto salvation, v. 19. Nevertheless the foundation of God standeth sure, having this seal, the Lord knoweth them that are his. Nor does he leave this out of the scheme of principles he taught Titus, another Evangelist; whose business was to water the churches planted by the apostles, and to strengthen and carry on the work

which they had begun. In the preface of his epistle to him, he speaks of himself, as a servant of God, and an apostle of Jesus Christ according to the faith of God's elect, and the acknowledging of the truth which is after god∣liness: in hope of eternal life, which God that cannot lie promised before the world began. In the body of the epistle he charges him, to speak the things which become sound doctrine; and not only to inculcate the duties of practical religion, but to set forth the free grace of God in man's salvation by Jesus Christ; and to urge obedience from this peculiar motive of the gospel, the end of Christ's death, Who gave himself for us, to redeem us from all iniquity, and to purifie to himself a PECULIAR PEOPLE, who should be zealous of good works. Tit. 1 ch. 1, 2. v. 2 ch. 1. 13, 14. v. 3 ch. 4, 5, 6. verse.

There was a union of the other apostles with Paul in teaching this doctrine. It is more than implied in those words of James, (ch. 1. v. 18) Of his own will begat he us with the word of truth, &c. His own will there, means nothing less than his purpos'd grace: It is the same with what the apostle Paul calls his good pleasure, which he hath purposed in himself. † 1.34 And when

he is warning against a partial regarding the rich, and despising the poor, he shews this to be very contrary to God's method in dispensing spiritual favours. The 2d ch. 5th v. Hearken my beloved brethren, hath not God CHOSEN the poor of this world, rich in faith, and heirs of the kingdom which he hath promised to them that love him?

The apostle Peter will not leave this subject untouch'd. Writing to the christi∣ans driven by persecution from their own country into places where they were strang∣ers, he addresses them in this stile, ELECT according to the fore-knowledge of God the fa∣ther, thro' sanctification of the spirit unto obedi∣ence, and sprinkling of the blood of Jesus. He distinguishes between them and others, in the next ch. at the 8th and 9th verses; Others, he says, took offence at Christ, and stumbled at his word, being disobedient, where∣unto also they wore apointed; but these were a CHOSEN GENERATION, a PECULIAR PEOPLE, to shew forth the praises of him, who hath called them out of darkness into his marvellous light. And in his next epistle, the 1st, ch. the 10th v. he exhorts them to give dilli∣gence to make their calling, and therein their election sure; i. e. sure to themselves, with respect to their own comfortable know∣ledge of it, as it was already sure with respect to the decree and purpose of God.

The testimonies shall finish with John, as his writings close the book of God. He was especially the disciple of love, and his epistles, as well as his gospel, breath the electing love of God. In his first epistle the 14th ch. the 19th v. He makes the an∣tecedent eternal love of God to us, not on∣ly the incentive, but the rise and spring of the believers love to him; We love him, because he first loved us. And he inscribes his second epistle, to an honourable matron, whom he calls the elect Lady; not only a choice one, but one chosen of God — Nor is the book of the Revelation which Jesus Christ made to him silent about this truth. There we are told, That all that dwell in the carth shall worship the beast, and be deceived by satan, either in doctrine or practice, to their perdition, excepting those whose names are written in the lambs book of life from the foundation of the world; 13th ch. 8. v. 17. ch. 8 v. And in the 14th verse, the followers of the lamb have this description and character given of them, they are called, and chosen, and faithful Finally, we are told in the 21 ch. 27th v. Who shall gain admission into the new Je∣rusalem, the Jerusalem which is above, the city of the living God; that there shall in no wise enter any thing that defileth, neither whatsoever worketh abomination, or maketh a lie; but

THEY WHICH ARE WRITTEN IN THE LAMB'S BOOK OF LIFE. This expression frequently occurs in the sacred stile. Of some particular saints we read, (Phil. 4.3.) their names are in the book of life. And the whole body of them are stiled, (Heb. 12.23.) The church of the first-born written in heaven. All which places refer to the common usage among men, of keeping books of record, in which are entred the names of persons admitted into their community, and all elections to offices among them: And so in this metaphorical way of speaking, the scripture represents the great discriminat∣ing favour of eternal election.

It appears from all, that the doctrine we are treating of, is no scatter'd, single, or independent article; but runs along with the stream of the bible.

We have not this truth as the small drop of a bucker, but as the sound of many waters.

If these texts do not mean what we are maintain∣ing, to me they mean nothing at all. And however one or two of them may be art∣fully evaded, or turn'd to another sense by the slight of any; † 1.35 yet they who deny our

doctrine must fight with an exceeding great army of scriptures, and contend with Moses and the Prophets, CHRIST and his Apostles. And thus we see what we have asserted, strongly establish d by the authority of the holy scriptures.

II. We may argue this truth from the divine perfections; particularly, from the infinite wisdom, and certain fore-knowledge of God.

1. From the infinite wisdom of God, in conjunction with his power. Whatever God does, he must be suppos'd to have be∣fore determin'd to do: This must be allow'd or else it wou'd argue him defective in wisdom. And whatever he determines to do he must accomplish, or it wou'd argue him defective in power. I find this tho't so well pursu'd by a late rational and sound Di∣vine, * 1.36 that I will take the liberty to use his words, with but little variation.

"It must be allow'd that whatever per∣fection or excellency is to be found in any creature, the same must be essential to the

most high God, and that in the most emi∣nent and transcendent degree. For, if every creature derives its being from God, as the first cause, then no creature can possibly be possess'd of any excellency, but what must, in the highest and most abso∣lute sense, belong to God — Now, no one can deny that it is an excellency in any creature to be wise and powerful; wise to lay a scheme of what he intends to do and powerful to perform and ac∣complish what he designs. For a rational being to set about a work, without first forming in his mind a model of what he intends to pursue, is to discover a defect of wisdom; as not to be able to accomplish the plan he hath laid down, bewrays a want of power. — These premises being granted which indeed cannot be denied, it must follow, that whatever the great God does he design'd to do; and whatever he design'd to do he does. For, to suppose God to perform any work which he did not before design to perform, is to charge him with a degree of folly, and with acting below an intelligent agent; as to suppose him to design a thing which he does not effect, is to tax him with impo∣tence. If then it is an instance of the wis∣dom and power of man, first to design a work, and then to perfect it, the great God,

who is infinite in both these perfections, must design what he effects, and effect what he designs. To this decision of reason the sacred scriptures bear their testimony in the fullest and strongest manner. With how much majesty does the great God deliver himself in those words, Isai. 46, 10, 11? I am God, and there is none else; I am God, and there is none like me; declaring the end from the begining, and from ancient times, the things that are not yet done, saying, My counsel shall stand, and I will do all my pleasure. — To apply this to the great work of fallen man's redemption. Either God actually saves all men, or he does not; if he does, he must have design'd it; if he does not, 'tis plain he never design'd it. All that God design'd to save, he saves; but he actually saves some only, therefore he design'd only to save some of fallen Adam's children. Now, if we consider God as infinite in wis∣dom, and of almighty power, there cannot be a more rational way of arguing, than from his acts to his designs."

2. The very Fore-knowledge of God ar∣gues the same thing. That known to God are all his works from the begining, † 1.37 will be

easily granted. Few, if any among us, are dispos'd to deny this, That God did from all eternity fore-know who shou'd be saved. He must then fore-know that the requisite qualifications to salvation shou'd be found in them; that they wou'd repent, and be∣lieve, and obey the gospel; for none can be sav'd without these. And since the scrip∣ture is plain that these are God's gift, of his working wherever they are found, he cannot be said to have fore-known that these wou'd so repent and believe, without an unalterable determination in his own mind to bestow these saving graces on them in particular. Therefore, Fore-knowledge and arrow_back predestination arrow_forward are link'd together in our text, Whom he did fore-know, them he did predestinate. I take this argument to be conclusive. It is that upon which the great Doctor Twiss mainly rests the cause, in his learned defence of this truth against the opposers of his day. And it was this convinc'd the celebrated Dr. South, and brought him into those principles called Calvinian. It will not be foreign to my purpose, and possibly it may more than inform and please some, if I shou'd insert a short account of that matter into this dis∣course. I have it then from very good

authority, † 1.38 that this eminent person, sometime after the restoration, being in company at Oxford with several persons of note, and among the rest with Mr. Thomas Gilbert, who was afterwards one of the ejected ministers, they fell into a conversa∣tion about the arminian points. And altho' it was more than suspected that Dr. South, who fell in with the new conformity, did also incline to the new divinity of that time, yet upon Mr Gilberts asserting that the arrow_back Predestination arrow_forward of the Calvinists did ne∣cessarily follow upon the Prescience of the Arminians, the Doctor presently engag'd that if he would make that out, he would never be an Arminian so long as he liv'd. Mr Gilbert immediately undertook it, and made good his assertion to the satisfaction of those present; and the Doctor himself was so convinc'd, as to continue to the last a very zealous assertor of the reform'd doctrine against its various opposers — And thus the truth we are maintaining may be argued from the divine perfections.

III. It may also be argued from the dis∣pensations of providence and grace; in giving

the gospel to some people, and not to others; and in blessing the preaching of it for saving good to some who enjoy it, and not to others.

1. In giving the gospel to some and not to others. In order to compleat the sal∣vation of men, the redemption purchased must be applied; and in order to this ap∣plication there are means appointed and made necessary by God's institution: these are the word and ordinances of the gospel. For, as says the apostle, Rom. 10.14. How shall they call on him in whom they have not believed? And how shall they believe in him, of whom they have not heard? And how shall they hear without a preacher? Now, the gos∣pel of salvation is sent to some places, and not to others; and this by a special provi∣dence. Not only the doctrine, but the journeys and travels of the apostles, were under the direction of the spirit of God. Acts 16.6, 7 Now when they were gone throughout Phrygia, and the region of Galatia, and were forbidden of the Holy Ghost to preach the word in Asia, after they were come to Mysia, they assayed to go into Bithynia: but the spirit suffered them not. Agreably when the apostle Paul was preaching the gospel at Antioch, he told the people of that place (Acts, 13.26.) Men and brethren, to you is the word of

this salvation SENT. Not so much bro't by us as sent by God. And this disposition of providence cannot be accounted for but by an election of grace to be gather'd in from among such a people. This was given as the reason why Paul was sent to preach the gospel at Corinth, Acts 18.9, 10. Then spake the Lord to Paul in the night by a vision, saying, Be not afraid, but speak, and hold not thy peace, for I am with thee, and no man shall hurt thee; for I HAVE MUCH PEOPLE in this city. And so the preaching of the gospel in other Gentile places is accounted for, Acts 15.14. James answered saying, Ye have heard how God hath visited the Gentiles, to take out of them a people for his name.

2. In blessing the means of grace for saving good to some who enjoy them, and not to others. The wind blows where it listeth; and the holy spirit works by the ministry of the word, to will and to do, of his own good plea∣sure. † 1.39 One is awakn'd, convinced, pricked to the heart by a sermon; another in the same seat, under the same sermon, feels nothing. Sometimes the most unlikly are taken and effectually called, while others are left: And this after many years delay and dis∣couragement,

and no hopeful prospect, but the contrary. Some out of wicked families are converted; others, after a strict and re∣ligious education, become vile and profli∣gate. What different success hath the gospel at some times, and in some places; and at different times in the same place? Tho' the same message, and the same preacher. Is there not an open display of the sove∣reignty of divine grace in all this? Surely the conversion of sinners is according to his purpose, as to the subjects themselves, and also as to the time and season of their change, and the means and method by which it is accomplished.

Once more,

IV. Such an election as we are treating of, is necessary to secure to the Lord Jesus Christ what he purchased by his death. It wou'd be very dishonourable to suppose that Christ un∣dertook the great and difficult work of mans redemption; that he came into our world, suffer'd and died, upon an uncertainty what the effect of his redemption wou'd be; for this is plainly to make him act below a wise intelligent agent. This could no ways be ascertain'd but by a di∣vine fore-ordination; for otherwise it must be left to turn upon the corrupt fallacious will of man. If men were left to them∣selves, such is their impotency to what is

good in their present fallen state, and such a strong biass are they under to the world and sin, they wou'd never comply with the terms of salvation; and so must fall short of it after the purchase of it was made. Therefore a special number were chosen, and given to Christ, with respect to whom the father engag'd, that they shou'd be bro't to believe on him, and be a seed to serve him in this world, and thro' his me∣rits obtain to everlasting blessedness in the world to come. We are told in the reve∣lation which God hath made to us of the hidden mystery which God ordain'd before the world unto our glory, that the success of his redeeming work was ascertain'd to our redeemer, in an inviolable contract, upon his engaging in the great & glorious design. Isai. 43.10, 11, 12. When thou shalt make his soul an offering for sin, He shall see his seed: the pleasure of the Lord shall prosper in his hand. He shall see of the travel of his soul and be satisfied: By his knowledge shall my righteous servant justify many. Therefore I will divide him a portion with the great, and he shall divide the spoil with the strong: because he hath poured out his soul unto death. It was upon the assurance our blessed saviour had given him in this contract, that he spoke those words, John 6.37. All that the fa∣ther giveth me, SHALL come to me. Thus I have

confirmed the truth we are maintaining, by what I take to be direct scripture proof, and solid argument agreable to scripture. And if the truth is once well establish'd, there is the less need to regard the objections bro't against it. Yet, I hope, thro divine assistance, in the next discourse to vindi∣cate this doctrine, in some measure, from the charges bro't against it, as if it argu'd unrighteousness in God, discourag'd per∣sons from useing the means of salvation, tended to despair, &c.

In the mean time, let what we have now heard cause us humbly to bow down be∣fore the throne of the divine sovereignty, and awfully to adore in the apostles lan∣guage, Rom. 11. from the 33d v. O the depth of the riches both of the wisdom and knowledge of God! how unsearchable are his judgments, and his ways past finding out! For who hath known the mind of the Lord, or who hath been his counseller? Or who hath first given to him, and it shall be recompensed unto him again? For of him, and through him, and to him are all things: to whom be glory forever. AMEN.

SERMON III.

ROMANS, VIII. 30.

Moreover, whom he did predestinate, them he also called; and whom he called, them he also justified; and whom he justified, them he also glorified.

THESE words have been the foundation of two dis∣courses already, upon this illustrious Doctrine of chris∣tianity, That a certain num∣ber were selected by God, in his eternal counsel and purpose, from the rest of fallen mankind, to be in time effectually called, sanctified and justified, in order to their being finally bro't to eternal life and glory; and this out of his meer good pleasure, and for the praise of his glorious grace.

This truth has been explained & stated in several propositions. It has also been confirmed & established by positive scrip∣ture proof, and by some arguments drawn from the scriptures. That which we are to proceed to at this time is,

III. To attempt to clear this truth of some misrepresentations made of it; and to give an answer to the objections commonly bro't against it.

Here I would first of all observe to you, We shou'd not disown or relinquish a doc∣trine we have been taught, because of some objections rais'd against it, or difficulties attending it. For there is no one truth in all the bible, tho' never so plainly laid down, but the corrupt, proud, and aspiring mind of man, has formed some objections against it, and started some difficulties a∣bout it. And if we can't quite master all the difficulties, and reconcile every thing that seems contradictory, we must not therefore withold our assent, if the thing it self is expresly reveal'd in scripture, or necestarily inser'd from it. We are indis∣pensably obliged to believe whatever God has reveal'd, whether it is obvious to our reason, and agrees with our preconceiv'd opinions, or not. If we can but satisfie

our selves the scripture asserts such a doc∣trine, the obscurity, difficulty, and harsh∣ness, which seem to attend it, must not stumble or offend us. For these are things which are to be receiv'd upon the credit of him that reveals them; and we don't yield that obedience of faith which the gos∣pel requires, unless our understandings submit to a revealed truth, as readily as our wills are to comply with a commanded duty.

It is scripture and not reason, that is the rule of faith: For we are incompetent judges of revealed truths, not only on ac∣count of the narrowness of our capacities, but because of that blindness of mind which is the consequent of our fallen state.

Nor yet is the unsearchableness of a doctrine reveal'd in scripture, a sufficient reason why we should forbear all inquiry into it, or discourse about it. What we may not pretend to search out to perfection, or to explain the modus of, we may yet know and speak so much of, as to subserve the great ends of religion. And if it is not the object of inquiry, nor a sit subject of discourse, to what end is it reveal'd at all? We are soon lost in the perfections of the divine nature, as well as in the doctrine of the decrees; yet they must not be let alone,

if we would teach people what they are to believe concerning God.

Tho' there are bounds set about the holy mount, and to break thro' to gaze, is danger∣ous, and may be fatal; yet, keeping a pro∣per distance, we may allowably take a view of what is presented before us; and with∣out affecting to be wise above what is writ∣ten, we may safely venture to go into a mys∣terious subject as far as the scripture leads us, compareing spiritual things with spiritual: And by going into the sanctuary of God, we may gain some satisfaction about what is otherwise two painful for us.

Having said this by way of premise, I come directly to what we propos'd, to vindicate the present truth from some of the misrepresentations made of it, and to answer some objections made against it.

1. To vindicate it from some misrepre∣sentations For distinction is always to be made between the objections to which a truth may be liable, and the misrepresen∣tations which are ignorantly or maliciously made of it. Some greatly misrepresent this doctrine, and state it in such a manner as we are far from allowing, but utterly disown and reject as well as themselves.

Thus,

1. Some represent the doctrine of elec∣tion as God's ordaining to save some par∣ticular persons let them live how they will.

But no such election as this was ever asserted by us. The scripture knows no such election. and we are far from main∣taining it. The same decree that designs any persons to salvation, ascertains the means for the obtaining that salvation: These are faith and holiness. God hath chosen us to salvation thro' sanctification of the spirit, and belief of the truth. And the elect of God are predestinated to be conformed to the image of his son, which takes in the whole work of sanctification. And there∣fore we never said, that if a person was elected he might be saved however he or∣dered his life; for this wou'd be to separate what God has indissolubly connected, and to destroy a part of the decree itself.

2. Another misrepresentation is, when any speak as if the decree of God was the Reason why men did continue in sin & unbelief.

Give me leave to reply to this in the words of another. * 1.40

Indeed, the imme∣diate

reason why any repent and believe to eternal life, is because the exceeding greatness of his power is exercis'd to∣wards them, whereby he works repent∣ance and faith in them; and the reason of his exerting this power to work these saving graces in them, is because he has determined to do it; and so 'tis the execution of his purpose. But it does not follow from hence, that the reason why others do not repent & believe is, be∣cause they were not ordain'd to eternal life. Tis true, their not being ordain'd to eternal life, or God's not having pur∣posed to save them, is the reason why he does not exert that power which is necessary to work repentance and faith in them; and impenitence and unbelief will certainly be the consequent hereof; but the immediate spring and cause of impenitence and unbelief, is the corrup∣tion and perverseness of human nature, which is chargable on none but man himself. We must certainly distinguish between impenitence and unbelief their being the consequent of God's not work∣ing repentance and faith, and its being the effect hereof. If God withholds his grace from some to whom he was not oblig'd to give it, and they continue in sin, this is to be assign'd only to that

wicked propensity of nature, which in∣clines us to sin, and not to the divine efficiency;

for the decree enforces no man to sin, as we shall have occasion to shew hereafter.

3. Another such gross misrepresentation of this doctrine is, when any speak as if the assertors of it held, that men are damn'd by vertus of the decree, without any conside∣ration of their sin and miscarriages.

But this was never said by the most zealous assertors of election and reproba∣tion. We do indeed affirm that God of his meer sovereignty chose some to ever∣lasting life, and passed by others, without any consideration had to the good works of the former, or the evil deeds of the lat∣ter; but then a distinction is made be∣tween bare non-electing, and the decree of con∣demnation. This, being a thing more posi∣tive in the nature of it, must be with a view to sin committed, and from the fore∣sight of it. The objects of the decree of condemnation must be some way or other, obnoxious to justice, that the righteousness of God may be intirely clear in the judg∣ment of intellectual creatures. For, tho' a favour may be placed on one to whom 'tis not due, while it is withheld from

another that has no claim to it, without any shadow of injustice; yet, punishment can't righteously be inflicted on one that no way deserves it; and eternal punish∣ment cannot be deserved, if no sin is to be charged.

Among the Calvinistical Divines of the last century, Doctor Twiss was one of prime note; and, tho' in the supra-lapsarian scheme, he declares himself in the words following; † 1.41

That in no moment of time or reason doth God ordain any man to damnation, before the con∣sideration of sin. Every one that is dam∣ned is damned for his sin, and that will∣fully committed, and contumaciously continued, by them that come to ripe years.

Doctor Edwards, another strenuous and learned defender of arrow_back predestination, says, * 1.42

It is a true proposition, that God never decreed to make any creature everlast∣ingly miserable, who by his voluntary

transgression of the divine laws, did not deserve it. To damn, being an act of punitive justice, supposes a fault, implies some demerit. Tribulation and anguish to every soul of man that worketh evil, Rom. 2.9. All are under sin, Rom. 3.9. That every month may be stopped, and all the world may become guilty before God, v. 19. There∣fore the penal decree hath respect to this.

And our venerable Willard † 1.43 speaks the same language, when he says,

God in∣tended to damn none but for sin. Dam∣nation is not an act of meer sovereignty, but of relative justice. God damns none meerly because he will damn them, but because they have bro't it upon them∣selves. As in Jer. 2.17. Hast thou not procured this unto thy self, in that thou hast forsaken the Lord thy God? Sin therefore is the only cause of men's destruction. It is true, there is an infallibility of con∣sequence upon reprobation, that all who are under that decree will die; but they do not die because they were reprobated, but because they sinned. And were it not so, revenging justice would not be manifested in this. For, justice appears

in rewarding men according to their doings, judging by the law which they are under. That justice then may take place, it must appear that the man really deserves the penalty in∣flicted on him Now this desert ariseth from the nature and merit of sin: the man then must be a sinner before he can be justly damned; and if he be so, he then rightly deserves it. So we read, Rom. 6.23. The wages of sin is death; but the gift of God is eternal life, thro' Jesus Christ our Lord. So that notwithstanding the decree, no one falls under this sen∣tence, till by his sin he hath brought it upon himself. No man is doom'd to hell and destruction, because he was re∣probated, but because he was a sinner and deserv'd it

Having so far clear'd the doctrine of these misrepresentations that are made of it,

We come,

II To return some answer to the ob∣jections that are commonly offer'd against it.

And

1. Some object against the doctrine of election, or God's free choice of some of fallen mankind, to make them the sub∣jects of his grace now, and heirs of glory hereafter, while he passed by the rest, and left them in the ruins of their apostacy; some

object against this, as inconsistent with the justice and righteousness of God. Why, say they, shou'd he chuse some and not others, to make them the objects of his redeeming love and grace, when all were alike miser∣able, and equally undeserving? Does not this make him a respecter of persons? Whenas we are told, Acts 10.34. Of a truth God is no respecter of persons; and he has strictly forbidden this in earthly judges.

To this it may be answer'd, That respect of persons which is blam'd amongst men, is when one is prefer'd before another, in a matter of right, for some sinister and self∣ish ends; as when a judge favours the rich in his cause: but this is not chargeable where a person is under no obligation by any law or rule, but is at perfect liberty. Thus tho' a man that is a judge, must do alike by all, when he dispenses justice; yet a man is at liberty to take into his house and family whom he pleases, or to bestow his estate on whom he will. If that place in Acts 10.34.35. where the apostle Peter says, Of a truth I perceive that God is no respecter of persons: But in every nation, he that feareth him, and worketh righteousness, is accepted with him, is duly consider'd, it will appear that it does not intend but that God does shew favour to some above

others; but all that it means is this, that God respects no man's person, either less or more, for his outward condition & carnal priviledges.

Now, it is certain that God's election had no regard to any thing in the creature, to any deservings found in the objects of it; for all lay in one corrupt mass when the decree was exercis'd about them, and what∣ever they have excellent above others is the fruit of their election, and so not the cause of it.

The glorious God was at perfect liberty, being a debtor to none He is sovereign Lord of his own grace, and may certainly bestow it where he will. None could lay claim to it, and therefore none are wrong'd if it is not bestowed on them; tho' all are highly favour'd who are the partakers of it.

Shall it be reckon'd an act of injustice in God to save some of mankind only, when he might have left ALL to perish, as well as the fallen angels, and not recover'd so much as ONE of our aposta•••• ••ace? We may venture to refer the matter here to the decision of impartial reason it self What! shall not God have power to dispose 〈◊〉〈◊〉 his own grace and glory as he pleaseth? When he is a debtor to none but makes that open challenge, Who hath first given to him, and it

shall be recompenced to him again? Our savi∣our hath said eno' to silence this objection, in Mat. 20.15. Is it not lawful for me to do what I will with mine own? Is thine eye evil because I am good?

2. This truth is further objected against as being inconsistent with the goodness and mercy of God. They say, God's tender mer∣cies are over all his works; that he is repre∣sented in scripture as a great lover of man∣kind, and as having no pleasure in the death of a sinner but a desire that he should live. How then can it be that his saving design is restrain'd to any determinate number, while the rest are left to perish everlasting∣ly? And some are ready to think and say, what is even horrible to repeat, that it taxes a merciful God with the cruelty of making man to damn him.

To this I answer,

However great the goodness and mercy of God are, yet all his creatures in misery do not equally partake in them. This is plain from the distinction that is made be∣tween the fallen angels and fallen mankind. The fallen angels are wholly pass'd by, and not one of them saved; and this to be sure, without any derogation to the mercy of God. Yet there is as much reason to charge God with want of goodness and

mercy, in leaving all the fallen angels to perish, as in passing by some of fallen mankind. Or will any presume to affirm that God is unmerciful, because he chooses the objects of his mercy, or has mercy on whom he will have mercy? The power of God is limited and determin'd in the exer∣cise of it, by his divine wisdom and sover∣eign pleasure; and why should not his goodness and mercy be so too?

Nor does this give occasion for that in∣jurious and blasphemous reflection, that God made some men to DAMN them. For God's purpose to condemn men, does not consider them as creatures, but as sinners; as we have had occasion to observe already. That God did not create man on purpose that he might sin, is evident from man's primitive state, that of innocence, in which he might have continued. For tho' his creator made him mutable, he yet made him upright † 1.44, without the least tincture of sin in his nature, or any disposition, or inclination to it; but all the powers and faculties of the soul were dispos'd to an∣swer the ends of its creation, and thereby to glorifie God. Now, as God did not

create man that he might sin, he cannot be said to create him that he might con∣demn him:

Several other ideas inter∣vene between God's purpose to create and to condemn.

And tho' the merciful God does not take pleasure in the death of a sinner, as 'tis the misery of his creatures, yet he has, and from the perfection of his nature cannot but have, a high satisfaction in the display of his own justice towards some, whose sin has render'd them the proper objects for that terrible attribute to be glorified upon. Besides, these same objections taken from the good∣ness and mercy of God, lie as much against God's not eventually saving all, as his de∣termination not to save all. None say that all men will be finally saved; for the scripture declares the contrary in many places. Yet 'tis certain, God cou'd save all men if he so pleased. He cou'd change the heart of every sinner in the world, prepare him for salvation, and then bestow it on him. Is it any derogation to his goodness and mercy that he don't do thus? Why then do any charge the opinion of God's determining to save but a part of mankind, with such unmercifulness, when the objection lies full as strong against their own opinion, that God will actually save but a part of our species?

Nor do we by this opinion make salva∣tion narrower, or more confin'd, than those who oppose it; but, in fact, make it as ex∣tensive in its subjects as they do. As one has well observ'd upon this argument,

The difference between them and us, is not about the number that are sav'd; we both agree in this, that none shall be sav'd but such as repent and believe, and obey the gospel, and that all such shall certainly be saved; but what we differ about is, the manner of their obtaining salvation. We say, they are sav'd by virtue of the electing love of God; they say they are sav'd because they rightly improve their own free will. We affirm them to be sav'd in such a way as ascribes all to the glory of God; the way of sal∣vation which they hold is such, as leaves great room for man to glory. Thus far then our doctrine appears every whit as merciful to mankind as theirs, inasmuch as the difference is not about the num∣ber of the sav'd, but the way and man∣ner of their coming to this salvation. Nay, our doctrine appears much more merciful than theirs who oppose it. For ours makes the salvation of millions of the fallen children of men absolutely cer∣tain, while theirs makes the salvation of any man, but barely possible And let any

unprejudic'd person judge, whether a doctrine that secures the salvation of an innumerable multitude, is not more worthy of a compassionate and merciful God, than a notion that only puts the salvation of every one upon a bare pos∣sibility, whence it may happen, that even according to their own tenets, no one may be sav'd at last.

Nay the author we here refer to † 1.45 car∣ries the matter still higher, and with good reason asserts,

That the doctrine of our opponents is an unmerciful doctrine, because it is so far from ascertaining the salvati∣on of any, that it makes the salvation of each man a moral impossibility. They suppose the election the scripture speaks of to be only a conditional one, i. e. provided men will repent and believe, and persevere in holiness; but they will not allow that God has predestinated any to faith, repentance, and perseverance to the end; but that the performance of these conditions depends upon their own will.

But if this is the case, the question which was once put to our Lord, may

very properly be ask'd here, Who then can be saved? For, if the scripture has rightly represented men as by nature in a state of death, to every good work repro∣bate; not sufficient as of themselves to speak a good word, or think a good tho't, how is it possible they shou'd by their own innate power ever perform these great and weighty conditions?

Thus our doctrine appears to be not only consistent with the mercy of God, but to give it a brighter display. And I would only add upon this; It is the grace and mercy which I see shining forth in this doc∣trine, that makes me embrace it, and prize it, and contend for it. And however others may judge, I declare with all seri∣ousness, I wou'd not for ten thousand worlds but my own salvation shou'd stand more secure, than any will or power of my own is able to make it.

To go on.

3. It is objected against the truth we are maintaining, that it is inconsistent with human liberty, and tends to establish a fatal necessity of things. Some will say, if men are predestinated to faith and holiness, a force is then put upon their inclinations, and a free choice taken away: As on the other hand they say, this brings men under

a necessity of smning; and why are they to be blam'd or punish'd for what they cannot help? Nay, some will venture so far as to say, that upon this principle God himself must be the author of sin, or the blameable cause of evil.

I answer, To reconcile the divine fore-ordination with human liberty, is a thing too hard for us; nor may any one pretend to do it. Yet the matter of fact is certain, that men do act with liberty and freedom in things that are fore-ordained. And tho' we can't reconcile them, there is certainly an agreement between these two. Nor is it more difficult to reconcile this, than some other things which yet are ge∣nerally own'd. As for instance, the duty and success of prayer with the doctrine of God's unchangeableness. Such is the per∣fection of God's nature that he is unchange∣able in his mind and purposes. When he is said in scripture to repent or change his mind, 'tis only spoken after the manner of men; and can by no means be understood as if he had alter'd his purpose upon any new prospect, or was bro't to do otherwise than he before design'd; for this wou'd plainly be to derogate from the perfection of his nature. Yet prayer is the appointed means of receiving mercy and blessings

from God, and he does many things for his people in answer to their prayers, and has never said to the seed of Jacob, seek ye me in vain. Now I say, 'tis no more difficult to reconcile the divine fore ordination with human liberty, than it is the doctrine of the divine unchangeableness with the efficacy of prayer. And so there is no more reason to reject the doctrine of the divine decrees, than there is the doctrine of the divine unchangableness, which even rea∣son teaches.

Tho' the elect of God are predestinated to faith and holiness, no violence is offer'd to their wills when they come to believe in Christ, and chuse the way of holiness. Tho' all that the father hath given him, shall come to Christ, yet they come freely, not by a force upon their wills, but a change in them. Surely God may incline the wills of men, without destroying the na∣ture and freedom of them. So we road, Thy people shall be willing in the day of thy power, Psal. 110 3. And God tells his people, I have loved thee with an everlasting love; therefore with loving kindness have I drawn thee. And the church prays, Draw me, we will run after thee, Cant. 1 4. On the other hand, Tho' the decree of God leaves some unto the sinfulness of their own hearts and lives, out of which he is

under no obligation to recover them, yet this enforces no man to sin; but men's sin is always voluntary and chosen. So 'tis said of God's sinful people of old, Isai. 66.3. They have chosen their own ways, and their soul delighteth in their abominations.

To illustrate and confirm this, let me refer you to the story of Joseph, which pre∣sents us with a notable draught & scheme of providence. God had a purpose to ad∣vance Joseph in Egypt, and also a design to save his fathers house alive in a time of famine, by sending him there before them to make provision for them; and as a means to this Joseph was sold to the Ishma∣lites, and by them to an officer in Pharaohs court. But will any one say that his brethren did not act freely in their selling of him, and gratifie their own envy and malice by that wicked deed?

So our Lord Jesus Christ was the lamb slain from the foundation of the world, in the divine counsel and purposes; yet 'tis said of the Jews that for envy they delivered him to Pilate, Mat. 7.18. And the apostle Peter thus charges them, Acts 2.23. Him, being delivered by the determinate counsel and fore-knowledge of God, ye have taken, and by wicked hands have crucified and slain. The crime is expresly said to be their own, tho' done in pursuance of the divine determi∣nation.

Nor can the holy God be made the au∣thor of sin when he leaves the sinner to his sinfulness: For tho' he permits the sin, he infuses no sinfulness into the sinner.

"Will any say, God's denying the reveng∣ful person, or the murderer, that grace which would prevent his executing his bloody designs, makes him the author of the murder? Or is his denying to others the necessary supply of their present exigen∣cies, the cause of their making use of un∣lawful means, by plundering and stealing, to subsist themselves? No, this is only to be assign'd to that wicked propensity of nature, which enclines to sin when occasion is offer'd, & not to the divine efficiency."

4. It is objected that this doctrine of particular election is inconsistent with such declarations in scripture as those that tell us, God is not willing any shou'd perish, but wou'd have all men to be saved; and with such expostulations as God uses with sin∣ners, and lamentations over them, when he says, Turn ye, turn ye, why will ye die? And, O that thou hadst known in this thy day, the things of thy peace! And also with such general offers of grace as that, Whosoever will let him take of the water of life freely.

This may seem a plausible objection at the first sound, but upon due conside∣ration will not be found to overthrow what we assert. For as to such declara∣tions as this that God wou'd have all men to be saved, and therefore to come to repentance, they cannot be understood to be any thing more than declarations of mens duty to re∣pent & turn to God that they may be saved, and that the thing in it self consider'd is to be desir'd. They can't possibly mean that he wills the repentance and salvation of all as he does of some; that he wills it as a thing which he will engage his power to accomplish; for then it would immedi∣ately come to pass. — The expostulations we meet with in scripture, are forms of speech well suted to awaken men's consideration, bring them to a sense of their duty, and excite them to return to God; and are of this use in the hand of the Spirit, in the effectual calling and conversion of God's elect. — The lamentations that are made over sinners, represent the deplorableness of their condition, and that God has no pleasure in their misery consider'd as his creatures. If they are look'd upon as re∣presenting God disappointed in, and griev'd at a thing which he cou'd not help, and has come to pass contrary to his design and expectation, they are certainly strain'd too

far. — And as to the offers of grace in the preach'd gospel, they are and must be ge∣neral, for the elect and non-elect live to∣gether under the same gospel, and none but God knows who the one and the other are. These free and general offers are for the encouragement of persons awaken'd & in distress, and they prevent the returning sinner from desponding. There is indeed no deceit in these offers: Whoever will may take of the water of life freely. But when any are willing to accept of salvation in the way in which it is offer'd in the gospel, they are made so by God, and 'tis in pur∣suance of his purpose. We are sure there is no inconsistency between particular elec∣tion and a general promise, since our savi∣our asserted the former at the same time that he made the latter, in that famous place, which we have once and again re∣ferr'd to, John 6 37. All that the father giveth me, shall come to me. And him that cometh to me, I will in no wise cast out. From hence I say, it incontestibly appears, That a determinate infallible election is not inconsistent with a free general offer of grace I shall mention but one objection more, which is,

5thly That this doctrine discourages per∣sons in the use of means, and tends to des∣pair.

If I am not elected may a person say, to what purpose are all my endeavours for salvation? I can never attain to it by them. And if I am elected, why shou'd I strive and labour, when my salvation is made sure by the immutable decree of God? But, how preposterous is this, when the end & means come under the same decree? As I have had occasion once and again to observe in the process of this subject. God's decree does not at all take off the use of our endeavours, for in the use of the means the very decree it self is to receive its ac∣complishment. Let me refer you to a scripture story for the illustration & proof of this. When the apostle Paul was in im∣minent danger of shipwrack in his voyage to Rome, he encouraged the company by assuring them, there shou'd not be the loss of any man's life, only of the vessel. For says he, † 1.46 There stood by me this night the angel of God, whose I am, and whom I serve, saying, fear not Paul, thou must be brought before Cesar: and lo, God hath given thee all them that sail with thee. Wherefore sirs be of good cheer: for I believe God, that it shall be even at it was told me Yet when the shipmen were by and by going to flee out of the ship to save

themselves by boat, Paul said to the centurion, and to the soldiers, except these abide in the ship, ye cannot be saved. Which did not at all weaken the assurance he had just before given them from God, that they shou'd all be saved; for God who had appointed the end, that they shou'd be sav'd, had also ap∣pointed the means, that they shou'd be saved by the help of those ship-men: so tho' God has ordained the salvation of those that shall be saved, he has ordain'd it in the way of faith and holiness, and a working out their own salvation with fear & trembling.

There is no such decree as this, That the elect shall be saved, whether they work about their own salvation, or not. Or, that the elect may continue unconverted, and unconcern'd about eternal blessedness, and yet get safe to heaven at last. If any are ordain'd unto eternal life, it is also ordain'd that they shall be awakn'd to a sence of their sin and misery, to earnest prayer to God for recovering & renewing grace; and to a diligent waiting on him in the ways of his appointment, until that he have mercy on them. How then does this doc∣trine set aside the use of means in order to attain the end?

If any make this a plea for not setting about the work of their salvation, 'tis only

an excuse for sloth, and a meer pretence for their not doing what they have no mind to do. For they do not urge and plead the decree in other and lesser matters, as they do in the matters of their salvation. Other things are fore-ordain'd as well as men's salvation; how long they shall live, and whether they shall be rich and prosperous in the world But who says, I don't know whether God has decreed that I shall live to be old, and therefore I will not take food to preserve my life, nor physick to recover me when I am sick? Or, I don't know whether the decree will allow me to prosper, or not; and therefore I will not work nor trade, nor use any endeavours to get an estate. If any object the decree in the one case, that do not in the other, surely they are self-condemned.

And how can this doctrine have a peculi∣ar tendency to drive persons to despair, when it ascertains salvation to a very great number, an innumerable multitude; and no one knows but he is of that number? For it is a very great sin for any one to conclude himself a reprobate. The greatest and the oldest sinner may not do so. For many of the elect of God have been left unto great sins, and suffer'd to lie long in sin too; but been after all bro't to the faith of God's elect, been washed, sanctified

and justified in this world, and glorified in the next. And if the sinner is awakned, and bro't into distress and agony, there is the more hope that he will be found of this number, and that a purpose of mercy con∣cerning him is beginning to be executed. How in the world does this doctrine tend to despair any more than those places of scripture that speak of the difficulty of sal∣vation, and tells us that few comparitively will be saved? Such passages as that in our saviours sermon on the mount, Mat. 7.13, 14. Enter ye in at the strait gate; for wide is the gate, and broad is the way that leadeth to destruction, and many there be which go in there∣at: Because strait is the gate, and narrow is the way which leadeth unto life, and few there be that find it.

But 'tis easy to load any truth with mis∣representations and abuses if men will set themselves to do so: and such is the per∣verseness of some, that they will give a wrong turn to a thing that is never so well explain'd and guarded. When we set forth the mercy of God, his readiness to pardon, and willingness to receive sinners that re∣turn to him by repentance and faith in Jesus Christ; some will abuse it to presump∣tion, and from thence encourage themselves to go on in sin because grace abounds, and to defer their repentance to the last of their

time. This, so far as we can make a judg∣ment, is a more common case than the o∣ther; and 'tis full as dangerous to the souls of men: Yet none would have us forbear it; and some think it can't be too often treated of, nor eno' enlarg'd upon.

Indeed it is a usual thing for persons under their first awakenings, to have their minds exercis'd about the doctrine of elec∣tion; but so far as I have been able to ob∣serve, it has been a help, rather than an hindrance, to them in the work of a tho∣rough conversion, and saving closure with the Lord Jesus Christ; and has been us'd by the Holy Spirit as a means to excite them to give more diligence to make their calling sure, and to lay the stronger hold on the hope set before them, in a glorious Christ to whom the gospel invites them to flee for refuge.

And it seems to me that upon a fair and just representation of the state of the case, it will appear to every considerate and un∣prejudic'd person, that a minister in treat∣ing with troubled awakned consiences, can do it with much greater advantage upon the foot of particular election, and those o∣ther doctrines of grace that are connected with it, than on the foot of universal re∣demption,

and the opinions that follow that. For, suppose a person in deep concern a∣bout his everlasting salvation, shou'd come to a minister for his help and direction, and the minister should tell him; God was a kind and merciful being, who delighted in the happiness of his creatures, and made none of them miserable that did not make themselves so; and Christ was the saviour of the world, who died for all men, and consequently for him as much as for any one; and if he did but repent of his sins, and trust in the merits of Christ, and lead a good life, and continue to do so to the end, he need nor fear, for the gospel pro∣mis'd salvation to him. Might he not re∣ply? And if his concern was deep and tho∣rough, he would reply to this effect; Tho' God is a kind and merciful being, 'tis as true that he is so holy as to hate sin, and so just as to punish the sinner; and how much so∣ever he delights in the happiness of his creatures, we know it will be the portion of a great many of them to be everlastingly miserable: True, he makes none of them miserable that don't make themselves so; but this is my un∣happy case: I see I am a sinner, tho' I was not so sensible of it as I am now; I have revolted from him and rebelled against him; and I fear he will make me as miserable, as I have made my self sinful. And if Christ is

the saviour of all men, all men will not be actually and finally saved by him; this ge∣neral redemption leaves the salvation of all men at an uncertainty. If I could know he died for me in particular, I should think my salvation secur'd; but I have no reason to think he died for me any more than for those who will perish forever. As to that faith, repentance and obedience, which the gospel makes the conditions of an interest in salvation by Jesus Christ, whatever un∣due opinion I have had of my own strength before, I am now convinc'd these are things out of my power, and must be wro't in me by a divine energy. I find my heart to be hard and unbelieving, averse to the way of holiness, and only bent to sin. And there are so many evil inclinations to be denied, temptations to be resisted, and ene∣mies to be overcome, that I fear I shall not hold out in the way to heaven; and with∣out I endure to the end, I can't expect to be saved. Others have turn'd back, after they have seem'd to set out well; and I have no better security than they had. My salvation, for any thing I can see, is very uncertain; yea, very unlikely, and next to impossible, if I am left so much to my self in it.

On the other hand; When a minister tells an inquiring, solicitous, anxious soul, not only that the death of Christ is of value sufficient to purchase salvation for all men, if God had been pleas'd to design the sal∣vation of all; but that he died to render the salvation of a very great number of them infallibly certain; and therefore has purchas'd for every one of these that faith & repentance which the gospel makes neces∣sary to salvation, which are most commonly wro't in them by the HolySpirit in the use of the appointed means; and that their final perseverance in grace, and compleat victory over sin, the world, and satan, are secured in a well order'd covenant, of which the Lord Jesus Christ himself is the head and surety: and if when the in∣quiring person expresles a doubt & fear that he is not one of the happy number, & seems ready to be discourag'd on this account, the minister further lets him know, there is no real ground for any such fear, inas∣much as none can tell who are included in this number, and who are not; and many are included in it who have greatly fear'd the contrary; that the present concern of mind he is under renders it very hopeful that he will be found of this number at last, inasmuch as this is the way of the Spirit with the elect of God, when he is about

effectually to call them; first to awaken them out of their former ease and security, to convince and humble them, and so drive them to Christ: That if he goes to Christ for life upon the general call of the gospel, his election of God is put out of question; and then he need not be dis∣couraged on account either of his unwor∣thyness or inability; for the promises of effectual and persevering grace made to Christ in behalf of the elect are absolute, and he may plead them, and take the com∣fort of them, and rest assured that as Christ will cast out none that come to him, so it is not the will of his father in heaven, that one of these little ones should perish † 1.47; and therefore he has undertaken to perfect that which does concern them, to compleat the good work begun in them, to protect and guide them thro' this evil world, and carry them safely to the kingdom prepared for them. — When, I say, a minister applies himself in this manner, upon these princi∣ples, to an awakened distressed soul, does it not carry greater encouragement, & strong∣er consolation in it, than the other, which only makes the salvation of all men possi∣ble, but secures salvation to none of them;

and leaves them so much to themselves in a difficult and hazardous work, to which they know & find they are sadly unequal?

Thus an answer has been given to some of the more common objections bro't against this truth. But I have not yet gone thro' all that I propos'd; tho' I have endeavour'd to be as comprehensive as I could. Another discourse must be allow'd me: In which I shall endeavour to improve the subject to the ends of practical religion; and persons may be directed how to make their election sure; for a person will never be thro'ly reconcil'd to this doctrine, till he has a hope of his own interest in it. Consider of what has been said, and the Lord give you understanding in all things; establishment in this, and every other gos∣pel truth. This also we wish, brethren, even your growing up towards perfection, in know∣ledge and faith, together with holiness and comfort. We wou'd not have you always as babes to be fed with milk, but as men in Christ to be able to receive and di∣gest these truths which the apostle calls strong meat. 'Tis a mean and a low thing for a christian to be content to know no∣thing but what is necessary to salvation. There are many truths reveal'd in the gos∣pel, which we can't say are absolutely ne∣cessary

to salvation, which yet 'tis a shame for christians not to have the knowledge of, because they redound to the honour of God, and have an influence into some parts at least of practical religion. And if these are among the deep things of God, let it not discourage you from a humble cautious search into them by the light of scripture, and with prayer to the spirit of truth, to lead you into all truth.

I conclude now with the apostles prayer for the Philippians, 1 chap. 9, 10, 11. v. This I pray that your love may abound yet more and more in knowledge, and in all judgment; that ye may approve things that are excellent; (or, as the margin reads it, try things that differ;) that ye may be sincere and without offence till the day of Christ; being filled with the fruits of righteousness, which are by Jesus Christ, to the praise and glory of God. AMEN.

SERMON, IV.

ROMANS, VIII. 30.

Moreover, whom he did predestinate, them he also called: and whom he called, them he also justified: and whom he justified, them he also glorified.

WE have had three discourses from these words concern∣ing the doctrine of predesti∣nation unto life. The truth has been explain'd & stated in several propositions. It has been confirm'd and establish'd by plain scripture proof, and solid argument agreeable to scripture. Some misrepresentations made of it have been rectified; and several objections obvi∣ated.

I hope now to finish the subject as God shall vouchsafe to help. And the next thing we are to proceed to according to the method we at first propos'd is,

IV. To set before you some of the ab∣surd consequences which follow upon the denial of this doctrine, and the difficulties of which the contrary scheme labours, and with which they are embarrass d who are on the other side of the question. This, I apprehend, will cast some more light into the subject, and further confirm the truth we are maintaining; and it may help to undeceive some who have been ready to think all the difficulty lies on our part, and there is little or nothing for our opponents to reconcile, or to clear away, before this notion can be embrac'd.

And

1. If such an election as we have been speaking of is not granted, it follows, That the will of God, even in an affair wherein his own glory is so greatly concern'd as the salvation of men, is dependent on the will of the creature.

I think the more general scheme of those who cannot subscribe to the doctrine of election is, That God has not infallibly will'd the salvation of any particular per∣sons,

but conditionally will'd the salvation of all men; that is, provided they will re∣pent, and believe: but has not determin'd to give this repentance and faith to any in particular; at least not till he sees how they improve the common grace and ad∣vantages they are under. This is evidently to make the will of God in this matter, subject to, and directed by the will of man, which is very dishonourable to him. This notion represents God, as saying, "I will that all men should be saved; nevertheless it must finally be, not as I will, but as they will." This is in effect to take away the will of God; for, to be sure he can have no absolute will of his own, whose will must be directed by the will of another, and is liable to be frustrated by it.

2. Without such an election as we are maintaining, God might be wholly dis∣appointed in his saving design respecting the children of men, and the precious blood of Christ might have been shed in vain. The o ne could not be secur'd, nor the other prevented, without an election of individuals, to whom the redemption pur∣chas'd by Christ shou'd be infallibly applied.

They will not get clear of this absurd consequence, by having recourse to the

fore-knowledge of God, and saying, he cer∣tainly fore-knew that some, and a great number wou'd repent and believe, and so was assur'd he shou'd not be disappointed in his design, and that his son would not die in vain; because, as we have shown already, the fore-knowledge of God ne∣cessarily infers his fore-ordination: for it is certain, that when all things future were no where but in the mind of God, in the days of eternity, he cou'd know nothing of them but what was his determinate will and counsel concerning them.

Or if they will say, that to prevent this disappointment, God will so order it that some shall be inclin'd and dispos'd to com∣ply with the terms of salvation; this is in effect to give up the point, and grant what we assert: for this will be to allow discrimi∣nating grace exercis'd in time, which can't well be defended without allowing a dis∣crimination in God's purpose relating thereto; because they must otherwise suppose there are new determinations in the divine will, which wou'd be to argue him imperfect in wisdom and knowledge.

3. Another of the gross absurdities which I apprehend follows upon the denial of this doctrine is, That man's salvation is

left at the same uncertainty under the new covenant, that it was in under the first; nay, that the state of mankind now, is much more difficult and dangerous than it was then.

Man's happiness, or misery, turned upon the exercise of his own free will under the first covenant; and so it does still if the sal∣vation of a number is not secur'd by elec∣ting love and grace. And can we suppose it consistent with the love and kindness of God, to leave salvation again to depend upon the will of man, which had ruin'd him once before? If free-will ruin'd man in his first state, while he was upright; is it not much more likely to ruin him in his worst state, now that he is fallen and corrupt? How can we imagine the wise God to ex∣pect his design of man's salvation shou'd be answer'd in the same way, when it was ren∣dered much more unlikely; I may say impos∣sible now, tho' it was not so before? Agre∣ably we read, Job 15.15. Behold, he putteth no trust in his saints. He does not trust the concerns of his glory in their salvation, in their own hands; for he well knew his saving design wou'd then never take effect. And therefore their salvation is infallibly secur'd by the new covenant, which is call'd a better covenant, establish'd upon better

promises; promises of reconciling, renewing and persevering grace, positive and abso∣lute, Heb. 8.6. A transcript of which co∣venant follows, in the 10, 11, & 12. v. and it runs in the most absolute unconditi∣onal strain that can be; This is the covenant that I will make with them, saith the Lord, I will put my laws into their minds, and write them in their hearts; and I will be to them a God, and they shall be to me a people. And they shall not teach every man his neighbour, and every man his brother, saying, Know the Lord: for all shall know me, from the least to the greatest. For I will be merciful to their unrighteousness, and their sins and their iniqui∣ties will I remember no more.

Once more,

4thly, Another of the consequences, which, as I conceive, follows upon the denial of this doctrine is, That the salvati∣on of every particular man does originate with himself; or at least is to be divided between God and the creature.

They that are in the other way of think∣ing, suppose that by the death of Christ mankind are put into a salvable state; but that the success as to particular persons de∣pends upon their acceptance of the offer'd salvation, and compliance with the terms of it; which acceptance and compliance

(according to them) are not the result and fruit of God's purpose of grace, but rather of mens own reason and con∣sideration, will and choice excited by those rational arguments that have been set before them, and that moral suasion which has been used with them. Some of these will indeed speak of the grace of God, and acknowledge we can do nothing without that; but all they seem to mean is a common general grace which goes along with the gospel, and one may improve to equal advantage as another. — And if it be thus, the sinner that is sav'd, is furnish'd with an easy answer to that question, 1 Cor. 4.7. Who maketh thee to differ from another? The happy difference instead of being ascrib'd to the free and powerful grace of God, must upon this principle, be ascrib'd to the man himself, his own reason and choice, good conduct and endeavours. There is no medium here; for according to the apostles arguing, every mans salvation takes rise from the free grace of God in election, or from his own works. Rom. 11.5, 6. Even so at this time also there is a remnant according to the election of grace. And if by grace, (such as I mention'd just now, vi z. electing grace; if by grace, I say) then it is no more of works; otherwise grace is no more grace. But if it be of works, then it is

no more grace; otherwise work is no more work. But that doctrine which gives the creature so much room to boast, and put in for so great a share in the honour of his own sal∣vation, cannot be of God; for he will not have any thing of his glory given to another. And nothing can be more contrary to the design of the gospel, which is to stain the pride of all flesh, to take away all occa∣sions of glorying from the creature, and to secure to divine grace its full honours. The prophet shews the glory and tendency of the gospel state, when he says, as in Isa. 2.17. The loftiness of man shall be bowed down, and the haughtiness of men shall be made low, and the Lord alone shall be exalted in that day.

The exaltation of FREE GRACE is evi∣dently what the glorious God aims at in the contrivance of fallen man's redemption. To this the whole frame is admirably fitted, from the first corner stone, to the bringing forth the top stone thereof. 1 Cor. 1.29, 30, 31. That no flesh shou'd glory in his pre∣sence. But of him are ye in Christ Jesus, who of God is made unto us wisdom, and righteous∣ness, and sanctification, and redemption: That, according as it is written, He that glorieth, let him glory in the Lord. Eph. 2.7, 8, 9. That in the ages to come he might shew the exceeding riches of his grace, in his kindness towards us,

through Christ Jesus. For by grace are ye saved, through faith; and that not of your selves: it is the gift of God: Not of works, least any man should boast.

And so we proced to the

V. general head, which is, To shew the importance of this doctrine, and the place it holds in the scheme of christianity; by which you will be help'd to judge whether it is a doctrine that had better be suppress'd than publish'd in the church. But here I must be content with hinting at things, without enlargment, or I shall much exceed my limits.

To be sure; The gospel can't be fully preach'd if this article is dropt; for it is evidently a great part of the subject matter of the sacred pages.

We can't rightly conceive of the attri∣butes of God, if we are unacquainted with this doctrine. — It is in this decree of election, that several of the glories and ex∣cellencies of the divine nature, appear in their brightest and strongest light. As to the Jovereignty of the great God, his abso∣lute supremacy over all creatures, and right to dispose of them for his own glory; this is left out of the notion men frame of God, and he quite looses the glory of this

high prerogative, when this truth is not understood and acknowledg'd —. And as to the divine goodness, mercy and grace, no∣thing displays these so much, as the ever∣lasting purpose of God to deliver so many of the children of Adam, from the misery they had involv'd themselves in, and the punishment they had deserv'd. To deliver some, and not all, renders the divine good∣ness towards the subjects of this deliver∣ance, more perspicuous and glorious. The salvation of men wou'd not so fully appear to be from free mercy and grace, if no differ∣ence was made between persons. To this purpose the apostle speaks, Rom. 11.23. That he might make known the riches of his glory on the vessels of mercy, whom he had afore prepared unto glory. His making choice of some, while he passes by others, commends his favour to them, renders it more glori∣ous in their eyes, constrains their admira∣tion now, and will raise their highest notes of praise hereafter. The eternal melody they will make, is that, Rev. 5.9. Thou art worthy to take the book, and to open the seals thereof: for thou wast slain, and hast redeem'd us to God by thy blood OUT OF every tongue, and kindred, and nation.

Many of the peculiar, high and noble, instructive and comfortable doctrines of the

gospel are concern'd in this, and connec∣ted with it. What will become of that covenant of redemption between the father and the son from the days of eternity, of which we read in the 89th Psalm; 53d ch. of Isaiah; 10th and 17th ch. of John, and other places; if a distinguish'd number were not given to Christ, as his charge, and as his reward? — The satisfaction of Christ is rendred a very loose uncertain and unsafe thing, if there are not a certain number for whom it was made and accept∣ed; and the value of it is lessen'd exceed∣ingly, if it did not purchase faith, repent∣ance, and holiness, for them on whom they are bestowed. — That free will which stands in competition with, and opposition to the grace of God in our salvation, can never without this be thrown to the ground as it ought to be. — The doctrine of effica∣tious grace which does so much honour to the Holy Spirit; and the doctrine of the saints perseverance in grace, which is so com∣fortable to them; depend very much on this doctrine of election.— This is the foundation of all those great and precious promises con∣tain'd in the new covenant; the ground∣work of our redemption; the rise and spring of all those spiritual blessings we are made the partakers of, to which the saints shou'd look back in their joyful praises, and

without the consideration of which, they cannot comprehend what is the height and depth, the length and breadth of the love of God in Christ It is therefore taken into that thanksgiving of the apostle, Eph. 1.3.4. Blessed be the God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ, who hath blessed us with all spiritual blessings in heavenly things, ACCORDING AS HE HAS CHOSEN US IN HIM BEFORE THE FOUN∣DATION OF THE WORLD.

In a word; As this doctrine is a spring of consolation to believers, so 'tis a most powerful argument to holiness & obedience; and this not only that they mayn't be without the tokens of election, but out of gratitude, and by way of acknowledgment to God for his distinguishing and eternal love to them. Accordingly it is matter of observation, that those who have embrac'd this doctrine, have been among the most exemplary, cautious, diligent and fruitful christians. But this has almost enter'd me into the

VIth and last thing propos'd, namely, The improvement of the subject to the ends of serious religion, and practical godliness. For had I taken it to be only an abstruse speculation, and not a doctrine according to godliness, I had spar'd my self the pains of these discourses.

The subject may be improv'd,

1. To let us into the meaning of several of the acts of God's providence.

Thus we are from hence furnish'd with a reason, why the human race was not cast off by God, upon the apostacy, as were the angels that sinned. It was because there was an election of grace amongst them. This gave birth to the early promise of the seed of the woman to break the serpents head. To this it was owing that there was an arrest of judgment, after the sentence was pro∣nounc'd on our apostate parents; and that mankind was allow'd to partake so largely of the divine goodness.

We also learn from hence the reason of God's patience with the present world, that is grown so sinful. It is because of a distinguish'd remnant of mankind that are in it now, and are to be born into it here∣after. So those words are to be expounded, Isa. 65.8, 9. Thus saith the Lord, as the new wine is found in the cluster, and one saith, destroy it not, for a blessing is in it: so will I do for my servants sake, that I may not destroy them all. And I will bring forth a seed out of Jacob, and out of Judah an inheritor of my mountains: and mine cloot shall inherit it, and my servants shall

dwell there. So our saviour said that for the elects sake, the days of the destruction of the Jews shou'd be shortned, and a stop put to that desolation, which otherwise wou'd have proceeded to that degree, that no flesh should be saved, Mat 24.22. When the elect of God are all born into the world, and ripened for heaven, then judgment will commence, the patience of God with our sinful species will be at an end, and that destruction by fire unto which the world is reserv'd will come on.

Again,

Here's a reason of the divine forbearance and long suffering towards particular sinners. If they are not among the elect themselves, who are to be effectually called in due time, it may be some of the elect are to spring from them, and for this reason they are spar'd notwithstanding all their provocations. If God should make quick work, and early destroy all the wicked of the earth, whence shou'd his elect arise in the world? Jero∣boam and Abrz were not cut off in their first transgressions, because good Abijah and Hezekiah were to spring from them. Many that will heartily embrace Christ, must rise from such as reject him. The Lord suffers many a wicked person to stand for a time under his patience, says holy Mr. Flavell, because children are to spring from them,

who will obey and embrace that Christ whom their wicked parents rejected." The world then has no need to murmur at, and quarrel with this doctrine of election as they do. It is well for the rest of the world that there is an election of grace out of it. Others fare the better for this: Since for the sake of these the wicked world is spar'd from age to age, and the execution of di∣vine justice towards particular sinners de∣layed.

2. This doctrine affords much comfort and encouragement to serious and thoughtful minds, in times of great defection and cor∣ruption.

When there is a wide spread of error, and a mighty torrent of profaneness; when evil men and seducers wax worse & worse, as they will do in the last days; when many are turned from the faith, and num∣bers loose their first love; let the pious and faithful in Christ Jesus remember for their encouragement, it is impossible to de∣ceive the elect, in things that are essential to salvation; and the foundation of God stands sure; having this seal, the Lord knoweth them that are his. And it may be the number of these is much larger than we are some∣times ready to sear. As in Elijahs time, when the apostacy from the true worship

and service of God was so general, that the good prophet tho't there was no one beside himself who preserv'd his integrity, he was told for h s comfort, there were thousands more. The apostle mentions this instance, and applies it to the times of the preach∣ing of the gospel, Rom. 11.2, 3, 4, 5. God hath not cast away his people which he fore∣knew. Wot ye not what the scripture saith of Elias? how he maketh intercession to God against Israel, saying, Lord, they have killed thy pro∣phets, and digged down thine altars; and I am left alone, and they seek my life. But what saith the answer of God unto him? I have reserved to my self seven thousand men, who have not bowed the knee to the image of Baal. Even so then, at this present time also, there is a remnant according to the election of grace.

3. Since some of the children of men are chosen unto salvation, predestinated unto life, let us inquire, Whether we have, at present, any good ground to hope that we are of the distinguish'd number.

This may be known, or the apostle would not have exhorted us to give dili∣gence to make our election sure; as he does in 2 Pet. 1.10. And he writes to the Thessalonians, as if their election, (or the election of the body of that church) was

no longer a matter of doubt, but of cer∣tainty. The 1st ep. 1 ch. 4. v. Knowing, brethren beloved, your election of God.

We need not here say in our hearts, Who shall ascend into heaven, to see whether my name is written there? Who will bring the book of life down to me, to see whether I am enroll'd in it, or not? The proof of this matter is near us, even in the book of scripture which we have in our hands.

The apostle in the place just mentioned, tells the Thessalonians what was the proof of their election. Knowing, brethren beloved, your election of God: For our gospel came to you, not in word only, but in power, and in the Holy Ghost, and in much assurance. Inquire then, what effect the word of the gospel has had upon you Has it come to you with power? Has it had a convincing, enlightning, hum∣bling, converting efficacy upon you? Have you found it as a fire, and as a hammer, that breaketh the rock in pieces? — Has it come to you in the Holy Ghost? accompanied with such an energy of the spirit, as to kill sin in you, and make you alive to God? for the letter killeth, but it is the spirit giveth life. — Has it come to you with much assurance? Are you so convinc'd of the truth of the gospel, as to adhere to the profession of it

against all the disputings of men, and dis∣couragements of the world; and so as to venture your souls, your everlasting con∣cerns upon the verity of it? Do you esteem the records of the gospel to be faithful say∣ings, and worthy of all acceptation; and make the bible the rule of your life, the founda∣tion of your hope, and spring of your con∣solation. This success of the gospel upon you will be a proof of your election, as it was of the election of the believing obedi∣ent Thessalonians.

The apostle Peter also shews us in what way and order to make our election sure. As in the place we have just mentioned, (2 Pet. 1.10.) Give diligence, bre∣thren, to make your calling and election sure; your election by your calling: For, whom he predestinated, them he also called. If then God has added the internal to the external call of the gospel. If you are bro't out of those sinful ways you once walk'd in, to walk in the way of good men, the way of ho∣liness and obedience; If you are taken off from the world, and no longer seek it as your blessedness, but have chosen God for your portion & happiness; if heaven is your end, and you are resolv'd to take up with nothing short of it, and make use of Christ as the way to it; you may then be assur'd, you shall see the good of his chosen, and rejoice with the gladness of his nation, and glory with his inheritance.

Again,

We are told, Acts 13.48. As many as were ordained unto eternal life, believed. Ex∣amine then, whether the faith of God's elect is wro't in you. Do you believe the re∣cord God has given of his son? God's way of saving sinners by Jesus Christ, reveal'd and propos'd in the gospel, do you receive it, approve of, and rest in it; and renoun∣cing all other hopes and expectations, re∣pose your whole confidence therein? And is Christ precious to you, as he is to them that believe? You may know then you were ordain'd to eternal life before the founda∣tion of the world.

To proceed,

Your love to God, as well as your faith in Christ, evidences your election: for so we read, 1 John 4.19. We love him, because be first loved us. Let it then be inquir'd, Do I love the Lord our God with all the heart, and soul, and mind, and strongth? Do I make choice of him before all other things, and delight in him supreamly? Is this the inward lan∣guage of my soul, Thou art my portion, O Lord. Whom have I in heaven but thee? and there is nothing on earth I desire besides thee. You may then hear him saying to you, Yea I have loved you with an everlasting love.

But as love can't be sincere unless it is obediential, so our new obedience is another proof and evidence of our election. The apostle has told us, Eph. 1.3. He hath chosen us before the foundation of the world, that we shou'd be holy, and without blame before him in love. We must inquire then, if we wou'd know our election, Whether there is a sepa∣ration wro't between us and our sins and lusts? Whether we walk not after the flesh, but after the spirit? Whether indwelling sin is a burthen and grief to us, and we are labouring in the mortification of it? Whe∣ther we are in the use of all proper and ap∣pointed means, Cleansing our selves from all filthyness of flesh and spirit; perfecting holiness in the fear of God? Do we desire nothing more than holiness, a conformity to the image of Christ? And do we lament no∣thing more than our want of holiness, or of conformity to the image of his son? This is a token of salvation. You may rest satisfied from hence, that God has not appoint∣ed you to wrath, but to obtain salvation by our Lord Jesus Christ.

4. The next use must be by way of counsel, to such as have no ground at pre∣sent to conclude themselves of this number; who have no reason as yet to think them∣selves effectually called and converted; to have that faith, and love, and holiness,

which are the marks of God's elect. To such I wou'd address a few words of di∣rection; and O that they might be regard∣ed and put in practice!

1. Don't murmur at God's decree of election; for this is to rebell against God, and will highly displease him. And besides, you have no reason to do so; for this is not the cause of your continuing in sin and impenitence, as was shown when we an∣swer'd the objections against this doctrine; but it must be assign'd to the corruption and wickedness of your nature, from which indeed you can't be deliver'd but by the almighty grace of God. Labour to be re∣concil'd to God's method of saving sinners, tho' it be not such as human reason might have carv'd out. His method of salvation is certainly the wisest and the best: For as the heavens are high above the earth; so are his tho'ts above our tho'ts, and his ways above our ways, Isa. 55.8.

2. Beware of drawing up any dark conclusions concerning your self, as if the decree of God was against you. Satan may tempt you to this; but you are not ig∣norant of his devices. Remember, tho' there are many signs of election, there are no certain tokens of reprobation, except the sin against

the Holy Ghost. Supposing the doctrine of election, yet, as God has a reconciling work on foot in this world, you are as likely to have an interest in it as another. It is certain God has a purpose of mercy for a great many. Some in all ages shall find mercy. And there is nothing to ex∣clude thee, in thy country, sex, age, or any of thy outward circumstances; no, nor yet in the greatness of thy sins, or long conti∣nuance in them. For it is a faithful saying, and worthy of all acceptation, that Jesus Christ came into the world to save sinners, even the chief of them. Wherefore your way is,

3. To apply for mercy, and hope for it, up∣on the invitations and encouragements of the gospel. Even a peradventure is look'd upon to be encouragement eno' to try in other cases of hazard and distress; and why not in this? Remember the instance of Benhadad's servants, and take direction from it, 1 Kings 20.31, 32. And his servants said unto him, Behold now, we have heard that the kings of the house of Israel, are merciful kings: let us, I pray thee, put sackcloth on our loins, and ropes upon our heads, and go out 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the king of Israel; peradventure he will save thy life. So they girded sackcloth on their loins, and put ropes on their heads, and came to the king of Israel, and said, Thy servant Benhadad

saith, I pray thee, let me live. And the sub∣mission was not only accepted, and his life spared, but he was treated with marks of friendship and respect

Go and do thus, O sinner: submit to mer∣cy, without indenting and making terms with God. You have much greater en∣couragement to submit to the God of Heaven, than they had to the present king of Israel. There was but a bare peradventure in that case. They had heard only in the general that the kings of Israel were merciful kings; but whether this king Ahab was of such a disposition, they knew not; and yet they adventur'd upon it to seek to him But thou hast heard that the king of heaven is a mer∣ciful king. He has proclaim'd his name, The Lord, the Lord God, gracious and merciful, long suffering, and abundant in goodness and truth. He has actually pardon'd thousands and millions in the like condition; and his reconciling work is not yet at an end. A gracious mediator is provided to intro∣duce you into his presence, and to make intercession for you: If you will not then apply and seek, surely you deserve to perish.

O man, woman, whoever thou art, I must tell you before I leave you, Your election of God need not lie long at such uncer∣tainty with you. Yea, I may venture to

tell you, it may possibly be bro't to a happy conclusion at this very time, that you are of this number I must repeat those words of our saviour, John 6.37. All that the fa∣ther giveth me, shall come to me; and him that cometh to me, I will in no wise cast out. Com∣ing to Christ then is the fruit and evidence of election; and so this important matter may be decided by it. Now the call of Christ to you in the gospel this day is; In∣cline your ear, and come unto me; bear and your soul shall live: and I will make an everlasting covenant with you, even the sure mercies of David. Come to me, O sinner, for such blessings as I have to bestow on the people of God. Put your soul over into my hands, to be wash'd in my blood, just fied by my righte∣ousness, sanctified by my spirit, and preserv'd by my power. Let me henceforth be your prophet to teach and enlighten you, your priest to atone and interceed for you, and your king to rule you for my self —. If any soul of you do now comply with this call: If you can make this answer, Lord, I am willing to come to thee, for these ends and pur∣poses. Thou hast made me willing. I consent to be thine now if I never did before, and take thee for my saviour leader, owner, and ruler for ever — The matter is then at this time bro't to an issue. The secret decree of

election this day opens upon you. You may now know you were first given to Christ by the father, or you wou'd never have been inclined and enabled thus to come to him; and henceforth you may read your name written in the lamb's book of life.

5. The last use may be to put those who have any good ground to hope that they are of this number, upon some special duties agreeable to their state and privileges.

1. You shou'd thankfully acknowledge and adore the riches of distinguishing grace, eminently illustrated in your election. The disciple was so affected with the distin∣guishing favour of heaven, to himself and others, as in a rapture to cry out, John 14.22. Lord, bow is it, that thou wilt manifest thy self to us, and not unto the world! A be∣liever may say, How is it Lord, that thou shou'd chuse me! That thou shou'd set thine everlasting love upon me, when so many others, fallen men as well as fallen angels, are pass'd by! And so many of the learned, rich, and honourable of the world! And this before I had any thing good in me; upon no fore-seen merit; nay, not∣withstanding thou sawest how I shou'd dis∣honour and provoke thee by my sins! O glorious, sovereign, & distinguishing grace!

I can never eno' admire it! Eternity will not be too long to praise thee for it! — Peculiar favour calls for special thankful∣ness. I thank thee, O father, Lord of heaven and earth, that thou hast hid these things from the wise and prudent, and hast revealed them unto babes: Even so, father, for so it seemeth good in thy sight! Here, here, says one, are

thanksgivings of the most elevated strain in christianity They are words, to lift up the born. They sound high in our devotions. A thankful Christian rai∣ses his thanksgivings to the highest notes, when he comes hereabouts. 'Tis a melody peculiarly acceptable to hea∣ven; 'tis the very beginning of heaven.

2. Love him who has first loved you, in such a manner as may something answer his love to you. He lov'd you before you bad a being; and you should love him while you have any being. He lov'd you above many others; & you must love him above all creatures, more than houses and lands, brother or sister, father or mother, husband, wise, or children; or you are not worthy of him, or of that love which he has plac'd upon you.

3. Always remember you are under the highest obligations to holiness and obedience. For ye are a chosen generation, a royal priesthood, an holy nation, a peculiar people, that ye shou'd

shew forth the praises of him, who has called you out of darkness, into his marvellous light. † 1.48 Put on therefore as the elect of God, holy and beloved, bowels of mercy, kindness, humbleness of mind, meekness, long-suffering, forbearing one other, if any man have a quarrel against any; even as Christ forgave you, so also do ye. * 1.49 Do nothing to disgrace this holy doctrine. Be blameless, and harmeless, the sons of God, without rebuke, in the midst of a crooked and perverse generation, among whom ye shine as lights in the world ‖ 1.50 Let your watchful, exemplary, fruitful conversation, serve to confute them who say this doctrine tends to licentiousness. Duty, gratitude and interest, all conspire to make you abound in the work of the Lord. You are favour'd above others, and therefore shou'd often think on that question which our Lord once put, Mat. 5.47. What do you more than others?

4. Cheerfully acquiesce in all the dealings of God with you. For all his providences are the effect of his purposes, and are best suted to carry on his design of grace con∣cerning you. We know, says the apostle, in the verse before our text, That all things

shall work together for good to them that love God, to them who are the called according to his purpose. You are predestinated, says our text, to be conformed to the image of his son; and your very afflictions and sorrows are appointed to bring you to this confor∣mity to Christ, who was himself a man of sorrows, and acquainted with grief. You may rest satisfied, that nothing you meet with can hinder the purpose of God concerning you from taking effect, but rather all things shall be subservient the reunto. Therefore you may not only take the comfort of your mercies, but get above your afflictions, and rejoice in tribulation. Read the believers security and triumph, in the verses follow∣ing our text; Who shall lay any thing to the charge of God's elect? It is God that justifieth: Who is he that condemneth? It is Christ that died, yea rather, that is risen again, who is even at the right band of God, who also maketh in∣tercession for us. Who shall separate us from the love of Christ? shall tribulation, or distress, or persecution, or famine, or nakedness, or peril, or sword? (As it is written, For thy sake we are killed all the day long; we are accounted as sheep for the slaughter) Nay in all these things we are more than conquerors, through him that loved us. For I am perswaded, that neither death, nor life, nor angels, nor principalities, nor powers, nor things present, nor things to come,

nor height, nor depth, nor any other creature, shall be able to separate us from the love of God which is in Christ Jesus our Lord.

5. Forget not to pray for all that belong to the election of grace For those that are not yet gather'd. Other sheep Christ has, which are not yet bro't into the fold; pray that these may hear his voice, and follow him. Some of the elect are not only uncalled, but unborn: It is therefore a sutable petition in the publick liturgy of the church of England, which we can join in, That it may please God of his gracious goodness shortly to accomplish the number of his elect" † 1.51

And pray for them that are gather'd and added to the church, That they may be holy in all manner of conversation, as he who has called them is holy: May walk in the fear of the Lord, and in the comforts of the Holy Ghost; and be pressing on towards perfection: May be guarded and safely carried thro' this evil world, till they joyfully enter upon the rewards of the next. Pial. 28 9. Save thy people, and bless thine inheritance, feed them also, and lift them up forever.

Once more,

6. Let the second coming and appearing of our Lord Jesus Christ. be the matter of your earnest prayer, and object of your joyful hope and expectation. For in this day the Lord will make up his jewels. Now Christ will raise up all that were given him by the father, without letting any be lost or want∣ing; saying to his father, Here I am, and the children which thou hast given me. I present them all together, a glorious church, not having spot, or wrinkle, or any such thing. This will be done with exceeding joy, both on the part of the Father who chose them, the Son who redeem'd them, the Holy Spirit who sanctified them, ministers who were instrumental to gather them in, and on the part of the chosen and redeemed them∣selves.

We have a pleasant vision of Christ at the head of a happy remnant, preserv'd from the corruptions and carried thro' the persecutions of antichrist: Read it; and then think what a glorious sight it will be to see him at the head of the whole church of the elect in the great day. Rev. 14.1, to 5. And I looked, and lo, a Lamb stood on the mount Sion, and with him an hundred forty and four thousand, having his Fathers name written in their foreheads. And I heard a voice from heaven, as the voice of many waters, and as

the voice of a great thunder: and I heard the voice of harpers harping with their harps: And they sung as it were a new song before the throne, and before the four beasts, and the elders: and no man could learn that song, but the hundred and forty and four thousand, which were redee∣med from the earth. These are they which were not defiled with women; for they are virgins: these are they which follow the Lamb whither∣soever he goeth: these were redeemed from a∣mong men, being the first fruits unto God, and the Lamb. And in their mouth was found no guile: for they are without fault before the throne of God.

Thus I have been carried thro' what I propos'd on this subject. Many things which belong to it have been omitted; and others but touch'd, which I could with pleasure have enlarg'd upon: but I have studied brevity.

And now, I desire to bow the knee in thanksgiving to the God and father of our Lord Jesus Christ, who has given me this oppor∣tunity to bear a small testimony to these important truths. I trust I have had a single aim at his glory in these discourses; and so I look to Him, in his son JESUS, for his gracious acceptance of what has been his own, and his merciful forgiveness of

what has been otherwise; and on him I humbly depend to succeed them.

I close all with the apostles prayer and benediction, in 2 Thess. 2.16, 17. Now our LORD JESUS CHRIST himself, and GOD even our Father, which hath loved us, and hath given us everlasting consolation, and good hope through grace, Comfort your hearts, and stablish you in every good word and work.

THE END.

Notes

• † 1.1

  Mr. Henry.
• ‖ 1.2

  Mat. 7.23.
• † 1.3

  Duplex Dei decretum versatur circa electos, quorum alterum appellat Ap••stelus 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉; alterum 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, predestinationem, sive electionem▪ 〈◊〉〈◊〉 autem 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, sive proenotio, non est nudoe et simplicis not it oe, sed approba∣tionis, juxta usitatissimam scripturae phrasio∣logiam. Si quis diligit Deum, hic cognitus est ab eo. Ecquid cognitione nuda, seclusa appro∣batione Dei? At sic c••gnuscuntur etiam osores Dei. Twissi Vind. Grat. Lib. 3. pag 250.

  Etiam a Piscatore observatum 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 ••roeodem adhiberi.
• † 1.4

  Matt. 12.16
• † 1.5

  Psal. 18.30
• † 1.6

  Isa, 55.11.
• * 1.7

  Mat. 25.46.
• ‖ 1.8

  Isa. 46.10.
• † 1.9

  Joh. 17.6.
• * 1.10

  Rev. 17.8.
• † 1.11

  Jer. 31.3.
• † 1.12

  Matt. 11.26.
• * 1.13

  Job. 23.13.
• † 1.14

  John 10.29.
• † 1.15

  Doctor Goodwin observes, from Zanchy, There is a great deal of difference between God's doing a thing in Christ and through Christ, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 and 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. When God is said to do a thing in Christ, it usually notes out some one of those immanent acts of God towards us, that past between him and Christ for us, when they were alone, before we existed, and Christ was a common person representing us all, and God gave all to Christ for us. So we read of the grace that was given us in Christ Jesus before the world was. 2 Tim. 1.9. But things that God doth through Christ, are usually some transient acts of God towards us, or those things which he actually performeth and applieth to us thro' Christ. So that tho' God redeemeth thro' Christ, justifieth thro' Christ, and saveth thro' Christ, yet he chooseth in Christ; so that to chuse in him is not all one with what the apostle saith, He hath ordained us to obtain salvation thro' Jesus Christ our Lord, 1 Thes. 5.9. Goodwins Works, Vol. I. p. 58.
• † 1.16

  Rom. 11.36.
• † 1.17

  Rev. 7.9. Luke 13.29.
• * 1.18

  1 Cor. 1.26.
• ‖ 1.19

  James 2.5.
• † 1.20

  1 Cor. 6.11.
• * 1.21

  Isa. 64.8.
• † 1.22

  Rom. 8.1.
• † 1.23

  Rom. 4.3.
• * 1.24

  James. 2.23.
• † 1.25

  Gen. 21.12.
• * 1.26

  Gen. 25.22, 23.
• † 1.27

  Gen. 27.33.
• † 1.28

  Deut. 32.8, 9.
• * 1.29

  Isa. 43.3.
• † 1.30

  1 Sam. 16.12.
• † 1.31

  Mr. Cole in his Discourse on the Sovereignty of GOD.
• * 1.32

  1 Kings 19.18. compar'd with Rom. 11.2, 3.4, 5. Isai. 1.9. compar'd with Rom. 9.29. Isai. 10.21, 22. compar'd with Rom. 9.27.29. Jer. 18.6. compar'd with Rom. 9.20, 21. Psal. 106.4, 5. Isai. 65.8, 9. Jer. 50.20. Mie. 7.18.
• * 1.33

  It is manifest to me, that Christ here means a more peculiar and beneficial election, than to the office of Apostles; for he had chosen them all to this. But he here speaks of a discriminating choice of some of them, which did not extend to them all, and particularly to Judas: And to shew that his knowing whom he had chosen, related not to their temper and disposition, but to the persons themselves, he did not say, I know, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, what their qualities are, but, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, the persons, whom I have chosen. GUYSE's excellent Paraphrase, in the margin.
• † 1.34

  Eph. 1.9.
• † 1.35

  If any would see a number of the scriptures we have mention'd rescu'd from the strange and unnatural interpretations of Hammond, Whitby, and others; let them consult, Doctor Edwards's Veritas Redux, and the late Doctor Ridgley's Body of Divinity.
• * 1.36

  The Rev. Mr. Sladen.
• † 1.37

  Acts 15.8.
• † 1.38

  Dr. Calamy's continuation of the account of the silenced ministers, Vol. 1st. p. 146.
• † 1.39

  Phil. 2.13.
• * 1.40

  Dr. Ridgley, by way of reply to Dr. Whitby. See his body of divinity, Vol. 1st p. 230.
• † 1.41

  In his riches of God's love, wrote against Mr. Hord, 2d part pag. 50.
• * 1.42

  In his Veritas Redux, p 163, 164.
• † 1.43

  In his Expository Lectures, p. 270.
• † 1.44

  Eccle. 7.29.
• † 1.45

  Sladen.
• † 1.46

  Acts 27.23, 24.
• † 1.47

  Mat. 18.14.
• † 1.48

  1 Pet. 2.9.
• * 1.49

  Col. 3.12, 13.
• ‖ 1.50

  Phil. 2.15.
• † 1.51

  See the 〈…〉〈…〉 in the Common Prayer Book.